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Renal anatomy and histology
FINAL exam
122
Anatomy
Graduate
10/18/2010

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Term
The urinary system is composed of:
Definition
kidney
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Term
The function of the kidney is to maintain the constancy of the _____ in our ________ __________ through water balance and __________.
Definition
fluid
internal environment
homeostasis
Term
The kidneys regulate _____ of ____ and maintain proper _____, salts, and ____/____ balance.
Definition
volume of blood
water
acid/base
Term
The substance produced in the kidneys that increases blood pressure.
Definition
renin
Term
The substance produced in the kidneys that increasing red blood cell production.
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
The kidney is located in a ___________ position in the superior _______ region and extends from the _____ thoracic vertebra to the ____ lumbar vertebra.
Definition
retroperitoneal
lumbar
12th
3rd
Term
The right kidney sits close to the _____ and is slightly _____ than the left kidney.
Definition
liver
lower
Term
The ______ surface of the kidney is convex and the _______ surface is concave.
Definition
lateral
medial
Term
The renal ____ is found on the medial surface of the kidney and is where these structures enter: (5)
Definition
hilus;
renal arteries
renal veins
ureter
lymphatic vessels
nerves
Term
The renal hilus leads into a space called the _____ ______.
Definition
renal sinus
Term
The order in which the structures entering the renal hilus are found...from anterior to posterior.
Definition
renal veins
renal arteries
ureter
Term
The kidneys are surrounded by 4 layers of supportive tissue from innermost to outermost:
Definition
renal capsule
perirenal fat
renal fascia
pararenal fat
Term
The renal fascia of _______ is the outermost layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that ______ the kidney and ________ ______ to the surrounding structures.
Definition
Gerlota
anchors
adrenal gland
Term
___________ fat adheres to the _______- abdominal wall and helps keep the kidneys in place.
Definition
Pararenal
posterior
Term
As a result of the lack of abdominal fat in patients with _______, many people may experience _______, a condition where the kidney falls to a lower than normal position which may then cause the _______ to kink.
This causes _____ to back up in the kidney creating internal pressure, a condition called ____________.
Indicates water in the kidney and can severely damage it leading to ________.
Definition
anorexia
ptosis
ureter
urine
hydronephrosis
necrosis
Term
Renal ________ are the major functional unit of the kidney.
Definition
corpuscles
Term
Renal ______ is the most superficial region of the kidney; renal ______ is just deep to that and appears slightly ________ and reddish-brown in color. _______ is lighter in color with a _________ appearance.
Definition
cortex
medulla
darker
cortex
granular
Term
The parts of the cortex that dip down between the renal medulla are called
Definition
renal columns
Term
Renal pyramids have a broad ____ that faces the cortex and a _______ or ____ that points internally.
Definition
base
papilla
apex
Term
Renal ______ is found lateral to the _____ within the sinus. It is formed by merging _____ calyces.
Definition
pelvis
hilus
major
Term
A renal ____ consists of a renal ________ with an adjacent cap of cortical tissue and cortical _______.
Definition
lobe
pyramid
columns
Term
_____ calyx is a cup-shaped area that enclose the _______ of the pyramids and drain into _____ calyx.
Major calyces are _ or _ in number and are branching extensions of the _______.
Definition
minor
papillae
major
2 or 3
pelvis
Term
The _______ calyces of the kidney collect urine that continuously drains from the ________. The walls of theses calyces contain smooth muscle for _________.
Definition
minor
papillae
peristalsis
Term
The _____ calyces drain into the _____ calyces which drain into the ______ ______.
Definition
minor
major
renal pelvis
Term
an infection of the renal pelvis and kidneys
Definition
pyelitis
Term
an infection or inflammatory condition that affects the entire kidney
Definition
pyelonephritis
Term
Kidney infections in females are usually caused by ___________ that is spread from the anal region to the urinary tract.
Definition
fecal E. coli bacteria
Term
Kidney infections can result from ______-____ bacteria as well as from hospitalizations involving __________.
Definition
blood-borne
catheterizations
Term
_____ _____ artery is slightly longer than the ____ _____ artery because of where the abdominal aorta sits in the pelvic cavity.
