Term
| Increased estrogen causes: |
|
Definition
| Decreased FSH, increased LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage of estrous cycle in which female is receptive to male |
|
|
Term
| Term for when female is in estrus and can attract males by pheremones, but otherwise shows no signs of it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tail flagging
-biting
-rubbing
-hind quarter elevation/wiggling
-vocalization
-lateral tail
-backing up to male
-cervical mucus
-vulvar swelling/winking
-frequent urination
-ear flagging/"popping"
-pacing
"stands to be ridden" |
|
|
Term
| Why is cervical mucus produced during estrus? |
|
Definition
| To push out bacteria because the cervix is open |
|
|
Term
| Boars release a pheremone called ____ or ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sperm & vesicular fluid from prostate, bulbourethral gland, and ampulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female: stimulates female follicles to mature into Graafian follicles
male: stimulate Sertoli cells to start maturation process of sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female: final maturation of Graafian follicles, involved with ovulation and formation of CL
male: stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone (in fetus = sex differentiation) |
|
|
Term
| What does progesterone do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes corpus leuteum to die (leuteolytic), stops production of progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in contractions, bonding & milk letdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maternal behavior and complete formation of colostrum; initiates and maintains lactation after pregnancy; in ewe helps maintain CL |
|
|
Term
| Hormone(s) secreted by the AP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone(s) secreted by the PP? |
|
Definition
| -Oxytocin (made by hypothalamus, released by PP) |
|
|
Term
| Hormone(s) secreted by the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone(s) secreted by the ovaries? |
|
Definition
-Estrogen
-Progesterone (specifically the CL) |
|
|
Term
| Hormone(s) secreted by the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is "capacitation" of sperm? |
|
Definition
| -step in the maturation of sperm that renders them competent to fertilize an egg; occurs after ejeculation, in the female reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
| The equine penis is made entirely of _____ tissue, whereas most other domestic animals have all _____ penile tissue. |
|
Definition
Horse: cavernous
Rest: cartilaginous |
|
|
Term
| Most female domestic animals cycle how often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species are polyestrous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species are seasonal polyestrous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which precursor cells undergo meiosis to create mature gametes (ova and spermatozoa) |
|
|
Term
| Term for creation of eggs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for creation of sperm: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what species does the male have both cavernous and cartilaginous penile tissue? Where is the cavernous tissue found? |
|
Definition
| dog- cavernous tissue caudal to os penis |
|
|
Term
| Term for the part of a dog's penis that can swell like an erection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for the phenomenon in which a male and female dog get stuck together during mating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In animals that have cartilaginous penile tissue, the penis is kept inside the body except during mating. How is this possible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define negative feedback: |
|
Definition
| counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nourishes early sperm cells and helps them maturation, acts slowly, influenced by FSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is under neural control: AP or PP?
Which is under glandular control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give the names of a follicle as it matures. |
|
Definition
| primary > secondary > tertiary > Graafian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the epididymis; they produce testosterone and help mature sperm cells |
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are produced by the AP and affect the ovary? What effect do they have? |
|
Definition
-FSH: maturation of follicle
-LH: ovulation and formation of CL |
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are produced by the AP and affect the testes, and what effect do they have? |
|
Definition
-FSH: spermatogenesis
-LH: production of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the reproductive functions of estrogen? |
|
Definition
-vulvar swelling, winking
-mammary glands swell/develop
-pheremones
-flagging
-reverse peristalsis of uterus
-ear popping
etc (signs of estrus) |
|
|
Term
| What are the reproductive functions of progesterone? |
|
Definition
-decrease motility of uterus
-decrease mucus, swelling, pheremones
etc (opposites of estrogen effects) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones in the female can be considered to have "opposite" functions? What is one exception? |
|
Definition
| estrogen and progesterone - except mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| How is the epididymis named? |
|
Definition
from testes to ductus deferens:
head, body, tail |
|
|
Term
| Describe what organs the spermatozoa pass through from creation to ejaculation. |
|
Definition
-testes
-epididymis (head, body, tail)
-ductus deferens
-urethra |
|
|
Term
| When is oogenesis initiated? |
|
Definition
