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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male and Female
146
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/24/2009

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Term
The reproductive system in both males and females include:
Definition
Gonads (testes, ovaries) - Ducts - Accessory glands and organs - External Genitalia
Term
What do testes produce?
Definition

Spermatozoa

 

 

 

(in coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules, within the testes)

Term
Spermatozoa are expelled from the body in fluid called
Definition
Semen
Term
During ejaculation what fluid is expelled from the body?
Definition
Semen
Term
Ovaries produce
Definition
oocytes
Term
Oocytes are immature ___________
Definition
ovum
Term
Females are born with what percentage of oocytes?
Definition
100%
Term
What sequence does the ovum travel to get to the uterus?
Definition
ovary, along uterine tube to uterus
Term
What structure connects the uterus with the exterior of body?
Definition
vagina
Term
In the male reproductive system, what is the pathway of the spermatozoa?
Definition
Epididymus - Ductus deferens (aka Vas deferens)- Ejaculatory duct
Term
Name the 5 male accessory organs
Definition

HINT: BSPPS

Bulbourethral glands

seminal vesicles

penis

prostate

scrotal sac, which encloses the testes

 

Term
Where is the seminal vesicle located
Definition
posterior (backside) portion of bladder
Term
What is the function of the seminal vesicle?
Definition
Extremely active secretory gland. -
Secretes about 60% of volume of semen
Term
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Definition

Produces prostatic fluid, which is highly acidic - helps prevent UTI's.

 

Contributes to 20-30% of the volume of semen.

Term
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland (aka Cowper's Gland)
Definition
Secrete thick, alkaline mucus, which neutralizes urinary acid in urethra.-
This fluid is sometimes called "precum", which lubricates the tip of the penis
Term
Scrotal sac (scrotum)
Definition
Contains and protects the testes.
Maintains testicular temperature
Term
spermatozoa in males and ova in females are also called
Definition
gametes
Term
penis
Definition
male external genitalia - conducts semen and urine to outside of male body
Term
what content makes up most of the secretion of the seminal vesicle?
Definition
fructose
Term
What function propels spermatozoa and fluid along the ductus deferences
Definition
peristalis
Term
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Definition
In the testes (seminiferous tubules)
Term
Hormones from what three structures/region control male reproductive functions?
Definition
hypothalamus -

pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) -

testes
Term
Testes secrete male sex hormones called
Definition
androgens (principally testosterone)
Term
In a female, an immature gamete is called a/an
Definition
oocyte
Term
If sperm reaches the oocyte and initiates the process of fertilization, the oocyte matures into a/an
Definition
ovum (plural, ova)
Term
The testes produce how many spermatozoon each day?
Definition
500 million. Yes, that's half a BILLION! :)
Term
During development, the testes in the male fetus start out where?
Definition
adjacent to the kidneys
Term
The testes are formed at what age in the developing fetus?
Definition
2 months
Term
At 2 months of development in the male fetus, where are the testes located?
Definition
adjacent to the kidneys
Term
At 2 months of development in the male fetus, where are the testes located?
Definition
adjacent to the kidneys
Term
At birth, where are the testes in the male infant?
Definition
In the scrotal sac, but still descending
Term
What is the definition of spermatogenesis?
Definition
The development of sperm
Term
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Definition
In the seminiferous tubules
Term
The seminiferous tubules contain what two cells necessary for spermatogenesis?
Definition
spermatogonia (stem cells)
sustentacular cells (sustain and promote development of sperm)
Term
What is the function of sustentacular cells?
Definition

They provide sustenance and

promote development of sperm

Term
Spermatozoa will be found in what part of the seminiferous tubule?
Definition
lumen
Term
Spermatogenesis involves what three processes?
Definition

Mitosis - Division of a single cell: DNA replication

Meiosis - Cell division that produces gametes with 1/2 the chromosomes

SPERMIOgenesis - last step in spermatogenesis, where each spermatid develops into spermatozoa

Term
What happens during Mitosis?
Definition
The cells are making exact copies of DNA
Term
In the male, what happens during Meiosis II?
Definition

Occurs after Mitosis phase, where exact replication of DNA took place.

