Term
| sperm are delivered to the expterior through |
|
Definition
| epididymis ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra |
|
|
Term
| The scrotum is ____C lower than core body; necessary for sperm production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tunica ____ is derived from peritoneum
tunical _____, the fibrous capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many lobules in the testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seminiferous tubules
tubulus rectus
rete testis
efferent ductules
epididymis
ductus defferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra |
|
|
Term
| interstitial (Leydidg) cells outside the seminiferous tubules produce ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major functions of male glands (4) |
|
Definition
- activate spermatozoa
- provide nutrients spermatozoa need for motility
- propelling spermatozoa and fluids along reproductive tract
- producing buffers to counteract acidity or urethral and vaginal environments
|
|
|
Term
| spermatozoa and fluids are propelled along the reproductive tract via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epididymis; head contains ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microvilli (stereocilia) absorb testicluar fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| passes through inguinal canal, expands to fotm the ampulla and then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutting and ligating the ductus deferens which is nearly 100% effective form of birth control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| encircles pare of the urethra inferior to the bladder; secretes milky slightly acid fluid, contrains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| seminal fluid is slightly ____ to neutralize acids in prostate gland and vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X chromosomes are ____ that Y chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nuclear division in the gonads in which the number of chromosomes is halved, two consecutive cell divisions, one round of dna replication, produces four daughter cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surround and enfold spermatids, provide nutrients and chemical stimuli for development, phagocytize cytoplasm shed by developing spermatids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area of spermatozoan where mitochondria are concentrated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes and peroxisomes
inclusions and other intracellular structures |
|
|
Term
| spermatozoa become motile and become capable of fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| begins with hypothalamus releaseing GnRH and resules in testosterone triggering spermatogenesis, then feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary from rise is testosterone and inhibin |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis |
|
|
Term
| males with age: testosterone ____, FSH and LH ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oocyte is surrounded by follicle cells (one layer); granulosa cells ( more than one) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| squamous-like follicle cells + oocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cuboidal or columnar follicle cells + oocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two or more layers of granulosa cells + oocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contains fluid-filled space between granulosa cells; coalesces to form a central antrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary oocytes develop in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if penetrated by sperm the second oocyte completes meiosis II, yielding: |
|
Definition
| ovum and second polar body |
|
|
Term
| phases of a monthly cycle |
|
Definition
follicular
ovulation
lateal |
|
|
Term
| period of follicular growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| period of corpus luteum activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effects of LH surge at day 14 |
|
Definition
completion of meiosis I (secondary oocyte continues on to metaphase II)
triggers ovulation
transformes ruptured follicle into corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibin, progesterone, estrogen |
|
|
Term
| declining FSH and LH ends ______ and inhibits follicle development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uterine cycle consists of three phases |
|
Definition
mentruel
proliferative
secretory |
|
|
Term
| metabolic effects of estrogen |
|
Definition
| maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels; facilitates calcium uptake |
|
|
Term
| menopause; dwindling estrogen levels cause |
|
Definition
strophy of reproductive organs and breast
hot flashes
thinning of skin and bone loss |
|
|
Term
| lobules within lobes contain _____ that produce milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
milk
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses
opening to outside at nipple |
|
|
Term
| the _________ gene on the Y chromosome initiates testes development and maleness |
|
Definition
| sex determining region of Y |
|
|
Term
| three types of differences between males and females |
|
Definition
genetic
gonadal
phenotypic |
|
|
Term
| sperm must breach the oocyte coverings; the corona radiata and the _____________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sperm binds to the zona pellucida and undergoes the ________________; enzymes are released to digest holes in the zona pellucida |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upon entry of a sperm, ____ surge from the ER causes the cortical reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cortical granules release zonal inhibiting proteins; ZIPs destroy sperm receptors; spilled fluid binds water and swells detaching other sperm.
This blocks _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mitotic division of zygote; first at 36 hrs ---> 2 daughter cells (blastomeres) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at day 3 or 4, the embryo of ~100 cells (____________) has reached the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| display factors that are immunosuppressive; participate in placenta formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secreted by trophoblast then chorion; prompts corpus luteum to continue progesterone and estrogen secretion; levels rise until end of second month; morning sickness |
|
Definition
| Human chorionic gonadotropic |
|
|
Term
| fetal secretion of ____ stimulates the placenta to secrete more estrogen; causes production of oxytocin receptors by myometrium; antagonizes calming effects of progesterone, leading to braxton hicks contractions in uterus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| powerful uterine muscle stimulants |
|
Definition
| oxytocin and prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| ___ from fetal lungs causes softening of the cervix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fetal oxytocin causes the placenta to produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulate more vigorous contractions of the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cervical dialation
delivery of baby
delivery of placenta |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates the hypothalamus to release prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs) |
|
Definition
| placental estrogens, progesterone, lactogen |
|
|
Term
| _____causes the letdown reflex; suppresses the mentruel cycle by inhibiting GnRH which in turn inhibits LH and FSH. thus prevents ovulation and the likelihood of another pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beneficial chemicals of breast milk |
|
Definition
| IgA, complement, lysozyme, interferon, and lactoperoxidase |
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