-female born with all the follicles she'll ever have
-oogenesis starts at puberty
-must reset at every cycle |
|
|
Term
| When does female infertility occur? |
|
Definition
| -when all primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles are gone |
|
|
Term
| What happens to dying or dead spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
| phagocytized by monocytes |
|
|
Term
| In what month is it extremely unlikely for a cat to be in estrus? |
|
Definition
| November, because babies would be born in Jan, the coldest month |
|
|
Term
| When does in utero female/male differentiation occur in the cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased progesterone causes: |
|
Definition
| decreased PGF2a, Estrogen, LH, and FSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special feature of a ram penis? |
|
Definition
| urethral process that sprays semen on the cervix like a little helicopter |
|
|
Term
| 5 stages of mating for the male: |
|
Definition
1. Mounting
2. Erection
3. Intromission
4. Emission
5. Ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| Describe the flowchart of pregnancy and related hormones starting with FSH and ending at either no embryo or embryo: |
|
Definition
| FSH > follicle matures > Graafian follicle > Estrogen > Estrus > Mating > LH surge > Ovulation > Fertilization > either no embryo or embryo |
|
|
Term
| How is the CL "killed" in the case of no embryo? |
|
Definition
| PGF2a released from uterine vein, transfers to uterine artery, travels to capillaries of CL and causes vasoconstriction > hypoxia, killing CL cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regressed form of corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| What happens if fertilization doesn't result in an embryo? |
|
Definition
-PDF2a released
-leuteolysis of CL
-increased FSH |
|
|
Term
| What happens if fertilization results in an embryo? |
|
Definition
-CL releases progesterone
-other hormones decrease
-~1wk embryo implants in uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -transportation of semen from ductus deferens to urethra |
|
|
Term
| What causes secondary sex characteristics in females? |
|
Definition
| at puberty, some primary follicles mature into secondaries, these release estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blister-like protrusion on the ovary, with a fluid-filled antrum surrounding the ovum inside |
|
|
Term
| Where is an ovum released during ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the maturation stages of a fertilized egg: |
|
Definition
| zygote > morula > blastocyst > embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by embryo to prevent release of PGF2a |
|
|
Term
| Implantation triggers a release of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the embryo secrete x-factor? |
|
Definition
| day 14 post-fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Days 0-4 post-fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| morula in uterus, lots of yolk |
|
|
Term
| Days 6-8 post-fertilization |
|
Definition
| blastocyst in uterus, used up most of yolk |
|
|
Term
| Days 8-14 post-fertilization |
|
Definition
| embryo fixed in uterine crypt at day 8 |
|
|
Term
| Days 14-35 post-fertilization |
|
Definition
| embryo implants at day 14 |
|
|
Term
| Days 35-45 post-fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Initiation of sexual receptivity in all animals requires ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of estrus that do not necessarily indicate receptivity? |
|
Definition
-constant vocalization
-frequent urination
-swelling/hyperemia of labia
-copious clear mucoid cervical discharge
-pheremone release
-seeking out the male
-mounting other females |
|
|
Term
| Domestic animal females have ____ cycles whereas humans and primates have ____ cycles. |
|
Definition
domestics: estrous
hum/prim: menstrual |
|
|
Term
| The estrous cycle in domestic animals is divided into how many stages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic overview of the ovarian hormone cycle: |
|
Definition
1.FSH stimulates granulosa cells in follicles to produce estrogen
2. Estrogen-rich fluid separates granulosa cells and creates antrum; Graafian follicle forms
3. gradual ^estrogen = preovulatory surge of LH
4. mid-point LH surge = final stages of oocyte maturation
5. highest LH surge = ovulation
6. rupture of antrum (ovulation) causes decrease in estrogen and ^progesterone; corpus luteum matures
7. CL's production of progesterone causes decrease in FSH, LH
8. CL regresses, progesterone output decreases
9. Decreased progesterone causes gradual increase in FSH
10. cycle repeats |
|
|
Term
| Which is longer in the domestic animal's estrous cycle: the luteal phase, or the estrogenic phase? |
|
Definition
| luteal phase- estrogenic phase only occurs just before and during estrus |
|
|
Term
| What cells form the zona pellucida of the ovum? |
|
Definition
| the granulosa cells that surrounded the oocyte just prior to ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most species
-don't require stimulation from male to ovulate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cat, mink, rabbit, ferret
-stimulation by penis of vaginal mucosa causes LH surge, ovulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the "CL of ovulation"? What about the "CL of pregnancy"? |
|
Definition
CL of O: the CL that forms immediately after ovulation
CL of P: CL that appears after ovulation and is fertilized and implanted |
|
|
Term
| The uterus consists of... |
|
Definition
| the endometrium and the myometrium |
|
|
Term
The uterus plays a major role in controlling the lifespan of a CL in non-pregnant... (what species)?
