Term
| The reproductive system in both males and females include: |
|
Definition
| Gonads (testes, ovaries) - Ducts - Accessory glands and organs - External Genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spermatozoa
(in coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules, within the testes) |
|
|
Term
| Spermatozoa are expelled from the body in fluid called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ejaculation what fluid is expelled from the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oocytes are immature ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Females are born with what percentage of oocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sequence does the ovum travel to get to the uterus? |
|
Definition
| ovary, along uterine tube to uterus |
|
|
Term
| What structure connects the uterus with the exterior of body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the male reproductive system, what is the pathway of the spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
| Epididymus - Ductus deferens (aka Vas deferens)- Ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 male accessory organs |
|
Definition
HINT: BSPPS
Bulbourethral glands
seminal vesicles
penis
prostate
scrotal sac, which encloses the testes
|
|
|
Term
| Where is the seminal vesicle located |
|
Definition
| posterior (backside) portion of bladder |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the seminal vesicle? |
|
Definition
Extremely active secretory gland. -
Secretes about 60% of volume of semen |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
Produces prostatic fluid, which is highly acidic - helps prevent UTI's.
Contributes to 20-30% of the volume of semen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the bulbourethral gland (aka Cowper's Gland) |
|
Definition
Secrete thick, alkaline mucus, which neutralizes urinary acid in urethra.-
This fluid is sometimes called "precum", which lubricates the tip of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contains and protects the testes.
Maintains testicular temperature |
|
|
Term
| spermatozoa in males and ova in females are also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male external genitalia - conducts semen and urine to outside of male body |
|
|
Term
| what content makes up most of the secretion of the seminal vesicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What function propels spermatozoa and fluid along the ductus deferences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does spermatogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
| In the testes (seminiferous tubules) |
|
|
Term
| Hormones from what three structures/region control male reproductive functions? |
|
Definition
hypothalamus -
pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) -
testes |
|
|
Term
| Testes secrete male sex hormones called |
|
Definition
| androgens (principally testosterone) |
|
|
Term
| In a female, an immature gamete is called a/an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If sperm reaches the oocyte and initiates the process of fertilization, the oocyte matures into a/an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The testes produce how many spermatozoon each day? |
|
Definition
| 500 million. Yes, that's half a BILLION! :) |
|
|
Term
| During development, the testes in the male fetus start out where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The testes are formed at what age in the developing fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At 2 months of development in the male fetus, where are the testes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At 2 months of development in the male fetus, where are the testes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At birth, where are the testes in the male infant? |
|
Definition
| In the scrotal sac, but still descending |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does spermatogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
| In the seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| The seminiferous tubules contain what two cells necessary for spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
spermatogonia (stem cells)
sustentacular cells (sustain and promote development of sperm) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sustentacular cells? |
|
Definition
They provide sustenance and
promote development of sperm |
|
|
Term
| Spermatozoa will be found in what part of the seminiferous tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermatogenesis involves what three processes? |
|
Definition
Mitosis - Division of a single cell: DNA replication
Meiosis - Cell division that produces gametes with 1/2 the chromosomes
SPERMIOgenesis - last step in spermatogenesis, where each spermatid develops into spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Mitosis? |
|
Definition
| The cells are making exact copies of DNA |
|
|
Term
| In the male, what happens during Meiosis II? |
|
Definition
Occurs after Mitosis phase, where exact replication of DNA took place.
In Meioisis II, the cells divide again, to two new cells and have only 1/2 the DNA in 4 spermatids (haploid) |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the anatomy of a spermatozoa |
|
Definition
| Head (with acromial cap), neck, middle piece, tail (flagella) |
|
|
Term
| The head of the spermatozoa contains |
|
Definition
| nucleus and densely packed chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is at the tip of the head of the spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the "middle piece" belong to and what does it contain? |
|
Definition
| It's part of the spermatozoa and contains mitochondria which produces ATP required to move the tail |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the spermatozoa from any other cell in the human body? |
|
Definition
| It's the only cell that contains flagellum |
|
|
Term
| What is a flagellum and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| It's a whiplike organelle and is the tail of the spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| Is a spermatozoan a haploid or diploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a typical ejaculate, how much semen is produced? How much spermatozoa is produced? |
|
Definition
Semen 2-5 mL
20 million to 100 million spermatozoa per mL |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of seminal fluid? |
|
Definition
| A distinct ionic and nutritive glandular secretion |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important content of seminal fluid and why? |
|
Definition
| fructose - for movement of spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| What are the four important hormones of the male reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What is GnRH? Where is it released from? |
|
Definition
Gonadotropin releasing hormone.