Definition
Right renal
Left renal
Term
The ______ areteries are large arteries that deliver approximately _____ of the total systemic cardiac output (1200 ml) to the kidneys every minute. They branch from the _________ ______ at right angles at the level between the __ and __ vertebrae.
Definition
Renal arteries
1/4
abdominal aorta
L1, L2
Term
Renal arteries usually branch into 5 _____________ arteries.
Definition
segmental
Term
More than ____% of the blood supply entering the kidneys perfuses the _______ which contains the bulk of the _________.
Definition
90%
cortex
nephrons
Term
Renal _____ follow the pathway of the arteries but in reverse.
Definition
veins
Term
Many of the ________ arteries do not actually enter the hilum.
Definition
segmental
Term
Which arteries give off afferent arterioles?
Definition
Interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular
Term
Flow of blood into the kidney:
renal a. -> segmental a. -> lobar a. -> interlobar a. -> arcuate a. -> interlobular a. -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillary network
Definition
Term
What vessel resides at the outer edge of the medullary pyramids?
Definition
arcuate aa.
Term
Kidneys and _______ are supplied by the:
_____ plexus and ganglion which is a branch of the ______ plexus and ganglion.
Definition
ureters
renal
celiac
Term
Renal plexus is supplied by sympathetic fibers from:
Definition
the least thoracic nerve
first lumbar splanchnic nerve
Term
Sympathetic fibers are vasomotor fibers that regulate _____ _____ _____
by adjusting the ________ of renal arterioles.
Definition
renal blood flow
diameter
Term
The _____ n. branches into anterior and posterior trunks as it passes through the __________. These parasympathetic fibers contribute to the ______ plexus.
Definition
vagus n.
diaphragm
celiac
Term
The structural and functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for making urine.
Definition
nephron
Term
The nephron is composed of: (4)
Definition
a dilated renal corpuscle called a Bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loops of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
Term
The structures in the nephron are collectively referred to as the _______ _______.
Definition
renal tubule
Term
The distal convoluted tubules drain into the ________ tubules.
Definition
collecting
Term
Urine from several _____ tubules drain into collecting tubules.
Definition
renal
Term
The nephron is directly supplied by the ________ _________ that are from the: (3)
Definition
afferent arterioles
Interlobar arteries
Interlobular arteries
arcuate arteries
Term
The renal corpuscle is formed by:
________ and ________ capsule.
A glomerulus is a tuft of ________ inside _______ capsule.
Definition
glomerulus
Bowman's
capillaries
Bowman's
Term
The blind-ended, enlarged, and cup-shaped tube at the end of the renal tubule and completely surrounds the __________.
Definition
Bowman's capsule
glomerulus
Term
What is the Bowman's capsule connected to?
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
Term
________ arterioles feed the capillary bed (________) of the nephron and _______ arterioles drain the capillary bed.
Definition
afferent
glomerulus
efferent
Term
________ capillaries arise from efferent arterioles and are adapted for absorption of _______ and ______. They are found close to renal ________ and they empty into ________ veins of the renal venous system.
Definition
peritubular
solutes and water
tubules
interlobular
Term
Renal corpuscles are found only in the _______ of the kidney and represent the initial expanded part of the ________.
Definition
cortex
nephron
Term
Renal corpuscles have a _____ pole and a ______ pole.
Definition
vascular
urinary
Term
Each renal corpuscle consists of a vascular part, ________, and an epithelial part, ________.
Definition
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Term
Bowman's capsule consists of two layers, a ________ layer – outer layer that consists of ______ _______ epithelium resting on a ______ ______ and the _______ layer of the capsule consisting of specialized cells termed _____________.
Definition
parietal
simple squamous
basal lamina
visceral
podocytes
Term
_________ cover the capillary loops and are in direct contact with the _____ ______ of the glomerular capillaries.
Definition
podocytes
basal lamina
Term
The ______ _____ is between the two layers of the Bowman's capsule.
Definition
urinary space
Term
The ____ _____ is near the vascular pole where the _____ convoluted tubule leaves the renal corpuscle.
Definition
macula densa
distal
Term
Fluid (filtrate) passes from blood in ________ capillaries to ______ space.
Definition
glomerular
urinary
Term
Lining of the glomerular capillaries is an _________ ________ with numerous _________ which are highly permeable.