Plays NO role in CL regression in what species? |
|
Definition
major role: mares, cows, sows, does, ewes
NO role: bitch and queen (real reason unknown) |
|
|
Term
| After ovulation, the non-pregnant uterus releases what? When exactly does this occur? |
|
Definition
| PGF2a 14 days after ovulation |
|
|
Term
| When does regression of the CL occur in the bitch? In the queen? |
|
Definition
bitch: 75 days
queen: 35 days |
|
|
Term
| A mature follicle may become _____, meaning that it degenerates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mating in the male involves how many senses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stance assumed by the male by which the erect penis is brought into apposition with the vulva of the female |
|
|
Term
| Successful mounting must be preceded by what? |
|
Definition
| receptive stance by the female |
|
|
Term
| How long does intromission last in the different species? |
|
Definition
bull/ram: seconds
stallion: minute
boar: several minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constriction of the preputial orifice which can impede intromission |
|
|
Term
| An estrous cycle can be defined as the time interval from what to what? What is another term for this time interval? |
|
Definition
| onset of receptivity in one cycle to onset of receptivity in next; ovulatory interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estrus: time of receptivity; LH/estrogen influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metestrus: very short stage immediately post-ovulation in which CL begins to form; LH/progesterone influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diestrus: starts 4d after ovulation with mature CL, ends with CL regression by PGF2a 14d after ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proestrus: starts just after CL regression and ends at onset of next estrus; rapid follicular development by FSH and ovulation by LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged period of reproductive inactivity; ~no ovarian activity |
|
|
Term
When does anestrus occur in the following:
bitch, queen, mare, ewe, doe |
|
Definition
--bitch: between periods of receptivity (usu. 6-12mo long)
--queen: Oct-Jan
--mare: late winter - Feb
--ewe/doe: spring - summer |
|
|
Term
| Primary reason for anestrus in polyestrus animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 2-step process of emission: |
|
Definition
1. sympathetic nerve pathways: sperm and fluids from VD and ampulla are emptied into urethra with seminal plasma from other accessory organs
2. Peristaltic movements transport semen through urethra until it is filled |
|
|
Term
Where in the female is semen is ejaculated by the following:
bull, ram, stallion, boar |
|
Definition
Bull/Ram: near opening of cervix
Stallion: partially in uterus
Boar: completely in uterus |
|
|
Term
| Where does anestrus fall into the Stages of Estrous Cycle? |
|
Definition
| between stage 3 (diestrus) and 4 (proestrus) |
|
|
Term
| Onset of puberty in the bitch? |
|
Definition
| 2-3mo after reaching adult size; 6-12mo of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experiencing estrus once each year or breeding season, eg bitch |
|
|
Term
| How long does each stage of estrous last in the bitch? |
|
Definition
Proestrus: 3-10 or 7-10 days (?)
