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Repro A&P Exam 4
Immunity, Eyes, Ears, Integument, Nose, and Larynx
228
Anatomy
Graduate
06/11/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the normal WBC for non-pregnant women?
Definition
5-10k
Term
What is the normal WBC for pregnant women?
Definition
5-15k
Term
What is the normal WBC for laboring women?
Definition
Increases up to 25-30k
Term
What is the change in WBC in the postpartum period?
Definition
Gradually returns to normal values, 5-10k, by 4-7 days postpartum.
Term
What hormone probably causes the changes in WBC count?
Definition
Estrogen
Term
The increase in WBC in pregnancy is primarily due to increase in what hormone?
Definition
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes, and granulocytes.
Term
What is chemotaxis?
Definition
Movement of neutrophils and other phagocytes in an organized fashion toward a site of antigenic invasion.
Term
Chemotaxis is ________ in pregnancy.
Definition
decreased
Term
Chemotaxis may delay ____________ responses to infection.
Definition
initial maternal
Term
Production of interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon-y (IFN-y) may be _________ in pregnancy.
Definition
decreased
Term
Monocyte and granulocyte activity is ________ in pregnancy.
Definition
enhanced
Term
Monocyte and granulocyte activity is enhanced, resulting in ______ and more efficient ______.
Definition
faster; phagocytosis
Term
Enhanced monocyte and granulocyte activity may help protect the mother so she does not______________.
Definition
mount a cell-mediated immunity to the trophoblastic and fetal cells that appear in the maternal circulation.
Term
Natural killer (NK) cell activity is _______ during pregnancy.
Definition
down-regulated
Term
NK cell is down-regulated secondary to the effects of _________.
Definition
progesterone
Term
Down-regulation of NK cell activity appears to induce formation of _________ that _________ lymphocyte proliferation and NK activity.
Definition
blocking factor; decreases
Term
Total WBC volume _________ slightly in pregnancy
Definition
increases
Term
Total WBC count increases slightly beginning in the ________ month and levels off during ____ & _____ trimesters.
Definition
second; 2nd and 3rd
Term
PMN ______, ________, and __________ of Candida albicans have been found to be increased.
Definition
attachment, ingestion and digestion
Term
PMN function alterations are possibly secondary to ______.
Definition
hCG
Term
Pregnant women have higher rates of ________.
Definition
fungal infections
Term
Higher rates of fungal infections in pregnant women may be secondary to the effects of ________ on nutrient availability for fungal growth on the reproductive tract.
Definition
estrogen
Term
Estrogens may alter __________ function, allowing adherence of pathogenic organisms  and ________ the risk of colonization.
Definition
local mucosal barrier; increasing
Term
PMN antibody expression during pregnancy may enhance ___________ recognition and destruction of _____.
Definition
phagocyte; antigen-antibody complexes
Term
_____ &_______ are thought to be involved in regulating innate responses of the trophoblast to infections and tissue damage signals.
Definition
Toll-like receptors (TLR) and Nod-like receptors (NLR)
Term
Changes in ________ and ________ with tissue remodeling near parturition may release TLR and NLR as part of the cascade leading to labor onset.
Definition
cervix; fetal membranes
Term
The maternal circulation is seeded with small particles from the _______ that function as antigens of fetal origin and stimulate a ________.
Definition
trophoblast; systemic inflammatory response
Term
The point of __________ activates endothelial cells and initiates an inflammatory response.
Definition
direct maternal contact with the placenta
Term
_________ is produced during pregnancy and has an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response.
Definition
Pregnancy zone protein (PZP)
Term
PZP levels increase ______-________ fold during pregnancy.
Definition
100-200
Term
PZP inhibits ________ and ___________ inflammatory responses and IL-2 function near the decidua-trophoblast interface.
Definition
phagocytosis; suppresses
Term
Alterations in the function of the complement system during pregnancy begin at _______.
Definition
11 weeks
Term