Released from Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| In males, where is GnRH secreted from,how is it secreted and how often? |
|
Definition
| Secreted in pulses from the hypothalamus every 60-90 minutes. Steady through a lifetime, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, year-to-year. |
|
|
Term
| Where are each of the following secreted from? GnRH FSH LH Testosterone |
|
Definition
GnRH - hypothalamus
FSH - pituitary gland
LH - pituitary gland
Testosterone - testes |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important androgen in the male reproductive function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In males, what is the function of GnRH? |
|
Definition
Helps stimulate release of FSH and LH.
(Testosterone is released in response to LH) |
|
|
Term
| What is FSH? What does it target in the male reproductive function? |
|
Definition
FSH is follicle stimulating hormone.
It targets sustentacular cells to promote spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of circulating testosterone in the male body is bound to GBG (gonadal steroid-binding globulin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of circulating testosterone in the male body is bound to Albumin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2/3 of the circulating testosterone in the male body is bound to what? |
|
Definition
| GBG - gonadal steroid-binding globulin |
|
|
Term
| 1/3 of the circulating testosterone in the male body is bound to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define "male climacteric" |
|
Definition
| Decrease in levels of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the affects of male climacteric? |
|
Definition
Testosterone levels drop and LH/FSH levels rise.
Gradual reduction in sexual activity ..
yeah, right... |
|
|
Term
| What is Mullerian-inhibiting factor? |
|
Definition
| It's a hormone that causes regression in Mullerian ducts, which are passageways that form into the uterus and uterine tubes in females. |
|
|
Term
| Why is Mullerian inhibiting factor so important in a developing male fetus? |
|
Definition
| It stops the development of the uterus and uterine tube and allows the duct to stay open so the testes can continue descending into the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| When does male hormone production begin in fetal development and when does it peak? |
|
Definition
| Begins at 7 weeks, peaks at 6 months |
|
|
Term
| At what stage of development in the male fetus is secretion of Mullerian inhibiting factor present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does egg fertilization in the female take place? |
|
Definition
| In the fallopian tube (uterine tube) between the infundibulum and ampulla |
|
|
Term
| What two cycles happen concurrently in the female reproduction system? |
|
Definition
| ovarian cycle and uterine cycle |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
| Preparation and maturation of egg for release into uterus. |
|
|
Term
| What two hormones affect the changes in the egg during the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the uterine cycle? |
|
Definition
| Changes in the uterus in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg. |
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are involved in the changes of the uterine lining in preparation of implantation of a fertilized egg? |
|
Definition
Estrogen and Progesterone
Think: Egg Plant |
|
|
Term
| When does fertilization occur in the uterine tube (fallopian tube)? |
|
Definition
| 12-24 hours AFTER ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Describe the uterus and its functions |
|
Definition
It's a muscular organ.
It's function provide mechanical protection of developing embryo.
Nutritional support (oxygen, nutrients, ions) to developing embryo.