Estrus: 7-10 days
Metestrus: 1-2 days
Diestrus: 70-80 days |
|
|
Term
| Where in the estrous cycle does the LH surge occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovulation follows the LH surge within how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain what occurs in the bitch during pseudocyesis, in respect to hormones and internal reproductive anatomy. |
|
Definition
-CL persists
-in exaggerated diestrus, progesterone still produced for 50-80 days
-endometrium hypertrophies, endometrial glands develop
-may have mammary enlargement and relaxation of pelvis
-nest building, poss. due to prolactin |
|
|
Term
| Why is the bitch more predisposed than other species to get pseudocyesis? |
|
Definition
| lack of PGF2a production by myometrium |
|
|
Term
| What predisposes a bitch with pseudocyesis to develop pyometra? |
|
Definition
-long period of progesterone dominance
-relatively long period of regression of endometrium after leuteolysis of CL |
|
|
Term
| During proestrus in the bitch, why might you sometimes see blood on the vulva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often do bitches go into heat? What time of year do heats generally occur? |
|
Definition
-into heat every 6-7mo, or once a year
-concentrated in spring and fall |
|
|
Term
| Describe the bitch's courtship behavior. |
|
Definition
-spinning
-crouching down
-nuzzling male
--stand with tail toward male |
|
|
Term
| At what stage of estrous does the bitch display vulvar swelling, and possibly blood discharge or courtship behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovulation in the bitch usually occurs during what stage of estrous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what stage of estrous does the bitch's vulvar turgidity decrease? |
|
Definition
| estrus, to allow for copulation |
|
|
Term
| During what stage of estrous does the bitch exhibit a rapid decrease in vulvar size, and a rapid rise in progesterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the optimal time to breed the bitch? What time period is not recommended? |
|
Definition
optimal: 1st, 3rd, 5th days of receptive behavior or "standing heat"
not rec'd: 9th, 11th day after vulvar bleeding because of variable proestrus and estrus durations |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the "tie" that occurs when dogs mate? Why is it important for this to be completely inside the vagina? |
|
Definition
| coital lock; bulbus glandis causes it; stimulates contractions of vulva and uterus that transport semen into oviducts |
|
|
Term
| On average, the coital lock lasts ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cats born in the spring and summer months reach puberty when? What about cats born in fall or winter? |
|
Definition
S/S: following breeding season, 6-8mo old
F/W: puberty delayed for 1yr til next breeding season |
|
|
Term
| Breeding season for cats? |
|
Definition
| Jan to Oct in northern hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| What type of estrous cycle can the queen be considered to have? |
|
Definition
| seasonal polyestrus, probably controlled by photoperiod |
|
|
Term
| How long do each of the stages of estrous last in the queen? |
|
Definition
21 days total
Proestrus 1-2d
Estrus 4-14d
Metestrus/Diestrus 7d |
|
|
Term
| Do cats exhibit vulvar bleeding during proestrus or estrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behavioral changes in the queen during estrus: |
|
Definition
-vocalizations
-increased affectionate behavior
-rubbing on objects
-arching back with raised hindquarters
-lateral displacement of tail
-treading/jambing of front paws |
|
|
Term
| How long does intromission and ejaculation last in the feline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long after each intromission is the queen's refractory period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the first hour of cat mating, how many intromissions/ejaculations may occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What circumstance might cause a queen to get pseudocyesis? What are the names for this circumstance? |
|
Definition
if luteal phase occurs without pregnancy
-mating without conception
-sham mating |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the queen during pseudocyesis? |
|
Definition
-mammary gland and uterine development
-lactation and nest building are rare |
|
|
Term
| In the avian female, the entire reproductive tract besides the ovary is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the avian repro tract are actually functional: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The avian oviduct is divided into 5 functional regions. Name them, going cranial to caudal: |
|
Definition
-infundibulum
-magnum
-isthmus
-uterus / "shell gland"
-vagina |
|
|
Term
| Site of fertilization in the bird? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-envelopes ovulated ovum with yolk
-starts it down oviduct
-site of fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secretes albumen (egg white) around yolk mass
-longest segment of oviduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -secretes fibrous inner and outer shell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-adds fluid to developing egg
-secretes hard shell, adds cuticle
-shell pigmentation occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is the cuticle of an avian egg? |
|
Definition
| external layer of the egg that prevents entrance of bacteria and reduces water loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-terminal part of oviduct that attaches to cloaca
-stores sperm in "sperm-host glands" |
|
|
Term
| What are "sperm-host glands"? |
|
