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Renal, acid base and muscle
Nursing
97
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/07/2014

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Cards

Term
Describe the location of the kidneys
Definition
-Protected by 11 and 12th ribs
-Right lower due to liver
-Above waist between the peritoneum and posterior wall of abdomen.
Term
What is the function of the ureters?
Definition
-Originates at hilium and brings urine to bladder using peristaltic waves and hydro-static pressure.
Term
What is the the job of the Urethra?
Definition
-From bladder allows urine to be excreted.
Term
Cortex function?
Definition
Filters to form urine.
Term
Medulla function
Definition
Collect and excrete urine.
Term
Renal pyramid contains what?
Definition
Secreting apparatus and tubules.
Term
Describe renal column?
Definition
Lines of fibrous material and blood vessels anchors cortex.
Term
What travels from the major calyx to the renal pelvis and then where does it go?
Definition
Urine travels from the major calyx to the renal pelvis then out the ureter.
Term
What does the renal sinus include?
Definition
Hilium expands into a cavity with the kidney (renal sinus) contains the renal pelvis, calyces and branches of the renal blood vessels and veins.
Term
Urinary bladder function
Definition
Hollow, muscular organ capacity of 700-800 mL.
Term
Where do the renal veins and renal arteries pass into the kidney?
Definition
Hilium
Term
What forms the glomerulus?
Definition
Formed by tangled afferent arterioles which reunite to form a efferent to carry blood out.
Term
What does the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerulus form respectively?
Definition
Visceral form inner wall, parietal form outer wall
Term
What does Bowman's capsule house and where is it located?
Definition
Bowman's capsule houses fluid filtered from the glomerulus and glomerular capillaries and is located between the two layers of the glomerular capsule
Term
Which order does blood flow through the nephron?
Definition
Bowman's capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT.
Term
Where do several dct's empty into?
Definition
Collecting ducts.
Term
What do collecting ducts converge and drain into?
Definition
Collecting ducts converge into several hundreds of large papillary ducts and drain into ureters, renal pelvis and calyxes.
Term
What two ways can nephrons be sorted?
Definition
Cortical and juxtamedullary.
Term
What do nephrons with long loops of henle enable the kidneys to do?
Definition
Enable the kidneys to create a concentration gradient in the medulla and to excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine.
Term
Describe cortical nephrons and explain their loop of henle
Definition
Cortical nephrons are most abundant and have short loops of henle that receive blood supply from peritubular capillaries.
Term
Where is the renal corpuscle?
Definition
Outer cortex
Term
Describe the location of juxtamedullary nephrons and explain their loop of henle
Definition
Juxtamedullary nephrons are deep in the cortex and have long loops of henle which recieve blood flow from the vasta recta that arise from peritubular capillaries.
Term
What is the path of renal blood flow? (STEP BY STEP)
Definition
1. renal artery
2. segmental artery
3. interlobar arteries
4. arcuate arteries
5. interlobular arteries
6. afferent arteriole
7. glomeruli
8. efferent arterioles
9. peritubular capillaries
10.vasa recta
11.peritubular venules
12.interlobular veins
13.arcuate veins
14.interlobar veins
15.renal vein
Term
Fenestrae pores act as what and are conposed of what?
Definition
Fenestrae pores act as a filtration membrane and are composed of visceral and parietal layers of the renal corpuscle.
Term
What are macula dense?
Definition
Macula dense are rounded columnar tubule cells.
Term
What does blood hydrostatic pressure do?
Definition
Main force that pushes water and solutes through the filtration membrane.
Term
What is capsular hydrostatic pressure?
Definition
The measure of pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid in the capsular space.
Term
What does blood osmotic pressure do and what is it?
Definition
Blood osmotic pressure opposes filtration and is the pressure of plasma proteins pulling on water.
Term
Function of angiotension II?
Definition
Potent vasoconstrictor (reduces GPR)
Term
Function of ANP?
Definition
Opposite of aldosterone. Increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries, thus increasing(GFR), resulting in greater excretion of sodium and water.
Term
What is formula for net filtration?
Definition
net filtration=blood hydrostatic pressure-blood osmotic pressure-capsular hydrostatic pressure
Term
What is formed during filtration and where is it formed?
Definition
Filtrate in the renal tubule.
Term
What is reabsorption?
