Term
WhaWhat is the PH of semen in dogs normally around?
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Definition
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Term
If a semen sample is found to be azoospermic the next step is to?
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A) Check the dog’s testosterone level
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B) Check an alkaline phosphatase level on the sample to see if you got a true ejaculate
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C) Neuter the dog because his breeding career is over
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D) Check the dog’s FSH and LH levels
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E) Recheck the dog in 60 days to see if he gives a better sample at that time
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Definition
| Answer: B) check an alkaline phosphatase level on the sample to see if you got a true ejaculate |
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Term
Concentration of canine semen can be affected by many things. Which of the following can affect concentration?
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A) Anxiety
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B) Amount of testicular tissue
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C) Pain
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D) Non-interest
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E) All of the above
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F) None of the above
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following diseases is an important predisposing condition for a bitch to develop pyometra?
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A.
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Mucometra
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B.
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Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
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C.
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Postpartum metritis
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D.
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Vaginitis
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Definition
| Answer: B) cystic endometrial hyperplasia |
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Term
For a bitch that has an important breeding future (in the opinion of the owner), and who does not exhibit significant systemic signs of disease (aside from a purulent vulvar discharge), which of the following is PART of the most appropriate treatment for an open pyometra?
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A)Ovariohysterectomy
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B)Progesterone
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C) Prostaglandin
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D) Dexamethasone
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Definition
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Term
For a bitch that is not considered to have an important future in breeding, the most appropriate treatment for pyometra is:___________ |
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Definition
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Term
Aglepristone is a treatment for pyometra and is what type of drug?
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A) Progesterone-receptor antagonist
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B) Dopamine agonist
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C) Antimicrobial
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D) Prostaglandin
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E) Corticosteroid
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F) Ecbolic
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Definition
| Answer: A) progesterone receptor antagonist |
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Term
You are performing a pre-breeding exam on an intact Boxer when you notice vesicles on the penis. Your top differential(s) would be:
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- All of the above, further diagnostics would be needed to determine the exact cause
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Definition
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Term
A fine needle aspirate of the testicle or epididymis carries with it no risks and is the first choice in getting a diagnostic sample from the male reproductive system.
True or False? |
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Definition
| OK since everyone and their mother emailed me about this question the answer is FALSE, it can cause auto-antibody formation... |
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Term
Which male testicular tumor is most commonly associated with hyperestrogenism and being cryptorchid?
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Definition
| Sertoli cell tumor (ask Tony all about it) |
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Term
Once a dog exhibits spheroids in his semen sample on a semen analysis his breeding career is over.
True or False? |
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Definition
Im going with False.
Again the answer wasnt up, but spheroids are seen with spermatogenic arrest, which can last 3-6 month or be permenant. It would require that you preform a BSE every month or two to see if the dog will recover. |
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Term
| The hormone which continually rises throughout estrus in the bitch is? |
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Definition
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Term
All of the changes we note in vaginal cytology are due to which hormone(s)?
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Definition
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Term
What is the origin of the serosanguinous discharge noticed during the estrous cycle of the bitch?
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- Sloughing of the endometrial lining
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- Sloughing of the vaginal mucosa
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Definition
| Answer: B) uterine blood vessels |
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Term
Vaginoscopy in the bitch reflects changes in which of the following hormones?
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Estrogen
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Progesterone
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FSH
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LH
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Estrogen & progesterone
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Estrogen & FSH
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Estrogen & LH
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Progesterone & FSH
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Progesterone & LH
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Definition
| Answer: Estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
ESTRUS
100% superficial cells. No red blood cells. No neutrophils. No mucus. |
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Term
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Definition
METESTRUS
Lots of neutrophils. Mixture of intermediate cells. No red blood cells. Metestral cell in the middle. Metestrus is most likely. Proestrus should have red blood cells. Later in diestrus there would be less neutrophils. |
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Term
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Definition
PROESTRUS
Mixture of intermediate cells. Lots of red blood cells. Some neutrophils. Proestrus. The red blood cells differentiate this stage from diestrus or anestrus. |
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Term
You are called out to a kennel that is experiencing an abortion storm and the owner asks you to collect diagnostic samples to take back to the lab to try to determine the cause of the abortions. Due to the financial loss caused by the abortions, the owner does not have a lot of money to spend on unnecessary samplings so you need to choose your samples carefully. Which of the following are the best diagnostic samples to collect from the kennel that have the best POTENTIAL of providing the answer to the cause of the abortions?
- Blood samples from the females (aborted & non-aborted)
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- Water samples from the kennel
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- Aborted fetal & placental samples
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- Urine samples from the females (aborted & non-aborted)
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- Food samples from the kennel
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Definition
| C) aborted fetal and placental samples |
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Term
An owner brings in his 3-year intact male coonhound with the complaint that he seems painful when he is out hunting. The owner says the dog is used for breeding on and off occasionally. Your physical exam findings include: mild bilateral ear debris, Grade 2/3 dental disease, lumbar pain and an enlarged left testicle. The left testicle is warm upon palpation with the epididymis enlarged. Which of the following diseases is most likely the cause of this dog’s clinical signs?