Definition
-in the avian vagina
-can store sperm that remains viable for 14d in chicken and 50d in turkey |
|
|
Term
| The yellow yolk color of avian eggs is from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ovulatory cycle in hens is (how long?) and can be repeated (how often)? |
|
Definition
cycle= 24hrs
repeated day after day without interruption |
|
|
Term
| The act of laying an egg is called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of a male and female gamete to form one single cell called the zygote |
|
|
Term
| How long does estrogen maintain and influence on the myometrium after breeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the zygote remain in the oviduct before reaching the uterus? |
|
Definition
| 3-4 days, until estrogen's influence have waned |
|
|
Term
| How longdoes it take the CL to form sufficiently to start secreting progesterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrient medium for the zygote secreted by the endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fertilization
-zygote in oviduct
-estrogen decreasing, progesterone increasing
-uterine milk secreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-zygote > 16-32cell structure called morula
-uterus under complete control of progesterone
-morula in uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-morula > blastocyst
-blastocyst lives off yolk and uterine milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-blastocyst implants on endometrium
-blastocyst > embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-embryo fixed in position, functional/physical contact with uterus
-"implantation time"
-embryo secretes x-factor to prevent PGF2a formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-embryo growing rapidly, can't fulfill own energy requirements by simple diffusion
-placentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -development of extraembryonic membranes called placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extensions of inner albumen layer
-holds yolk and embryo in center to avoid adhesions to shell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does implantation occur in the cow? mare? cat? |
|
Definition
cow/mare: 35 days post-conception
cat: 14+ days |
|
|
Term
| Placentation in most domestic animals is at ___ post-conception. The cat does this at ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the time of placentation, the "baby" is considered a ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the layers of the placenta: |
|
Definition
-chorion: intimate contact with maternal endometrium
-allantois: middle layer, "first water bag"
-amnion: closest to fetus, "second water bag" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hemochorial (discoid) - humans/primates
-endotheliochorial (zonary) - bitch/queen
-epitheliochorial (cotyledonary) - ruminants
-epitheliochorial (diffuse or villous) - mare/sow |
|
|
Term
| What determines placental shape? |
|
Definition
| distribution of chorionic villi |
|
|
Term
| The placenta combines in one organ many activities of the fetus which are separate in the adult. What are these 4 functions? |
|
Definition
-hormones
-respiration
-digestion
-excretion |
|
|
Term
| How are sperm transported to the oviduct? |
|
Definition
| -rhythmic contractions of myometrium under influence of estrogen, progesterone, PGF2a, and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| Spermatozoa destined for fertilization are temporarily trapped in ______ of the cervix. These are also known as ___. |
|
Definition
| sperm reservoirs, aka cervical folds |
|
|
Term
| Where in the female repro tract are sperm capacitated? |
|
Definition
| cervical folds / sperm reservoirs |
|
|
Term
| Capacitated sperm travel where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define "fertilization life span." How long is it? |
|
Definition
-viability of ovum; time span within which the ovum must be fertilized or it will die
-12-24 hours |
|
|
Term
| How long do sperm stay viable in the female repro tract in the different species: |
|
Definition
24-48 hrs cow/ewe/doe/sow
3-4 days bitch
5 days mare |
|
|
Term
| Breeding soundness exam for males must include: |
|
Definition
-good PE
-observation/palpation of repro organs
-scrotal circumference measurements
-examination of ejaculate quanitity
-% motile sperm
-% normally shaped sperm |
|
|
Term
| Methods of semen collection: |
|
Definition
-electroejaculation
-artificial vagina
-manual ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| Name the temperature-related problems that can damage sperm: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-insulated containers
-gentle handling, no shaking
-prewarm slides, microscope stage (37C) |
|
|
Term
| What do you measure when evaluating sperm? |
|
Definition
-motility score (% w/rapid, progressive movement)
-semen eval (%normal, %abnormal) |
|
|
Term
| Types of sperm abnormalities: |
|
Definition
-Primary: occurs in testes, usu. involve sperm head and midpiece
-Secondary: occur extra-testicular, usu. involve tail, or if very midhandled, detached head and bent tails |
|
|
Term
| How frequently is AI performed in the different species? |
|
Definition
Frequent: cattle, swine
Less frequent: dog, horse
Rarely: sheep, goat, cat |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is frozen and thawed semen used for AI? Fresh semen? |
|
Definition
frozen: cattle
fresh: horse, swine, dog |
|
|
Term
| 3 fractions of semen, and which is/are collected for AI? |
|
Definition
1. clear fraction (discard)
2. sperm-rich (save)
3. prostatic (mix few mL with 2nd) |
|
|
Term
If you see a cow in heat in the AM, inseminate when?