There is an increase in the complement system during pregnancy due to ________ in both serum complement and specific proteins of the complement system.
Definition
greater hepatic synthesis
Term
The increase in the complement system is seen mainly in ____, ___, and _______.
Definition
C2, C3, and C3 split products
Term
In the complement system, the increase in C2, C3, and C3 split products enhance _______ and _________ through opsonization.
Definition
chemotaxis; actions of immunoglobulins
Term
C2, C3, and C3 split products augment ___________.
Definition
maternal defenses against bacterial infection.
Term
C1, C1a, B and D of the complement system are _______ in pregnancy.
Definition
decreased
Term
C1q is involved in activation of _______, _______,  ________, and __________.
Definition
classic complement pathway, immune cell modification, cell processes and maintenance of immune tolerance.
Term
C1q is ______ and ________ by decidual epithelial cells during pregnancy.
Definition
synthesized; secreted
Term
C1q is thought to have a role in changes in _______ and ________ between decidual and trophoblast cells.
Definition
decidual blood vessels; mediation of cell-to-cell interaction
Term
Activity of the ________ early in the immune response may be delayed during pregnancy.
Definition
complement system
Term
Th2 responses tend to enhance ________.
Definition
antibody-mediated responses
Term
Th1 responses enhance ___________.
Definition
cell-mediated immunity
Term
Th1 and Th2 have a _______ role in __________.
Definition
protective; maternal-fetal immune relationship
Term
__________ in the number of Th1 cytokines may decrease maternal resistance to the spead of ______ and ________ organisms
Definition
Decreases; bacterial, viral
Term
If Th1 predominates during pregnancy, inflammatory cytokine production increases  and is associated with ___, _____, ____ and ______.
Definition
SAB, Pre-E, PTL, and FGR
Term
___________ is somewhat suppressed during pregnancy.
Definition
Cell-mediated immunity
Term
In cell-mediated immunity lymphoctye and macrophage  ________, _________ and _________ are altered slightly in pregnancy secondary to influences from estrogens, corticosteriods, progesterone, AFP, hCG, hPL, prostglandins, and serum proteins.
Definition
synthesis, activation, and function
Term
________ suppress activation of T-cell lymphokines, phagocytic activity  and lymphokine responsiveness of the macrophages.
Definition
Corticosteroids
Term
________, especially PGE1 and PGE2, hPL, and AFP also appear to have an immunosuppressive role during pregnancy.
Definition
Prostaglandins
Term
_______ may induce production of regulatory T lymphocytes.
Definition
AFP
Term
A _______ in T-helper-to-T-suppressor (CD4+/CD8+) ratio occurs during pregnancy.
Definition
decrease
Term
The number of TCD4+ cells ______ progressively to term.
Definition
decrease
Term
The number of T-suppressor cells (TCD8+) tend to remain _________.
Definition
relativley unchanged
Term
A decrease in the number of TCD+4 cells may help protect the fetus from ___________.
Definition
rejection by the mother
Term
T-suppressor cell function may __________ in late pregnancy and ________  B-cell function.
Definition
increase; suppress
Term
__________ T-lymphocyte function and efficiency may increase the risk of viral and mycotic infections.
Definition
Decreased
Term
The antibody-mediated immune response is not _______ during gestation.
Definition
significantly altered
Term
A decrease in maternal levels of ____ has been attributed to hemodilution of pregnancy.
Definition
IgG
Term
There is an enhanced loss of ____ in the urine.
Definition
IgG
Term
The transfer of maternal _____ to the fetus occurs in the last trimester.
Definition
IgG
Term
A relative decrease in ____ along with alterations in ____ population may increase the risk of bacterial colonization with certain pathogens (ie streptococci).
Definition
IgG; WBC
Term
_______ remains stable or decreases during gestation.
Definition
IgA
Term
The slight _______ in IgA may reflect the increased levels of IgA found in _____ and ________.
Definition
decrease; saliva; other mucosal fluids
Term
________ remains stable or may slightly decrease.
Definition
IgM
Term
____ undergoes minimal or no change in levels.
Definition
IgE
Term
__________ increases until term; specific role is unknown.
Definition
IgD
Term
What does PZP stand for?
Definition
Pregnany-zone protein
Term

