Dont rush to this ddx. 

can be normal variability 

generally wait longer

Do not diagnose until bitch atleast 2 years old. 

Queens should be exposed to correct photoperiod for atleast 2mo. 

might be useful to house with cycling females

never been in season ( ie. overlap with delayed puberty

failure in observation

social factors/minimal signs being exhibited

- individually kept animals, submissive, low pecking order, stress

= silent heat 

- systemic illness ( hypothyroidism) 

- repro tract abnormalities - ovarian tumour, cyst, intersex. ex. cysts may secrete progesterone, inhibit GnRH and prevent cycling 

- OVH

1. Gonadotrophins: FSH/LH not available, ecG and hCG- treat for 5 days. will increase oestrogen and follicular growth. 

2. Oestrogens: give for 10 days at low dose. Risk: bone marrow suppression and severe anaemia and thrombocytopaenia 

3. Prolactin antagonists: cabergoline (galastop)- same drug as for false preg. 

1. manipulate photoperiod: 12-14 hrs light causes most queens to cycle within 2 mo. 

2. House with cycling queens

3. Hcg + FSH

4. prolactin inhibitors

young bitches and queens

oestrus starts and stops 

might report- 2 seasons close together

might be due to insufficient follicles at first pro oestrous to perpetuate oestrous

No treatment needed- resolves as matures 

eg. 40-60 days long

might be due to inadequate LH surge?

no treatment needed, ovulation occurs or follicles regress and bitch enters anoestrous without a luteal phase 

normal metoestrous

6-14 wk post oestrous 

prolactin effect ( increased after d 30 of metoestrous) 

2 mo after season

previously occurred

not pregnant but characteristic signs 

Treatment for false preg in bitches

why not to spay while in FP! 

not necessary in mild cases, spay in anoestrous if not breeding! 

for exxagerated signs: 

- prolactin antagonist- 4-6 days orally

- acts on ant. pit dopamine receptors-> prolactin declines

- usually symptoms subside in a week 

Dont spay when in false preg! - cause rapid fall in progersterone- which stimulates more prolactin and signs of FP may become chronic / permanent 

coat change

weight gain

psychological

uncommon

after sterile mating, spontaneous ovulation or early embryonic death

get 6 week luteal phase, then returns to oestrus 

minimal behavioural signs 

historially used: oestrogens- prevent implantation, prostaglandins ( lyse CL) 

Currently: 

progesterone antagonists ( aglepristone ( Alizin) 

Prolactin inhibitor ( cabergoline

can be used late into preg 45d. but earlier is best

- two injections 24 hr apart

- earlier return to oestrus than normal

may be indicated- eg. financial reasons

progesterones are main drug class used- proligestone ( Delvosterone) 

- not at 1st season

- permanent suppression: 3,4, then repeated 5 monthly injection regime. 

- will terminate a season if given in pro oestrus. next season 5-6 mo. later

- if in anoestrous- next season 6 mo. later 

pyometra

mammary enlargement and tumours

cycle irregularities

diabetes

temperment changes

coat loss or colour change at site of injection 

quite common

obese dogs or those with infantile vulva

redness, discharge, irritation

local and systemic treatment ( abs and steroid cream)

poss. episioplasty if recurring 

both phenotypic characters of both sexes. 

usually see enlarged clitoris

treat-> OVH 

Parovarian  incidental. Common at spay. No hormones produced.

Follicular  oestrogen produced. Signs of prolonged pro-oestrus, mammary hyperplasia, genital fibroleiomyomas.

Luteal  progesterone produced. Rare. Develop from CL. Cause prolonged anoestrus.

rarer in companion animals

Granulosa cell tumour commonest 

Get oestrogen effects eg. vaginal hyperplasia, bone marrow suppression, or progesterone effects-? pyometra, 

may be a SOL effect 

Treat: OVH 

Rare and most is caused by other factors 

do a routine history and physical exam

- so 1st season? cycling patterns? characteristics?previous matings? 

- inspect genitalia, palpate mammary glands, abdomen palpation, ultrasound, vaginal cytology 

- male

- spayed

- pre pubertal 

- poor observant

- stress 

normal variation

iatrogenic- progestegan admin

stress: medical or psychological

subtle signs owner observant

ovarian cyst secreting progesterone or tumour 

ovulation 2 days after LH surge

Oocytes take further 2 days to mature

survival for several more days

The fertilisation period is therefore 2-6 days after ovulation or 4-8 days after LH surge 

Fertilisation period: when sperm can penetrate mature oocyte, 2-6 days after ovulation

Fertile period: when a mating can result in preg. 10 dayrs or so due to sperm survival. they wait for oocytes to mature 

12 days after prooestrous starts- an average

but varies from 3-30 days

day 12 often cited as the preferred date

4 days from time when bitch first seems keen to stand for the dog. 

no assay for LH itself

repeat assay of progesterone possible-detect rises before ovulation-test every 48hrs. 

Oestrogen induces changes in vaginal mucosa detected 

- repeat 48 hrs

look for appearance and disappearance of superficial cornified cells

[image]

often management: one off visit to tom cat-> insufficient matings-> no ovulation- common

cycle length can give indication: 

if returns to oestus <21 days, ovulation failure, so ensure more and earlier matings

If returns: > 21 days, some other cause 

expulsion of non viable foetus or one so premature cannot survive

causes: trauma, infection, toxins, disease, stress, foetal malformation 

dogs: herpes virus, T. gondii

cats: FELV, FIP, feline herpes, toxoplasma

treat dam: IVF, antibiotics, oxytocin, good nursing , DO NOT GIVE PROGESTERONE TO TREAT IT

collapsed dam

abdominal catastrophe

stabilise and emergency ovario-hysterectomy 

also called lactational tetany/milk fever

- common es. small breed dogs

- emergency

- peri parturient: can be bfore or after parturition

- ca losses > gains

- restlessness, agitated, panting, salivation, tetanic movements, muscle spasms, fever, tachycardia. 

oxygen

iv. 

10% ca boroglucoonate, slow IV

ECG and monitor heart

assay blood glucose

remove/wean puppies

infection of womb, serious toxaemia, very sick dog. 

bad smell, pyrexic. 

treat: fluids, ab to stabilise then spay 

1st line: give oxytocin and iv fluids. severe ( rare) -> ex lap and spay 

ascending bacterial infection

puppy teeth, poor hygeine 

heat pain swelling

Broad spectrum a/b ( ex. Augmentin)given I.V in severe cases

analgesia/anti-inflamm

IVF

Warm compress

remove/wean pupps