Definition
Reabsorption is the returning of important substances from filtrate through the renal interstitial, blood vessels and eventually the body.
Term
Where does filtration occur?
Definition
Renal corpuscle.
Term
Where does blood hydrostatic pressure move fluid?
Definition
Across the membrane.
Term
What kind of structure is the membrane of glomerular capillaries?
Definition
Filtering structure.
Term
When does renal autoregulation occur?
Definition
Renal autoregulation occurs when the kidneys themselves regulate GFR.
Term
When does neural regulation occur?
Definition
Neural regulation occurs when ANS regulates BF and GFR.
Term
What does hormonal regulation involve?
Definition
Angiotension II and ANP.
Term
Describe the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system
Definition
-When blood pressure is low renin is released and converted to angiotension II which cause vasocontriction. -Angiotension stimulates aldosterone release and raises blood pressure.
Term
What is the function of aldosterone?
Definition
Reduce urinary loss of Na and Cl and increases in blood pressure and decreases volume of body fluid.
Term
Describe the myogenic mechanism
Definition
-As Bp rises, GFR rises because renal blood flow increases.
-Elevated bp stretches walls of afferent arterioles.
-In response smooth muscle fibres in the walls of afferent arterioles contract which narrows lumen and renal blood flow reducing GFR.
Term
Describe tubuloglomerular feedback
Definition
-When GFR is high due to bp, filtered fluid flows more rapidly.
-PCT and henle have less time to reabsorb and the juxtaglomerular aparatus releases NO causing vasodialation.
-GFR decreases.
Term
Describe the relationship between GFR and Bp?
Definition
They both increase together or decrease together.
Term
What does the PCT reabsorb?
Definition
Water, Na, glucose, amino acids, urea,K+, Ca,Cl-, HCo3 AND HPo4.
Term
What does the henle reabsorb?
Definition
25% of Na, K, Cl, HCo3, Ca, and Mg.
Term
What does the dct reabsorb?
Definition
8% of Na, K and Ca.
Term
What do collecting ducts reabsorb?
Definition
Na IF aldosterone is present.
Term
What does tubular secretion control?
Definition
Ph.
Term
What is tubular secretion?
Definition
Movement of fluids from capillaries into filtrate.
Term
Where does it occur and what does it secrete?
Definition
-Occurs mostly in PCT but also dct and collecting ducts.
Term
Describe the mechanisms responsible medullary osmotic gradient?
Definition
Active Na transport by thick asscending limb from lumen, instituting low blood flow between medullary colecting ducts and deep portions of the loop of henle.
Term
Explain the formation of dilute urine
Definition
-Diluate urine prdocued in the absence of ADH when renal tubules absorb more solutes than water.
-ANP is released causing water to remain in urine.
Term
Explain the formation of concentrated urine
Definition
-Concentrated urine is formed with the pressure of ADH when renal tubultes absorb more water than solutes.
- ADH makes tubes more water soluble.
Term
What is GFR?
Definition
-Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys/ minute.
Term
How is a large amount of fluid filtered.
Definition
Filter is porous and think, glomerular capillaries are long and bp high.
Term
90% of water is reabsorbed what is responsible for facilitating 10% of this?
Definition
ADH.
Term
Which hormones regulate water and solute absorption?
Definition
Angiotension, aldosterone, ADH, ANP, parathyroid hormone.
Term
What do extracellular and intracellular compartments contain?
Definition
Body fluids.
Term
What is intracelluluar fluid?
Definition
Is all the fluid inside cells and comprises 2/3 of body fluid.
Term
What is extracellular fluid?
Definition
All the fluid outside plasma membranes 1/3 of all body fluid. Most found between cell, interstitial fluid.
Term
What does the intravascular fluid space house?
Definition
Blood plasma.
Term
How is body water regulated?
Definition
-By the thirst centre in the hypothalamus and water intake.
- Excess water lost through sweating, respiration.
Term
What is the main determinant of body fluid volume and of fluid loss?
Definition
The extent of NaCl loss.
Term
What causes a change in osmolarity and what does an increase of osmolarity cause?
Definition
-Na causes a change in osmolarity.
-An increase in the osmolarity of interstitial fluid draws water out of cells.
Term
What happens with a decrease in osmolarity?
Definition
Water cells swell.
Term
What pressures favour filtration?
Definition
Hydrostatic pressure and interstitial osmotic pressure.