 

In Meioisis II, the cells divide again, to two new cells and have only 1/2 the DNA in 4 spermatids (haploid)

Term
Name and describe the anatomy of a spermatozoa
Definition
Head (with acromial cap), neck, middle piece, tail (flagella)
Term
The head of the spermatozoa contains
Definition
nucleus and densely packed chromosomes
Term
What is at the tip of the head of the spermatozoa?
Definition
acrosomial cap
Term
What does the "middle piece" belong to and what does it contain?
Definition
It's part of the spermatozoa and contains mitochondria which produces ATP required to move the tail
Term
What is unique about the spermatozoa from any other cell in the human body?
Definition
It's the only cell that contains flagellum
Term
What is a flagellum and where is it located?
Definition
It's a whiplike organelle and is the tail of the spermatozoa
Term
Is a spermatozoan a haploid or diploid?
Definition
Haploid
Term
In a typical ejaculate, how much semen is produced? How much spermatozoa is produced?
Definition

Semen 2-5 mL

 

20 million to 100 million spermatozoa per mL

Term
What is the definition of seminal fluid?
Definition
A distinct ionic and nutritive glandular secretion
Term
What is the most important content of seminal fluid and why?
Definition
fructose - for movement of spermatozoa
Term
What are the four important hormones of the male reproductive system?
Definition
GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone
Term
What is GnRH? Where is it released from?
Definition
Gonadotropin releasing hormone.

Released from Hypothalamus
Term
In males, where is GnRH secreted from,how is it secreted and how often?
Definition
Secreted in pulses from the hypothalamus every 60-90 minutes. Steady through a lifetime, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, year-to-year.
Term
Where are each of the following secreted from? GnRH FSH LH Testosterone
Definition

GnRH - hypothalamus

FSH - pituitary gland

LH - pituitary gland

Testosterone - testes

Term
What is the most important androgen in the male reproductive function?
Definition
Testosterone
Term
In males, what is the function of GnRH?
Definition
Helps stimulate release of FSH and LH.
(Testosterone is released in response to LH)
Term
What is FSH? What does it target in the male reproductive function?
Definition
FSH is follicle stimulating hormone.

It targets sustentacular cells to promote spermatogenesis
Term
What percentage of circulating testosterone in the male body is bound to GBG (gonadal steroid-binding globulin)
Definition
2/3
Term
What percentage of circulating testosterone in the male body is bound to Albumin?
Definition
1/3
Term
2/3 of the circulating testosterone in the male body is bound to what?
Definition
GBG - gonadal steroid-binding globulin
Term
1/3 of the circulating testosterone in the male body is bound to what?
Definition
Albumin
Term
Define "male climacteric"
Definition
Decrease in levels of testosterone
Term
What are the affects of male climacteric?
Definition
Testosterone levels drop and LH/FSH levels rise.
Gradual reduction in sexual activity ..

yeah, right...
Term
What is Mullerian-inhibiting factor?
Definition
It's a hormone that causes regression in Mullerian ducts, which are passageways that form into the uterus and uterine tubes in females.
Term
Why is Mullerian inhibiting factor so important in a developing male fetus?
Definition
It stops the development of the uterus and uterine tube and allows the duct to stay open so the testes can continue descending into the scrotum
Term
When does male hormone production begin in fetal development and when does it peak?
Definition
Begins at 7 weeks, peaks at 6 months
Term
At what stage of development in the male fetus is secretion of Mullerian inhibiting factor present?
Definition
7 weeks to 6 months
Term
Where does egg fertilization in the female take place?
Definition
In the fallopian tube (uterine tube) between the infundibulum and ampulla
Term
What two cycles happen concurrently in the female reproduction system?
Definition
ovarian cycle and uterine cycle
Term
What happens during the ovarian cycle?
Definition
Preparation and maturation of egg for release into uterus.
Term
What two hormones affect the changes in the egg during the ovarian cycle?
Definition
LH and FSH
Term
What occurs during the uterine cycle?
Definition
Changes in the uterus in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg.
Term
What two hormones are involved in the changes of the uterine lining in preparation of implantation of a fertilized egg?
Definition

Estrogen and Progesterone

 

 

 

 

Think: Egg Plant

Term
When does fertilization occur in the uterine tube (fallopian tube)?
Definition
12-24 hours AFTER ovulation
Term
Describe the uterus and its functions
Definition

It's a muscular organ.

It's function provide mechanical protection of developing embryo.

Nutritional support (oxygen, nutrients, ions) to developing embryo.

Waste removal for developing embryo and fetus.