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Leptospirosis
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Canine herpes virus
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Lyme disease
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Campylobacter
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Brucellosis canis
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Definition
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Term
An owner calls to ask you your advice concerning the pre-breeding culture results on her grand champion French Bulldog. She is in tears when she tells you the culture grew a mixed growth of Staph sp., Strep sp. E.coli and Mycoplasma (a few colonies of each were noted). She plans on breeding this dog next week via transcervical artificial insemination with fresh chilled semen and asks you what to do next with her dog? You should…
- You should prescribe a 2-week course of Clavamox prior to the breeding to clear up the infection in the female and help increase chances of conception
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- You should tell the owner to continue with her estrus timing and breeding plan since the culture results are within normal limits and the bacteria that have been grown are considered normal flora for the vaginal tract
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- You should recommend that the dog come in for a full diagnostic workup to find the cause of the mixed vaginal infection and postpone breeding the dog until the infection is cleared
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- You should tell the owner to skip breeding this cycle, recheck a culture before the next breeding to see if the results are “no growth” and if no growth is noted, then breed the dog on her next cycle
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- You should set the dog up for a spay explaining to the owner that a mixed infection such as this is virtually impossible to clear up with antibiotics and the female will not conceive even if bred with an infection such as this
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Definition
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Term
Which combination of drugs offers a safe, effective, reliable method of terminating pregnancies in dogs?
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Prostaglandins and dopamine agonists
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Prolactin antagonists and dexamethasone
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Anti-prolactins and corticosteroids
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Estrogens and epostane
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Definition
| Answer: Prostaglandins and dopamine agonists |
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Term
With Prostaglandins and dopamine agonits , what side effects to the treatment are most common?
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Aplastic anemia and pyometra
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Hypoadrenocorticism
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Hyperadrenocorticism
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Vomiting and diarrhea
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Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
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Definition
| Answer: vomiting and diarrhea |
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Term
After hours call: "Hey Doc, my dog started having puppies a couple hours ago. She had 4 already and they all are doing great and nursing. You took radiographs a late last week and told me there were 7 puppies. The last one was born almost an hour ago and she hasn't had any more since then; she hasn't even had any more contractions. She's just taking care of the other puppies and acting like she's done. What should I do?" You answer:
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"Dogs may rest for up to a couple or even a few hours between puppies and that can be normal. Keep an eye on her for another hour or so, then call me back and we will discuss bringing her in at that point if she hasn't resumed whelping."
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"Go and palpate her abdomen. If you feel more puppies inside, you should bring her in now. If you can't feel any, it's possible we miscounted."
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"Feed her some yoghurt or cheese. The calcium should 'jump-start' her. If she doesn't start whelping in 20-30 minutes after that, call me back."
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"Bring her in now."
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Definition
| Answer: Dogs may rest for up to a couple or even a few hours between puppies and that can be normal. Keep an eye on her for another hour or so, then call me back and we will discuss bringing her in at that point if she hasn't resumed whelping |
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Term
After hours call: "Hey Doc, my dog started having puppies about 15 minutes ago, I think. She's due to have her puppies any day now and that's what I think is happening, but I've never been through this before. She's in her box and she seems to be 'pushing' and she keeps licking her hind-end and when she pushes she cries really loudly, almost like screaming. What should I do?" (Extra credit)
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"You should just watch and wait. Sounds like she's whelping. Giving birth is a painful experience, so she will react like she's doing. Her puppy should come in the next 15 minutes or so. If not, call me back."
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"Wash your hand and insert a clean finger into the vagina to see if you can feel a puppy."
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"Check her temperature and see if it has dropped. If not, this may be a false alarm."
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"Bring her in now."
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following drugs would be a good choice as part of a c-section protocol?
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Isoflurane
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Ketamine
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Thiopental
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Acepromazine
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Atropine
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Definition
| Isoflurane is the only one of these that is short-acting and can be metabolized easily by the fetus. The other four drugs all have been shown to potentially cause a failure to thrive in neonates. |
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Term
While advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are presented, which approach is preferred for removing the fetuses from the uterus?
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Multiple incisions in the horns.
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One incision in the uterine body.
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Definition
| Multiple incisions in the horns |
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Term
If you feel that antibiotics are necessary during a c-section procedure, which of the following would NOT be a good choice?
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Clavamox
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Enrofloxacin
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Cephalexin
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Trimethoprim
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Definition
Enrofloxacin
Fluoroquinolones (e.g., enrofloxacin) have been shown to negatively affect the development of neonates. |
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Term
Which of the following represents the BEST choice for analgesia during a c-section? (Extra credit)
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Isoflurane
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Thiopental
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Propofol
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Morphine
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Lidocaine
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Ketamine
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following hormones in the serum is most useful in diagnosing pregnancy in the bitch?