Term
What pressures favour reabsorption?
Definition
Plasma osmotic and interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
Term
What happens in edema?
Definition
Filtration is greater than reabsorption.
Term
How do buffer systems resist Ph change?
Definition
-Buffer systems temporarily bind excess H+ or OH- sequestering them until they can be permanently secreted.
-By increasing depth of breathing, CO2 is exhaled or retained correcting blood Ph.
Term
What fixes metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis ?
Definition
The lungs.
Term
How do the kidneys regulate hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in the blood?
Definition
-In PCT Na/H antiporters secrete H+ as they reabsorb Na.
-In the collecting ducts some intercalated cells absorb K+ and HCo3-.
Kidneys can change Ph.
Term
What is respiratory acidosis and how is it treated?
Definition
-Occurs with abnormally high PC02
-Treated by increasing exhalation of CO2 and give an IV of bicarbonate decreasing Ph.
Term
What is respiratory alkalosis and how is it treated?
Definition
-Low PCO2
-Increase of Ph causes hyperventilation
-Treated by kidneys decreases H+ excretion and reabsorption of bicarbonate or paper bag breathing.
Term
What is metabolic acidosis and how is it treated?
Definition
-Arterial HCO3- levels low, ph dreases
-Treated by IV of bicarbonate or hyperventilation.
Term
What is respiratory acidosis and how is it treated?
Definition
-Arterial HCO3- high
-Treated by fluid solutions of correct Cl-, K+ and other electrolytes plus correcting cause.
Term
Describe the function and location of myofibrils
Definition
-Contractile organelle of the muscle.
- Run entire length of muscle making it appear striated.
Term
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
-Fluid filled membranous sac.
Term
What are t-tubules?
Definition
-Invaginations in sacrolema, AP travel through them.
Term
Describe the sliding filament model
Definition
-Myosin heads attach to thin filaments at both ends of the sacromere pulling thin filaments towards m line.
-Thin filaments move and can overlap.
-As this occurs z discs move closer together and the sacromere shortens.
-This makes the whole muscle fibre shorten.
Term
What happens to the length of filaments during the sliding filament model?
Definition
Their length does not change.
Term
How are muscle fibres stimulated to contract (neuromuscular junction)? (step 1)
Definition
1.Impulse arrives, voltage gates open Ca+ enters and synaptic vessels under go exocytosis. Motor neuron and vessels fuse and acetylcholine enters the cleft.
Term
How are muscle fibres stimulated to contract (neuromuscular junction)? (step 2)
Definition
2- When two molecules of Ach bind to a receptor channels open and Na+ flows across the membrane.
Term
How are muscle fibres stimulated to contract (neuromuscular junction)? (step 3)
Definition
3- Na+ influx produces ATP. It travels down t tubules causing the SR to release stored Ca and muscles contract.
Term
How are muscle fibres stimulated to contract (neuromuscular junction)? (steps 4)
Definition
4-Ache breaks down Ach so that muscle contraction lasts briefly. The synaptic cleft collage fibres store Ache.
Term
Follows events of excitation-contraction coupling that lead to cross bridge activity.
Definition
-Ca which is usually low in sarcoplasm but when the Ap propagates SR opens allowing it out where it binds with tropinin causing it to change shape.
-Once these sites are free myosin heads bind to them and form cross bidges and contraction occurs.
Term
What is an isometric contraction?
Definition
Muscle length does not change.
Term
What is an isotonic contraction?
Definition
Muscle length changes.
Term
Describe fast oxidative fibres, slow oxidative and fast glycotic fibres
Definition
Fast oxidative- high fatigue resistance
Slow- Least powerful, very fatigue resistant
Fast glycotic- Strong, quick fatigue
Term
What does a prime mover do?
Definition
Contracts to cause action.
Term
What does an antagonist do?
Definition
Stretches and yields to prime mover effects.
Term
What does a synergist do?
Definition
Contract and stabilize intermediate joints.
Term
What does the fixator do?
Definition
Stabilize the origin of the prime mover.
Term
What criteria are muscle named upon?
Definition
Direction, shape, size, action, origin number, origin and insertion and location.
Term
What are parallel fascicles?
Definition
Long axis, are parallel to each other.
Term
What are circular fascicles?
Definition
Cruler, sphincter.
Term
What are pernate fascicles?
Definition
Short, attach oblique.
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