Term
What supports the uterus?
Definition
Broad ligament and three pairs of suspensory ligaments, which are the ovarian ligament, round ligament, uterine ligament
Term
Failing suspensory ligaments associated with the uterus can cause what?
Definition
prolapsed uterus

(don't you just hate it when that happens????)
Term
The uterine wall consists of what three layers?
Definition

endometrium (inner)

myometrium (middle)

perimetrium (outer)

Term
What is the thickest, most dominant layer of the uterus?
Definition
myometrium - muscular layer (middle)
Term
Which layer of the uterus sloughs off during menstruation?
Definition
the endometrium
Term
Which layer in the uterus builds up in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg?
Definition
endometrium
Term
What is the outermost layer of the uterus called?
Definition
perimetrium
Term
What is the definition of menarche?
Definition
The first menstrual cycle, which begins at puberty
Term
What is menopause and at what age does it normally occur?
Definition
The cessation of menstrual cycles and stops at 45-55
Term
What is the average of the uterine cycle?
Definition
28 days
Term
What is the definition of the uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)?
Definition
repeating series of changes in the endometrium
Term
What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
Definition

menses - (destruction) sloughing off of endometrium

 

proliferative phase - repair of endometrium

 

secretory phase - secretion of uterine glands, preparing endometrium for implantation of fertilized egg

Term
What occurs during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
degeneration (sloughing off) of endometrium
Term
What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
restoration (rebuilding) of the endometrium
Term
What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
Endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion (fluid and mucus) to prepare the endometrial lining for implantation of a fertilized egg
Term
What is the function of estrogen in the female?
Definition
Stimulats LH secretion;

maintains secondary female sex characteristics, bone density, muscle tone
Term
What are the functions of progesterone in the female?
Definition
Stimulates endometrial growth and glandular secretion to prepare endometrium for implanation of fertilized egg.
Term
KNOW THIS: What do hormones of the female reproductive cycle do?
Definition
CONTROL - reproductive cycle and

COORDINATE - ovarian and uterine cycles
Term
What two phases occur during oogenesis?
Definition
Follicular phase and

Luteal phase
Term
During oogenesis, when does the follicular phase occur and what happens?
Definition
Before ovulation (preovulatory)
primary, secondary (when build-up of fluid occurs), tertiary (when egg is released)
Term
During oogenesis, when does the luteal phase occur?
Definition
After ovulation (postovulatory).
Term
When, in a girl's life, is Meiosis I completed?
Definition
After puberty
Term
What is the most abundant hormone involved with female reproduction?
Definition
estradiol (most prominent prior to ovulation)
Term
What hormone stimulates the follicular phase?
Definition
Follicle stimulating hormone - FSH(primary to tertiary phase)
Term
Name the three types of hormones in females
Definition

estradiol (most abundant and dominant hormone prior to ovulation)

estrogen

estriol

Term
What are the steps in the ovarian cycle?
Definition

Formation of primary, secondary, tertiary follicles

 

Ovulation - release of oocyte Formation and degeneration of corpus luteum (tertiary follicle develops into corpus luteum)

 

Degradation of corpus luteum (develops into corpus albicans)

Term
What phase of the ovarian cycle builds up follicular fluid and causes rupture of the tertiary follicle, releasing the egg?
Definition
Follicular phase

duh...
Term
What happens during the luteal phase
Definition
healing of the tertiary follicle
Term
Ovarian Hormone Levels: Does circulating estrogen rise or fall during formation of tertiary follicles?
Definition
Estrogen rises dramatically
Term
When estrogen rises during tertiary follicular formation, what happens to GnRH?
Definition
GnRH pulses increase to every 30-60 minutes
Term
GnRH increase to every 30-60 minutes, stimulates the secretion of what hormone in the female?
Definition
Leutenizing Hormone (LH)
Term
What happens at day 10 during the ovarian cycle:
Definition
Estrogen levels stimulate LH secretion
Term
What happens at day 14 during the ovarian cycle?
Definition
Estrogen levels have peaked and GnRH is hitting every 30 minutes at highest point
Term
At day 14, during ovarian cycle, when GnRH is peaking at its highest point, what happens?
Definition
Massive release of LH, which completes Meiosis I, fluid builds up, the follicular walls rupture and cause ovulation
Term
During the ovarian cycle, what day is the optimal day for fertilization?
Definition
day 14
Term
What hormone induces and starts menstrual cycle; develops follicles?
Definition
FSH
Term

What hormone in the female is greatest at ovulation

Definition

(a) LH (leutenizing hormone)

 

Term
What happens at the precise moment of ovulation?
Definition
The tertiary follicle releases the secondary oocyte
Term
What is progesterone and what does it do in the female body?
Definition
pg. 1064
Progesterone is the principal hormone (steroid) in the luteal phase. Primary function is to prepare the uterus for pregnancy. Stimulates maturation of uterine lining and secretions of uterine glands
Term
After ovulation, when does fertilization typically occur?
Definition
Within a day
Term
What is the main hormone during the luteal phase?
Definition
Progesterone, which continues preparing the uterus for implantation
Term
Without implanation of a fertilized egg, what happens in the uterine cycle?
Definition
Without implantation of a fertilized egg, it takes 12 days after ovulation for progesterone and estrogen levels to fall, signaling the onset of menses
Term
What is PMS and when does it occur
Definition
Premenstrual stress - occurs 7-10 days prior to the start of the menstrual cycle
Term
What is menopause and when does it typically occur
Definition
Menopause is the time that ovulation and menstruation cease. Typically around age 45-55
Term
What are the hormonal changes during menopause?
Definition
Decline in circulating estrogen and progesterone.
RISE in GnRH, FSH and LH because they are not being regulated
Term
What, in sequence, is the hormonal regulation of ovarian activity?
Definition
1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH