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Cortisol
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Progesterone
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Estrogen
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Relaxin
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Definition
Answer: RELAXIN
Estrogen and progesterone profiles do not differ enough between pregnant and non-pregnant bitches. Relaxin comes from the placenta, and therefore is only present in pregnant bitches |
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Term
Which of the following modalities offers the most reliably accurate count of the number of fetuses?
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Ultrasound
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Palpation
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Hormone assay
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Radiography
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Definition
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Term
Which diagnostic test gives the most information about the health of the fetuses?
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Ultrasound
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Palpation
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Hormone assay
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Radiography
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Definition
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Term
Which drug(s) offer(s) the best choice for pharmacological mismating treatment in the US?
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Estrogens
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Dexamethasone
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Prostaglandins
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Dopamine agonists
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Aglepristone
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Epostane
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Prostaglandins & dopamine agonists
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Aglepristone & epostane
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Estrogens & dexamethasone
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Definition
| Answer: prostaglandins and dopamine agonists |
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Term
If you are going to prescribe progesterone to keep a dog from going into estrus what side effects must you warn the owner about?
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Liver failure
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Seizures
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Endometrial hyperplasia
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Hyperadrenocortism (Cushing’s disease)
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All of the above
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None of the above
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Definition
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Term
An owner brings his 6-year old intact Siberian Husky into your reproduction clinic for your assessment. His main complaint is that she cycles every 4 months and does not get pregnant when he breeds her on these cycles. Knowing what you do about the estrous cycle, what can you tell him about her cycles?
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Her cycles are normal and he just needs some proper breeding management to determine when to breed his female during these cycles.
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Her cycles are abnormally short so her uterus does not have time to recover from the last estrous cycle and that is why she is not getting pregnant.
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Her cycles are normal and most likely the male the owner is using is not fertile so he should look into using another male with a BSE done prior to breeding.
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Her cycles are abnormally short but that shouldn’t matter with proper breeding management, the use of a fertile male and assisted reproduction techniques.
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Definition
B
short cycles and inadequate recovery time |
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Term
A 1.5-year old intact German Shephard comes into your clinic for breeding management. Her vaginal cytology reveals small and mid intermediate epithelial cells for several days last week and her progesterone level was 3ng/mL on Friday. Now on Monday she no longer has a vaginal discharge, she resents having a vaginal cytology done and her progesterone level is 0.96ng/mL. What is most likely going on with this dog?
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She is in diestrus and you missed breeding her this weekend
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She has cystic (Graffian) follicles and will need to be spayed
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She is going through a normal estrous cycle and just needs continued breeding management until she is ready to be bred
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She is likely going into a split estrus and will need to be monitored for when she comes back into estrus. Then she can be bred off that cycle
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Definition
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Term
Which neonatal disease is commonly referred to as the “fading puppy syndrome”
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Colibaccilosis (E. coli)
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Parvo virus
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Canine herpes virus
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Salmonella
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Campylobacter
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Definition
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Term
An owner brings an 11-day old puppy into your clinic for a routine physical examination. Which of the following physical examination findings would be correct for a healthy 11-day old puppy?
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eyes open, extensor dominance & righting reflex noted, owner reports puppy sleeps most of the time & requires voiding assistance
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eyes open, flexor dominance & righting reflex noted, owner reports puppy sleeps most of the time & requires voiding assistance
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eyes closed, extensor dominance & righting reflex noted, owner reports puppy sleeps most of the time & requires voiding assistance
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eyes closed, flexor dominance & righting reflex noted, owner reports puppy sleeps most of the time & requires voiding assistance
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Definition
| eyes open, extensor dominance |
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Term
Congential defects can be due to_____________?
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drugs
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chemicals
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nutrition
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viruses
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all of the above
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none of the above
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Definition
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Term
Pair 3 & 4 of the feline mammary glands drain into the caudal lumbar lymph nodes.
True or False? |
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Definition
| False - they drain to the superficial inguinal |
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Term
The hormone responsible for feline mammary hyperplasia is?
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Estrogen
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Cortisol
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Relaxin
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Progesterone
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Prostaglandin
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Definition
Progesterone
(luteal P4 influences) |
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Term
Canine mammary neoplasia risk can be decreased greatly by spaying the female before her 1st estrous cycle.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
The relaxin pregnancy test that is used in dogs cannot be used in cats to detect pregnancy.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
The cat’s estrous cycle is best described as…
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Seasonally monestrous & they are normally induced ovulators
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Seasonally monestrous & they are normally spontaneous ovulators
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Seasonally polyestrous & they are normally induced ovulators
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Seasonally polyestrous & they are normally spontaneous ovulators
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Non-seasonal monestrous & they are normally induced ovulators
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Non-seasonal monestrous & they are normally spontaneous ovulators
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Non-seasonal polyestrous & they are normally induced ovulators
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Non-seasonal polyestrous & they are normally spontaneous ovulators
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Definition
| Seasonally polyestrous and normally induced ovulators |
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Term
Prostate diseases in the cat are just as commonly seen in the clinic as prostate diseases in the dog.
True or False? |
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Definition
FALSE
it is almost unheard of in the cat |
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