What does PZP do?

 

 

Definition
It is a glycoprotein that has an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response.
Term
PZP inhibits________ and ___________ inflammatory responses and _______ function near the decidua-trophoblast interface.
Definition
phagocytosis; suppresses; IL-2
Term
Maternal serum IgG ________ during pregnancy.
Definition
decreases
Term
The function of maternal IgG in the fetus/neonate is ____ immunity against pathogens.
Definition
passive
Term
IgG provides ________ of immunologic memory.
Definition
epigenetic inheritance
Term
There is _________, ____________, and ___________ because of maternal antibody IgG.
Definition
immunological imprinting, suppression of IgE responsiveness, and suppression of tumor develoment
Term
The components of the complement immunity system enhance chemotaxis and actions of immunoglobins through _____.
Definition
opsonization
Term
Protection of the fetus from ______ seems to be predominantly a localized uterine response.
Definition
rejection
Term
There are systemic responses mediated primarily by ________ to help protect the fetus from rejection by the mother.
Definition
endocrine factors
Term
The maternal immune system is aware of _______ and under normal circumstances are tolerant to these.
Definition
fetal antigens
Term
Tolerance of the fetus by _____ is an active mechanism whereby fetal tissues are prevented from being recognized as being foreign and/or for being rejected by the cells of the system.
Definition
maternal immune system
Term
During pregnancy, the _____ and _______ have a regulatory and supportive interaction that is critical for both pregnancy maintenance and protection against infectious organisms.
Definition
trophoblasts; maternal immune system
Term
Factors that are thought to have a role in maternal tolerace of the fetus include:
Definition
Trophoblasts; HLA-G Progesterone; Progesterone induced-blocking factor; altered NK cell function; Th1/Th2 balance that favors Th2 responses; indoIMINE 2,3 dehodrogenase (ido); FAS ligand-suppressor macrophages; lower complement activity; local immune response
Term
_________ is the first point of interaction between maternal and fetal tissues.
Definition
Implantation
Term
Implantation involves an inflammatory process with ______ between the _____ and _______ that increases activity of the innate immune cells.
Definition
cross-talk (molecular dialogues); decidua, conceptus
Term
Increased activity of the innate immune system during implantation is mediated by ______, ________, __________, __________, ________, __________, and _________.
Definition
hormones, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix components, and matrix metalloproteins
Term
The inflammatory process at the ________ is most marked in the ____ and _____ trimesters.
Definition
maternal-placental interface; 1st and 3rd
Term
In the first trimester, the inflammatory process changes occur with the initial contact between the _____ and _________ with implantation and the remodeling of _______.
Definition
embryonic trophoblast, maternal tissues; maternal blood vessels
Term
In the 3rd trimester, inflammation is a critical component of _______ in prepartation for _______ and ______.
Definition
cervical changes; parturition, labor onset
Term
Beginning early in pregnancy, small quantities of _________ detach and enter the maternal blood through the uterine veins.
Definition
trophoblast cells
Term
Trophoblast cells form a minute ______ that eventually lodge in the pulmonary capillaries and are cleared by proteolysis.
Definition
emboli
Term
The formation of a minute emboli appears to be a _________ and does not lead to maternal inflammatory response or other respiratory distress in women experiencing a normal pregnancy.
Definition
normal process
Term
HLA-G does not stimulate__________.
Definition
the classic cytotoxic T-cell response
Term
HLA-G has a Fas/Fas ligand pathway for _______.
Definition
killing activated T cells
Term
HLA-G may help prevent ____________ by inducing ________.
Definition
maternal rejection of the fetus; apoptosis of activated maternal T-cells
Term
HLA-G inhibits _____ and _________.
Definition
NK cell cytotoxicity; dendritic cell maturation
Term
HLA-G systhesis may be stimulated by _______ from the placenta.
Definition
IL-10
Term
HLA-G acts on cells of both _______ and ________ and has a major role in reprogramming maternal immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface.
Definition
innate; adaptive immune systems
Term
__________ molecules are found in the maternal plasma and increase from the 1st trimester on, peaking in the 3rd trimester.
Definition
Soluable HLA-G (sHLA-G)
Term
Decreased expression of HLA-G on the extravillous trophoblast are seen in women with _______ and _______ and alters conversion of the spiral arteries.
Definition
recurrent abortion; pre-e
Term
Decreased sHLA-G is found with _______, _______, and _______.
Definition
placental abruption, miscarriage, pre-e
Term
_________ are highly cytotoxic.
Definition
Systemic NK cells
Term
_____________ produce cytokines that are beneficial for trophoblastic invasion and are critical for pregnancy maintenance.
Definition
Decidual NK cells
Term
How does progesterone act to protect against preterm birth?
Definition
Protects the fetus from maternal immune response and rejection.
Term
Progesterone induces production of ___________ that alter the balance of ______ and _______ reponses.
Definition
anti-inflammatory cytokines; Th1, Th2
Term
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are teh primary effector cell surfaces of _______.
Definition
innate immune response.
Term
TRL are responsible for what?
Definition
Recognizing the molecular patterns of microbial products.
Term
All 10 TLRs are found in the ________, primarily in the ________.
Definition
placenta; trophoblasts
Term
Each TLR is ____________.
Definition
specific for the molecular pattern of certain organism
Term
TLRs help the trophoblast _____________.
Definition
recognize microogranisms
Term
TLR stimulation initiates __________ with up-regulation of __________, _________, ________, and __________.
Definition
an inflammatory response; cytokines, interferon, antimicrobial proteins and peptides
Term
Altered TLR __________ is seen with ____, ______, and ________.
Definition
signal transduction; PTL, Pre-E, IUGR
Term
___________ are macrophages for primarily ________.
Definition
Hofbauer cells; placental defense
Term
Occasionally organsims may reach the fetus by _________.
Definition
directly infecting the placental tissue.
Term
Once an organism avoids _____ at the maternal-placental interface, it must interact with ________ to pass through the placental stroma and enter fetal blood.
Definition
cytokines; trophoblast receptors
Term
In breastmilk, _______ transport immunoglobulins and protect against ________, _________, _________, and ________.
Definition
leukocytes; necrotizing enterocolitis, Staph aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans
Term
High ____&_____ cell concentrations produce ____, _______, and ______ and protect against gram negative organisms.
Definition
B, T; IgG, IgA and IgM
Term
___________ is most abundant in breast milk.
Definition
Secretory IgA
Term
Secretory IgA protects against _______ in the baby's GI tract.
Definition
digestion
Term
What is Lysozyme?
Definition
A bacterial enzyme that lyses the cell walls of many baceteria and enhances Lactobacillus growth.
Term
Lysozyme limits the growth of _______ and __________.
Definition
Shigella and Salmonella
Term
Lysozyme and lactoferrin transport ________ and protect against __________.
Definition
immunoglobulins; necrotizing enterocolitis
Term
Lysozyme cells have _______ activity against ________, _________, and ________ and may help regulate ______ function.
Definition
phagocytic; Staph aureus, E. coli, C albicans; T-cell
Term
List the immunologic factors that may cause SAB.
Definition