If you see a cow in heat in PM, inseminate when? |
|
Definition
heat AM > AI early PM
heat PM > AI next AM |
|
|
Term
| How is semen collected from a boar, usually? |
|
Definition
-dummy female
-ejaculate by hand or artificial vagina
-electroejaculation requires anaesthesia |
|
|
Term
| How is semen collected from a stallion? |
|
Definition
-experienced personnel (unpredictable, flailing legs)
-mount on teaser mare
-direct penis into artificial vagina |
|
|
Term
| What happens to a mare before she is used as a mount for semen collection? |
|
Definition
| hobbled, restrained, tail-wrapped |
|
|
Term
| What are the reproductive functions of the female? |
|
Definition
-production of oocytes
-provision of environment for growth/nutrition of fetus
-parturition
-continued nutrition via lactation |
|
|
Term
| Landmark junction of the vagina and vulva, where hymen attaches? |
|
Definition
| external urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corpus (body), cervix (neck), 2 cornua (horns) |
|
|
Term
| The uterine corpus is largest in the ____, smaller in _____, and small in ____. |
|
Definition
largest- mare
smaller- cow, ewe
small- sow, bitch, queen |
|
|
Term
| Highly glandular MM in the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-glandular mushroom-like projections on the endometrium which provide attachment sites for fetal membranes |
|
|
Term
| After placentation, nutrition is supplied to the fetus via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "mesometrium"? |
|
Definition
| covering of the uterus that supports non-gravid uterus |
|
|
Term
| Other names for oviducts? |
|
Definition
| Fallopian tubes, uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hood-like expansion at the end of each oviduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, finger-like projections on the infundibulum that produce a wave-like motion that draws oocyte into oviduct for fertilization |
|
|
Term
| The lumen of the oviduct is filled with (what sort of cells?) that transport the oocyte and spermatozoa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The covering of the oviducts is called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oviducts are supported within the abdominal cavity by the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The covering of the ovaries is called the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "ovulation fossa," and what animal has it? |
|
Definition
-small indented area on the mare's ovary where mature oocytes are released
-other species ovulate from anywhere on the ovary |
|
|
Term
| The ovaries are ___-shaped in most species, except in ___ and ___. What shapes are their ovaries? |
|
Definition
most: almond-shaped
mare: kidney-shaped
sow: grape cluster-shaped |
|
|
Term
| Where is the "cortex" of the ovary? |
|
Definition
| underneath the tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
| What is the "tunica albuginea"? |
|
Definition
| layer of connective tissue underneath the epithelial cell covering the ovary |
|
|
Term
| What part of the ovary contains large masses of follicles in various stages of development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary follicles are also called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early oogenia cells migrate from ____ to the ovary to form oocytes. |
|
Definition
| from embryonic genital ridge |
|
|
Term
| Primary follicles are also called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What distinguishes a primary follicle from a secondary follicle? |
|
Definition
primary: 1 layer of granulosa cells
secondary: adds 2+ layers of granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| What distinguishes a secondary follicle from a tertiary follicle? |
|
Definition
secondary: doesn't yet have a theca layer or antrum (fluid-filled cavity)
tertiary: 2 layers theca cells, visible antrum |
|
|
Term
| Regresssion of primary follicles is also called ____, and this occurs to many primary follicles before birth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formation of Graafian follicles is dependent on ____ and begins when? |
|
Definition
| hormone-dependent, begins at puberty |
|
|
Term
| What suspends the ovary, uterine tubes, and uterus from the dorsolateral wall of the sublumbar regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the broad ligament related to the peritoneum? |
|
Definition
| it's a reflection of the peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| The reproductive functions of the male: |
|
Definition
-production of sperm
-deposition of sperm in female |
|
|
Term
| Sperm are produced in the ___ ___ of the testes and are then transported to the epididymis for maturation and storage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In both males and females, the gonads originate where? |
|
Definition