Waste removal for developing embryo and fetus. |
|
|
Term
| What supports the uterus? |
|
Definition
| Broad ligament and three pairs of suspensory ligaments, which are the ovarian ligament, round ligament, uterine ligament |
|
|
Term
| Failing suspensory ligaments associated with the uterus can cause what? |
|
Definition
prolapsed uterus
(don't you just hate it when that happens????) |
|
|
Term
| The uterine wall consists of what three layers? |
|
Definition
endometrium (inner)
myometrium (middle)
perimetrium (outer) |
|
|
Term
| What is the thickest, most dominant layer of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| myometrium - muscular layer (middle) |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the uterus sloughs off during menstruation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer in the uterus builds up in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outermost layer of the uterus called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of menarche? |
|
Definition
| The first menstrual cycle, which begins at puberty |
|
|
Term
| What is menopause and at what age does it normally occur? |
|
Definition
| The cessation of menstrual cycles and stops at 45-55 |
|
|
Term
| What is the average of the uterine cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of the uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)? |
|
Definition
| repeating series of changes in the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
menses - (destruction) sloughing off of endometrium
proliferative phase - repair of endometrium
secretory phase - secretion of uterine glands, preparing endometrium for implantation of fertilized egg |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| degeneration (sloughing off) of endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| restoration (rebuilding) of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| Endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion (fluid and mucus) to prepare the endometrial lining for implantation of a fertilized egg |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of estrogen in the female? |
|
Definition
Stimulats LH secretion;
maintains secondary female sex characteristics, bone density, muscle tone |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of progesterone in the female? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates endometrial growth and glandular secretion to prepare endometrium for implanation of fertilized egg. |
|
|
Term
| KNOW THIS: What do hormones of the female reproductive cycle do? |
|
Definition
CONTROL - reproductive cycle and
COORDINATE - ovarian and uterine cycles |
|
|
Term
| What two phases occur during oogenesis? |
|
Definition
Follicular phase and
Luteal phase |
|
|
Term
| During oogenesis, when does the follicular phase occur and what happens? |
|
Definition
Before ovulation (preovulatory)
primary, secondary (when build-up of fluid occurs), tertiary (when egg is released) |
|
|
Term
| During oogenesis, when does the luteal phase occur? |
|
Definition
| After ovulation (postovulatory). |
|
|
Term
| When, in a girl's life, is Meiosis I completed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant hormone involved with female reproduction? |
|
Definition
| estradiol (most prominent prior to ovulation) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
| Follicle stimulating hormone - FSH(primary to tertiary phase) |
|
|
Term
| Name the three types of hormones in females |
|
Definition
estradiol (most abundant and dominant hormone prior to ovulation)
estrogen
estriol |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
Formation of primary, secondary, tertiary follicles
Ovulation - release of oocyte Formation and degeneration of corpus luteum (tertiary follicle develops into corpus luteum)
Degradation of corpus luteum (develops into corpus albicans) |
|
|
Term
| What phase of the ovarian cycle builds up follicular fluid and causes rupture of the tertiary follicle, releasing the egg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during the luteal phase |
|
Definition
| healing of the tertiary follicle |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian Hormone Levels: Does circulating estrogen rise or fall during formation of tertiary follicles? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen rises dramatically |
|
|
Term
| When estrogen rises during tertiary follicular formation, what happens to GnRH? |
|
Definition
| GnRH pulses increase to every 30-60 minutes |
|
|
Term
| GnRH increase to every 30-60 minutes, stimulates the secretion of what hormone in the female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 10 during the ovarian cycle: |
|
Definition
| Estrogen levels stimulate LH secretion |
|
|
Term
| What happens at day 14 during the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen levels have peaked and GnRH is hitting every 30 minutes at highest point |
|
|
Term
| At day 14, during ovarian cycle, when GnRH is peaking at its highest point, what happens? |
|
Definition
| Massive release of LH, which completes Meiosis I, fluid builds up, the follicular walls rupture and cause ovulation |
|
|
Term
| During the ovarian cycle, what day is the optimal day for fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone induces and starts menstrual cycle; develops follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What hormone in the female is greatest at ovulation |
|
Definition
(a) LH (leutenizing hormone)
|
|
|
Term
| What happens at the precise moment of ovulation? |
|
Definition
| The tertiary follicle releases the secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What is progesterone and what does it do in the female body? |
|
Definition
pg. 1064
Progesterone is the principal hormone (steroid) in the luteal phase. Primary function is to prepare the uterus for pregnancy. Stimulates maturation of uterine lining and secretions of uterine glands |
|
|
Term
| After ovulation, when does fertilization typically occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main hormone during the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
| Progesterone, which continues preparing the uterus for implantation |
|
|
Term
| Without implanation of a fertilized egg, what happens in the uterine cycle? |
|
Definition
| Without implantation of a fertilized egg, it takes 12 days after ovulation for progesterone and estrogen levels to fall, signaling the onset of menses |
|
|
Term
| What is PMS and when does it occur |
|
Definition
| Premenstrual stress - occurs 7-10 days prior to the start of the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is menopause and when does it typically occur |
|
Definition
| Menopause is the time that ovulation and menstruation cease. Typically around age 45-55 |
|
|
Term
| What are the hormonal changes during menopause? |
|
Definition
Decline in circulating estrogen and progesterone.