1. Activation of immune response secondary to microbial infection (chlamydia, listerosis, parvovirus B19, toxoplasmosis)

 

2. Exagerrated maternal immune response to trophoblastic invasion (predominance of Th1 reactivity)

 

3. Cytokine induced failure of the ovary to produce sufficient progesterone

 

4. Presence of autoimmune antibodies such as antiphospholipid antibodies that interfere with placentation.

Term
Suppression of _______ may increase maternal susceptability to viruses and opportunistic pathogens.
Definition
Th1 cell-mediated immunity
Term
Genetic polymorphisms in the genes that encode __________ (IL6, IL8, TNF-alpha) may increase risk of _________.
Definition
modulators of innate mucosal immunity; altered vaginal microflora
Term
Alterations in neutrophil ________ and ______ also contribute to the persistance of infections during pregnancy.
Definition
chemotaxis, function
Term
There is an ______ of fungal infections related to increased adherence of Candida albicans to vaginal mucous membranes, increased glycogen in the vagina, enhanced proliferation of Candida albicans under the influence of estrogen, and alterations in cell-mediated immunity.
Definition
increased
Term
What mechanisms lead to inflammation?
Definition
Intrauterine infection, utero-placental ischemia or hemorrhage, uterine overdistention, cervical disease, stress, endocrine disorders.
Term
Inflammation can _______ the onset of _______.
Definition
trigger; labor
Term
Both _________ & ________ infections can lead to preterm labor.
Definition
acute; chronic
Term
Intrauterine infection leads to the activation of the ________.
Definition
innate immune system
Term
Inflammatory _________ & ________ increase PG production and release of matrix metalloproteases that lead to cervical ripening, fetal membrane rupture, and increased myometrial contractility.
Definition
chemokines; cytokines
Term
________ have also been associated with PTL.
Definition
UTIs
Term
Fever can lead to _______ which ________ uterine activity and may result in _______ initiation.
Definition
dehydration; increases; labor
Term
Actue infections with high temps may lead to release of _____ and ________ and increase uterine irritability.
Definition
catecholemines; corticotropin-releasing hormone
Term
There is evidence that ________ is an early event in the pathogenesis of pre-e.
Definition
vascular endothelial cell injury
Term
There is an increase in pre-e in __________.
Definition
primigravidas
Term
Multiparas with a ______ or _________ may cause increased incidence in pre-e.
Definition
new parter; new sperm donor
Term
There is an increase in pre-e in pregnancies with a _______ (ie multiple pregnancies) or hydatiform mole.
Definition
large placental mass
Term
There is a _____ in pre-e in ______ with the same father and consaguineous marriages even if the previous pregnancies ended in miscarriage.
Definition
decrease; repeat pregnancies
Term
There is a ___ in pre-e with longer _______ with the father before the pregnany and thus exposure to paternal antigens in semen.
Definition
decrease; cohabitation
Term
In women with pre-e, there is a presence of ________ in the ________ near the placental site that are similar to those with ______.
Definition
pathologic changes; uterine vessels; allograft rejection
Term
One of the theories of causation for pre-e is _____________.
Definition
failure of the maternal immune system to change fully in response to the conceptus
Term
A certain placental protein ________ will divert the ______ so that the fetus is accepted and grows.
Definition
PP13; mother's immune system
Term
PP comes from the ______ where the father's gene expression _______.
Definition
placenta; dominates
Term
The placenta is responsible for keeping _________ when it senses a _________ to the placenta.
Definition
the fetus alive; decrease in blood flow
Term
The placenta will cause an increase in ________ in an effort to save the fetus, leading to pre-e.
Definition
maternal BP
Term
When there is not enough PP13 to divert the maternal immune system there is an _____________.
Definition
incomplete dilation of the uterine arteries
Term
The incomplete dilation of the uterine arteries leads to ____________ and result in increased ______ for the mother.