| sublumbar region immediately caudal to kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What hormone helps the testes travel out of the abdominal cavity and into the scrotum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the male repro system is so closely related to the urinary system, they are often collectively called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the accessory sex glands in the male: |
|
Definition
-ampullae
-vesicular glands
-prostate
-bulbourethral gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-at junction of vas deferens / urethra
-contributes fluid to the semen
-NOT in boars |
|
|
Term
| Vesicular glands aka Seminal Vesicles |
|
Definition
-caudal to neck of bladder
-adds fluid to semen
-NOT in dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-completely surrounds pelvic urethra
-alkaline secretion gives semen its characteristic odor |
|
|
Term
| Bulbourethral glands aka Cowper's glands |
|
Definition
-at base of pelvis
-adds fluid and nutrients to semen
-NOT in dog |
|
|
Term
| The dog lacks what accessory sex organ/s? |
|
Definition
-vesicular glands / seminal vesicles
-bulbourethral glands / Cowper's glands |
|
|
Term
| The boar lacks what accessory sex organ/s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the 3 anatomical portions of the penis: |
|
Definition
-glans: free extremity
-body: main portion
-crura: two muscular roots that attach it to ischial arch |
|
|
Term
| Where do urinary calculi sometimes lodge in the ram? How to Tx? |
|
Definition
| urethral process; amputate of urethral process |
|
|
Term
| Name the muscles of the male genitalia: |
|
Definition
-external cremaster
-bulbospongiosus
-ischiocavernosus
-retractor penis |
|
|
Term
| external cremaster muscle |
|
Definition
| helps pull testes up toward body during periodso of cold or fright |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps transport semen through pelvic urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulls penis upward and against pelvic floor to occlude venous return of blood, thus = erection |
|
|
Term
| Most of the venous blood drains through the penile veins on what surface of the penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fulls flaccid penis back into prepuce |
|
|
Term
| How does the male avian repro tract different from that of mammals? |
|
Definition
-internal testes
-no pampiniform plexus
-vas deferens terminates as papilla at cloaca
-vas deferens stores sperm
-phallic groove when aroused
-protodeum folds direct semen through groove
-tom/cock: no intromission
-ducks/geese: large phallus, intromission |
|
|
Term
| What is a "high flanker"? |
|
Definition
| male in which the testes descend into inguinal ring but not into scrotum |
|
|
Term
| Term to describe males that develop secondary sex characteristics before castration: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gelding (horse)
-steer (cattle)
-barrow (swine)
-wether (goat/sheep) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of part of the vas deferens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of section of oviduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of ovaries and uterus |
|
|
Term
| A great majority of the testicular mass consists of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other name/s for Sertoli cells: |
|
Definition
-nurse cells
-sustentacular cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are Sertoli cells found? |
|
Definition
| they line the seminiferous tubules and nourish developing spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| Other name/s for Leydig cells: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Leydig cells found? |
|
Definition
| fill the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules and secrete hormones that control spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Structures that make up the spermatic cord: |
|
Definition
-ductus deferens
-pampiniform plexus
-testicular nerve
-cremaster muscle |
|
|
Term
| The scrotum is lined with a smooth muscle called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the time of ejaculation, the accessory gland fluids are collectively known as the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seminal plasma contains ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organs are involved in the production and secretion of repro hormones? |
|
Definition
-hypothalamus
-AP
-PP
-ovaries
-testes
-adrenals
-uterus
-placenta
-epididymis (stallion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What is a gonadal hormones? List them. |
|
Definition
-hormone produced and secreted by ovaries, testes, placenta, uterus, and adrenals
-estrogen / testosterone
-PGF2a
-relaxin
-PMSG
-progesterone |
|
|
Term
| Testosterone is classified as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen and progesterone are classified as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The production of steroid hormones is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces testosterone in the stallion? |
|
Definition
| testes (all animals) and epididymis |
|
|
Term
| What is a gonadotropic hormone? List them. |