RISE in GnRH, FSH and LH because they are not being regulated |
|
|
Term
| What, in sequence, is the hormonal regulation of ovarian activity? |
|
Definition
1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH
2. Pituitary (adenohypophosis)releases FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the female if the ovarian and uterine cycles are not coordinated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the female reproductive cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the male, which division of the autonomic nervous system cause an erection - parasympathetic or sympathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of male sexual function: |
|
Definition
1. Arousal - erection
2. Emission and ejaculation
3. Detumescence |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of detumescence? |
|
Definition
| subsidence of erection - (sympathetic nervous system) |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of female sexual function: |
|
Definition
1. Arousal, causing clitoral erection
2. Vaginal surfaces are moistened
3. Parasympathetic stimulation causes engorgement of blood vessels in the nipples and heightened sensitivity. |
|
|
Term
| Orgasm in the males is under what ANS division? |
|
Definition
| Both - parasympathetic and sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| What two types of orgasms do females experience? |
|
Definition
Clitoral - pleasurable but less intense
Uterine - Very intense :) |
|
|
Term
| During intercourse, what is the ratio of women who actually experience orgasm? No faking.... |
|
Definition
1 in 4
ok, girls.....either change positions
or
get a new partner... |
|
|
Term
| Ovulation marks the end of the _____________ phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the __________ phase. |
|
Definition
Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase (healing). |
|
|
Term
| Unless fertilization occurs, what happens on the 12th day after ovulation? |
|
Definition
Disintegration of the corpus luteum begins, marking the end of the ovarian cycle.
Then a new ovarian cycle begins with activation of a another group of primordial follicles |
|
|
Term
Roughly 12 days after ovulation, if fertilization does not take place, the corpus luteum becomes nonfunctional. What two hormone levels decrease at this point? |
|
Definition
Estrogen and Progesterone |
|
|
Term
In the ovarian cycle what happens on the
10th day
14th day |
|
Definition
10th day - Estrogen levels stimulate LH secretion
14th day - Estrogen levels have peaked and GnRH is at its highest point, hitting every 30 minutes. This causes massive LH release (where fluid build up) that completes Meiosis I. The build-up of fluid finally ruptures the follicle wall and causes ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Each kidney is protected and stabilized by three concentric layers of connective tissue: |
|
Definition
1. Fibrous capsule - outer surface of entire organ
2. Perinephric fat capsule - thick layer of adipose
3. Renal Fascia - Dense, out layer that anchors kidneys to surrounding structures |
|
|
Term
In filtration, _____________ pressure forces water (with small enough solute molecules)through membrane pores
__________ occurs as larger solutes and suspended materials are left behind.
|
|
Definition
hydrostatic pressure
Filtration |
|
|
Term
| GFR (glomerular filtration is the vital first step to all other ____________ functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vital first step essential to all other kidney functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GFR is regulated by what part of the ANS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion takes place mainly where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately _______% of the volume of filtrate at the glomerulus has been reabsorbed before it reaches the Loop of Henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exchange that occurs between the thin descending limb (LoH) and the thick ascending limb of the LoH is called _______________ because the fluids are moving in opposite directions. |
|
Definition
| countercurrent multiplication |
|
|
Term
Urine volume and osmotic concentration are regulated through the control of
____________ _____________ |
|
Definition
| water reabsorption (PCT) by osmosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vasa recta? |
|
Definition
carries both water and solutes out of the medulla in order to maintain the concentration gradient of the medulla |
|
|
Term
1. Glomerulus - Site of ___________ production
2. PCT - site of active and passive _________
3.Nephron Loop - site of ___________ and __________ conservation
4. DCT - site of _______________ secretion
5. Collecting Duct - site of _________ |
|
Definition
1. Glomerulus - filtrate production
2. PCT - active and passive reabsorption
3. Nephron Loop - site of water and salt conservation
4. DCT - site of active secretion (variable reabsorption with ADH)
5. Collecting Duct - urine |
|
|