Definition
decreased blood flow to the fetus; BP
Term
Women with ________ may experience _______ in their symptoms due to the opposite effects of Th1 and Th2 during pregnancy.
Definition
autoimmune disorders; improvement
Term
75% of women with ____ experience improvement during pregnancy which is associated with _______ Th1 mediators which are decreased in pregnancy.
Definition
RA; increased
Term
There tends to be a ______ of RA within the 1st ______ months postpartum.
Definition
relapse; 3
Term
Some other factors in pregnancy that may lead to decrease in symptoms from RA are _______, ___________, ___________.
Definition
changes in plasma levels of maternal humoral factors; depression of cell-mediated immunity; suppression of inflammatory reactions
Term
Graves disease may be transmitted to the fetus because _______.
Definition
transplacental passage of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin results in transient neonatal hyperthyroidism that can persist up to 2-6 months
Term
Myasthenia gravis may be transmitted to the fetus because _________.
Definition
there may be passage of maternal IgG against acetylcholine receptors, resulting in transient myasthenia gravis in 10-20% of offspring; may last a few hours up to 3 months
Term
In RH previous exposure, ________ are not necessary because the mom has naturally occuring antibodies against fetal RBC antigens.
Definition
immunizations
Term
The most common rH incompatability is ______.
Definition
maternal O/fetal A
Term
rH incompatability may occur with _____ but never with _______.
Definition
AB; O
Term
The antibodies of the ABO system are primarily ______ which does not cross the ______.
Definition
IgM; placenta
Term
Antigens of the ____ group are the ones usually involved in incompatability between the fetus and mother.
Definition
D
Term
Rho (D) isoimmunization occurs when an Rho (D) ________ mother carrying an Rho (D) ______ fetus produces antibodies against the D antigen on the fetal RBC antigen.
Definition
negative; positive
Term
D antigens on the fetal RBC antigens include _____, ______, ______, ________, and ______.
Definition
Kell, Duffy, Kidd, MNS, ABO group
Term
The type O mother has naturally occuring ______ and ________ antibodies in her serum that can react against ___ and ____ antigens in the fetal RBCs.
Definition
anti-A; anti-B; A; B
Term
_______ incompatabititly can also occur with an _______ infant but never with an ___ infant.
Definition
ABO; AB; O
Term
____________ is mild compared to ________ because the antibodies of the ABO system are primarily ______ which does not cross the placenta.
Definition
ABO incompatability; Rho (D); IgM
Term
Since the risk of __________ is increased during pregnancy, ________ are recommended for all pregnant women during ______ season, regardless of gestation.
Definition
influenza-related morbidity; influenza vaccines; flu
Term
The fetoplacental unit has different ____ because paternal antigens are expressed by the ______ cell stage of growth.
Definition
MHC receptors; 8
Term
The uterus may become an area safe to the fetus because of pregnancy hormones such as _______, ________, and _________.
Definition
hCG, progesterone, corticosteroids that reduce the immune resonse
Term
______ cells are lower in the decidua.
Definition
Th
Term
Neither ___________ or ____________ express Class I or Class II MCH antigens.
Definition
cytotrophoblasts; syncytiotrophoblasts
Term
Trophoblast cells that invade spiral arteries express ______ and _______ that may help fetal cells resist destruction by NK cells.
Definition
HLA-C; HLA-G
Term
Suppression of ________ and ______ decrease interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor beta (may explain remission of some autoimmune disorders).
Definition
T-helper (Th) and T-cytotoxic (Tc)
Term
Th2 increases and secretes more __, ___, and ____.
Definition
interleukin 4, 6, and 13
Term
Cervial mucous has higher levels of __________.
Definition
immunoglobulin A and G (IgA, IgG)
Term
_________ is 10x higher in pregnant women due to _____ and ______ effects.
Definition
Interleukin 1beta; estrogen, progesterone
Term