2. Pituitary (adenohypophosis)releases FSH and LH
Term
What happens in the female if the ovarian and uterine cycles are not coordinated?
Definition
Infertility
Term
What controls the female reproductive cycle?
Definition
Circulating hormones
Term
In the male, which division of the autonomic nervous system cause an erection - parasympathetic or sympathetic?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
What are the three phases of male sexual function:
Definition
1. Arousal - erection

2. Emission and ejaculation

3. Detumescence
Term
What is the definition of detumescence?
Definition
subsidence of erection - (sympathetic nervous system)
Term
What are the phases of female sexual function:
Definition
1. Arousal, causing clitoral erection

2. Vaginal surfaces are moistened

3. Parasympathetic stimulation causes engorgement of blood vessels in the nipples and heightened sensitivity.
Term
Orgasm in the males is under what ANS division?
Definition
Both - parasympathetic and sympathetic
Term
What two types of orgasms do females experience?
Definition
Clitoral - pleasurable but less intense

Uterine - Very intense :)
Term
During intercourse, what is the ratio of women who actually experience orgasm? No faking....
Definition

1 in 4

 

 

ok, girls.....either change positions

or

get a new partner...

Term
Ovulation marks the end of the _____________ phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the __________ phase.
Definition

Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase (healing).

Term
Unless fertilization occurs, what happens on the 12th day after ovulation?
Definition

Disintegration of the corpus luteum begins, marking the end of the ovarian cycle. 

 

Then a new ovarian cycle begins with activation of a another group of primordial follicles

Term

Roughly 12 days after ovulation, if fertilization does not take place, the corpus luteum becomes nonfunctional.  What two hormone levels decrease at this point?

Definition

Estrogen and Progesterone

Term

In the ovarian cycle what happens on the

 

10th day

 

14th day

Definition

10th day - Estrogen levels stimulate LH secretion

 

14th day - Estrogen levels have peaked and GnRH is at its highest point, hitting every 30 minutes.  This causes massive LH release (where fluid build up) that completes Meiosis I. The build-up of fluid finally ruptures the follicle wall and causes ovulation

Term
Each kidney is protected and stabilized by three concentric layers of connective tissue:
Definition

1. Fibrous capsule - outer surface of entire organ

2. Perinephric fat capsule - thick layer of adipose

3. Renal Fascia - Dense, out layer that anchors kidneys to surrounding structures

Term

In filtration, _____________ pressure forces water (with small enough solute molecules)through membrane pores

 

__________ occurs as larger solutes and suspended materials are left behind.

 

Definition

hydrostatic pressure

 

 

Filtration

Term
GFR (glomerular filtration is the vital first step to all other ____________ functions
Definition
kidney
Term
What is the vital first step essential to all other kidney functions?
Definition
glomerular filtration
Term
GFR is regulated by what part of the ANS?
Definition
sympathetic
Term
Secretion takes place mainly where?
Definition
DCT
Term
Approximately _______% of the volume of filtrate at the glomerulus has been reabsorbed before it reaches the Loop of Henle
Definition
60-70%
Term
The exchange that occurs between the thin descending limb (LoH) and the thick ascending limb of the LoH is called _______________ because the fluids are moving in opposite directions.
Definition
countercurrent multiplication
Term

Urine volume and osmotic concentration are regulated through the control of

____________    _____________

Definition
water reabsorption (PCT) by osmosis
Term
What is the function of the vasa recta?
Definition

carries both water and solutes out of the medulla in order to maintain the concentration gradient of the medulla

Term

1. Glomerulus - Site of ___________ production

 

2. PCT - site of active and passive _________

 

3.Nephron Loop - site of ___________ and __________ conservation

 

4. DCT - site of _______________ secretion

 

5. Collecting Duct - site of _________

Definition

1. Glomerulus - filtrate production

 

2. PCT - active and passive reabsorption

 

3. Nephron Loop - site of water and salt conservation

 

4. DCT - site of active secretion (variable reabsorption with ADH)

 

5. Collecting Duct - urine

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