|
Definition
-hormone produced and secreted by the AP (tropin = to change)
-LH/ICSH, FSH, Prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone; alternate name for LH in males |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made by hypothalamus
-flows to AP
-stimulates production/release of LH, FSH |
|
|
Term
| What type of feedback system controls most production and secretion of repro hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides the biochemical building blocks for the synthesis of gonadal hormones: |
|
Definition
| cholesterol > pregnenolone > progesterone > testosterone > estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Name the ovulatory depression that fills up with progesterone-secreting yellow cells, eventually becoming the corpus luteum: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The principle function of estrogen is to cause... |
|
Definition
| cellular proliferation and growth of tissues related to repro |
|
|
Term
| Cells that secrete estrogen into the antrum of the Graafian follicle are called: |
|
Definition
| theca cells (come from granulosa cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secreted by CL
-dilation of cervix/vagina
-increased mammary gland growth pre-parturition |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin is classified as a ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin in Greek means what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin was synthesized in a lab in what year? Before this, doctors used an oxytocin-containing extract from PP of pigs called "___." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where precisely is PMSG produced? When? |
|
Definition
| endometrial cups of the pregnant mare from days 40 - 85 of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| PMSG has functions similar to ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
| FSH, LH (stimulates growth of follicles in ovaries) |
|
|
Term
| PMSG in the mare results in the formation of... |
|
Definition
| numerous follicles which become functional accessory CLs that secrete progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What species has an abbreviated reproductive life? Why? |
|
Definition
| mare - original CL of ovulation doesn't produce enough progesterone to maintain pregnancy, so she has to use many follicles per pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| HCG stands for ___. When is it made? What is it used for? |
|
Definition
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin; produced by placenta as early as 1 day post-implantation; pregnancy tests, Tx cystic ovaries in cows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| luteotophic effect on persistant ovarian follicle |
|
|
Term
| 3 very well known PGF2a-like drugs used extensively in vet med are (names?). What are they used for? |
|
Definition
Lutalyse & Estrumate in cattle, and Prostin in horse
-used for estrous synchronization, abortion |
|
|
Term
| Spermatozoa grow and mature in the ___ ___ between Sertoli cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once spermatogenesis is initiated, does it need FSH to continue? |
|
Definition
| No, except in seasonal polyestrus because no need for sperm production in anestrus period |
|
|
Term
| Photoperiods are regulated by what gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of positive feedback in the male? |
|
Definition
| increased testes size > more Leydig cells > more testosterone > more release of GnRH > more ICSH |
|
|
Term
| Functions of testosterone: |
|
Definition
-final maturation of spermatozoa
-prolongs viability of sperm in epididymis
-secondary sex characteristics
-increased sebaceous gland development
-libido
-increased protein anabolism > more muscle mass
-maturation/secretion of accessory sex glands |
|
|
Term
| At birth, the male's hypothalamus is under firm control of what? At puberty, what changes? |
|
Definition
| CNS; at puberty this wanes and GnRH no longer suppressed, can secrete in response to low testosterone levels |
|
|
Term
| A male or female is said to reach puberty when it is able to... |
|
Definition
| release gametes and manifest complete sexual behavior |
|
|
Term
Onset of puberty in domestic species:
dog, cat, sheep, goat, swine
cattle
horses |
|
Definition
d/c/s/g/s: 6mo
cattle: 12mo
horse: 15-18mo |
|
|
Term
| What is the meaning of "proud cut"? |
|
Definition
| refers to a gelding that shows stallion-like behavior due to an imcomplete castration which left behind part of the epididymis; this secretes significant amounts of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| A castrated male will have much higher plasma levels of (what hormone/s?) because there is no intact negative feedback mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C-16 and testosterone together initiate growth and secretion of...? How does this affect other swine? |
|
Definition
| preputial diverticulum; odor brings prepubescent gilts into puberty and estrus |
|
|