___________ and ________ are depressed in the 2nd half of pregnancy increasing susceptability to some _______.
Definition
Chemotaxis, adherence functions; infections
Term
Overall, WBC count is ________ in pregnancy and may be as high as ______-______ during labor and delivery.
Definition
increased; 25-30k
Term
C-reactive protein, complement factors C3 and C4 and erythrocyte sedimentation rates are _____ in pregnancy.
Definition
increased
Term
_____ is the smallest of the immunoglobulins and is able to _______ giving the fetus protection against infections the mother has antibodies against.
Definition
IgG; cross the placenta
Term
_____ may have been formed against the rhesus antigen.
Definition
IgG
Term
Possible maternal diseases that may be passed to the fetus via IgG are __________ and _______ and are transient in the newborn.
Definition
Grave's disease; Myasthenia gravis
Term
The nails may become ____ and _______ during pregnancy and will resolve soon after delivery.
Definition
brittle and softer
Term
________ and _________ to the scalp will cause increased numbers of anagen phase (growth phase) hairs during pregnancy causing hair to become thicker and more lusterous.
Definition
Estrogen; increased blood flow
Term
After delivery when estrogen is removed and blood flow returns to normal, most scalp hair enters the ______ phase and begin to shed.
Definition
telegen (resting)
Term
Hair loss after delivery is called _______ and is also seen after surgery, illness or other stressful events.
Definition
telogen effluvium
Term
Hair loss will resolve by about _____ months postpartum without treatment.
Definition
9
Term
Pigment changes occur due to stimulating effects of ____ and _____ on the _________ secretion from the anterior pituitary.
Definition
estrogen; progesterone; melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Term
MSH will stimulate melanocytes to darken skin in certain areas such as ___, _____, _______ and _________.
Definition
nipple, areola, midline of the abdominal area (linea negra) and the mask of pregnancy
Term
___________ appears as brown patches on the face and neck and is more prominent in women with darker complexions.
Definition
Melasma
Term
Melasma may persist after birth in about ___ of women and increase when a woman uses _____.
Definition
1/3; oral contraceptives
Term
Vascular changes occur related to _____ caused by increased progesterone and a proliferation of capillaries at the skin surface due to ______.
Definition
vasodilation; estrogen
Term
Vasodilation helps to _______.
Definition
dissipate heat
Term
__________, _________, and _______ are all related to vascular changes and are frequently seen in pregnancy.
Definition
Vascular spiders, telangiectasias, palmar erythema
Term
Connective tissue changes are caused by increased _______, ________, and ________ along with stretching that occurs as the gravid uterus grows and maternal weight increases.
Definition
estrogen, adrenocoriticoids, relaxin
Term
Connective tissue changes are seen as ____ or ______ in the pregnant women.
Definition
skin tags, stretch marks (striae gravidarium)
Term
The hormones of pregnancy cause _______ to relax and ____ to separate.
Definition
collagen adhesiveness; fibers
Term
Skin tags are seen on the ______, ________, ______, and ___________.
Definition
neck, axilla, groin, between and under the breasts
Term
Stretch marks occur on the _____, __________, ________ and ______.
Definition
abdomen, breasts, thighs, buttocks
Term
Striae are more prevelent in __________.
Definition
younger caucasian women in their first pregnancy
Term
__________, ________, and _________ also contribute to the prevelance of stretch marks.
Definition
Obesity, large babies, maternal family history
Term
_______ and _______ become more active under the influence of increased androgen in pregnancy.
Definition
Sebaceous, eccrine sweat glands
Term
Sebaceous glands of the ___ hypertrophy (Montgomery's tubercules) and secrete more ______ to lubricate the nipple.
Definition
areola; sebum
Term
______ sweat glands cover the trunk and extremeties
Definition
Eccrine
Term
The increased activity of the eccrine glands help ________.
Definition
cool the body
Term
What are the 5 dermatoses that occur only in pregnancy?
Definition

1. Pruritis gravidarium

2. Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPPs)

3. Prurigo of pregnancy

4. Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy

5. Herpes gestationis of pregnancy

Term
What is pruritis gravidarium?
Definition
No primary lesions, associated with cholestasis and mild jaundice; associated with perinatal morbidity; recurs in future pregnancies
Term
What is pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPPs)?
Definition
onset in 3rd trimester; intense itching, no adverse effects; more common in white, primigravidas with a male or twins; seldom recurs in future pregnancies
Term
What is prurigo of pregnancy?
Definition
pruritic papules on arms and legs; does not harm fetus; does not recur
Term
What is pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy?
Definition
pustules, mucus membranes may be involved; maternal sepsis may occur, possibly pustular psoriasis; persists for weeks postpartum
Term

What is herpes gestationis or pemphigoid gestationis?

 

Definition
Rare; severe itching, papules and plaques, vesicles and bullae; associated with preterm birth and transient neonatal lesions; autoimmune HLA related; recurrance is common
Term
During pregnancy, ___________ and __________ decrease and there is a slight ______.
Definition
intraoccular, corneal sensitivity; corneal edema
Term
_________ may make wearing contact lenses uncomfortable.
Definition
Corneal changes
Term
Pregnancy is not a good time to purchase new _______ or ___________.
Definition
contact lenses or glasses
Term
Unilateral _________ may occur during pregnancy and is thought to be due to ______ and ________ or stress.
Definition
ptosis; hormonal and fluid changes
Term
___________ of the eye may occur during second stage pushing.
Definition
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Term
Ear stuffiness and mild hearing loss may occur due to swelling of the _______ and changes in fluid pressure in the middle ear.
Definition
eustachian tube
Term
Nasal congestion and pregnancy rhinitis may occur in pregnant women due to the effects of _____ and may decrease the sense of smell.
Definition
estrogen
Term
Strong smells may trigger _____ and ______ of pregnancy.
Definition
nausea; vomiting
Term
In the absence of mucosal swelling, many women experience an _____ .
Definition
enhanced sense of smell
Term
Epistaxis may occur when ____________ of the nasal mucosa break.
Definition
superficial blood vessels
Term
___________, _________, and __________ may be attributed to larynx changes of pregnancy and are due to the effects of estrogen and progesterone.
Definition
Hoarseness, deepening of the voice, and cough
Term
Increased body and facial hair usually regresses by _____ postpartum.
Definition
months
Term
Thinning or regression of the hairline may not ______.
Definition
reverse completely
Term
Most postpartum women experience an increased hair loss beginning ___-______ weeks after delivery.
Definition
4-20
Term
Generally complete regrowth of hair occurs by ___ in 2/3 of women and by 15 months in the remainder.
Definition
4-6 months
Term
Experts recommend pregnant women don't make changes to their lenses during the ______ or for ____-____ months after delivery or stopping nursing.
Definition
last trimester; 6-9
Term
If the eye doctor changes the RX for glasses/contacts, ________ for return to pre-pregnancy vision.
Definition
keep your original contacts/glasses
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