Definition
attenuated endothelium
fenestrae
Term
External to the endothelium in the renal _________ is the ______ ______.
Definition
corpuscle
basal lamina
Term
__________ cover the outer endothelium in the renal corpuscle.
Definition
podocytes
Term
Filtration barrier in renal corpuscle is formed by:
_________ endothelial cells of the glomerular __________, _____ ______, and the filtration slits between pedicels of __________.
Definition
fenestrated
capillaries
basal lamina
podocytes
Term
Each podocyte has several primary processes (_________)that give rise to ________ processes that terminate as _________.
Definition
trabeculae
secondary
pedicels
Term
Adjacent pedicels ____________ and form a series of __________ slits and have a thin, non-membranous diaphragm termed the ____ ________ that spans each ________ slit.
Definition
interdigitate
filtration
slit membrane
filtration
Term
The proximal convoluted tubules are found mainly in the _______ and are fairy long. They are made of ______ _______ or _________ epithelium. The _______ border contains numerous microvilli (called a _____ border).
Definition
cortex
simple cuboidal
columnar
apical
brush
Term
The cytoplasm of the cells in the proximal convoluted tubule contains many __________ that function in ________ and _________.
Definition
mitochondria
absorption
transport
Term
Cells in the PCT absorb molecules through a process called __________.
Definition
pinocytosis
Term
PCT cells exhibit active transport of _______ out of the cell.
Absorbs: all the _______, ______ ______, and about 85% of the _____ _______.
_______ diffuses passively, following the osmotic gradient.
Definition
sodium
glucose
amino acids
sodium chloride
Water
Term
____% of malignant kidney tumors are found in the _______ ______ _______.
Definition
90%
proximal convoluted tubule
Term
The ______ convoluted tubule is also made of simple _________ epithelium but differs from the _______ convoluted tubule in that it does not have a ______ _______. It is also located in the ________ of the kidney.
Definition
distal
cuboidal
proximal
brush border
cortex
Term
The modified portion of distal convoluted tubule where it lies adjacent to the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
Definition
macula densa
Term
___________ acts on cells of distal convoluted tubule to increase absorption of sodium and chloride ions.
Definition
aldosterone
Term
The ____________ complex is located at the ________ pole of the renal corpuscle.
Definition
juxtaglomerular
vascular
Term
The ascending thick limb of the _____ ______ ______ contacts the ________ pole between the afferent and efferent arterioles
Definition
distal convoluted tubule
vascular
Term
______________ cells of the afferent arteriole are modified smooth muscle cells that secrete ______.
Definition
Juxtaglomerular
renin
Term
_____ acts on the plasma protein angiotensin producing ___________ _.
Definition
Renin
angiotensin I
Term
Angiotensin __ is produced by the action of a converting enzyme and increases _____ _______ by constricting __________ and stimulating __________ secretion from the adrenal glands.
Definition
II
blood pressure
arterioles
aldosterone
Term
____________ acts on cells of ______ convoluted tubule to increase absorption of sodium and chloride ions
which expands fluid volume and ________ blood pressure.
Definition
aldosterone
distal
increases
Term
The _____ ___ _______ is made up of thick and thin ascending and descending limbs.
Definition
loop of Henle
Term
______ descending limb of the loop of Henle is similar in structure to ______ convoluted tubule.
Definition
thick
proximal
Term
The thin _________ and ________ limbs of the loop of Henle are made of simple squamous epithelium and are located mostly in the ________.
Definition
ascending
descending
medulla
Term
Thick _________ limb is similar in structure to the ________ convoluted tubule.
Definition
ascending
distal
Term
The loop of Henle is highly permeable to ______.
Definition
water transport
Term
Long, slender tubes that convey urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
Definition
ureters
Term
The ureters start at the level of ___ as a continuation of the renal ______. They descend behind the peritoneum to enter the _______ on the posterior wall.
Definition
L2
pelvis
bladder
Term
Three sites of constriction of the ureters:
Definition
ureteropelvic junction – near hilus
where they cross the iliac vessels - pelvic brim
where they join the bladder
Term
The ______ of the ureter is highly convoluted with a thick __________ epithelium continuous with that of the kidney pelvis and urinary bladder.
Definition
mucosa
transitional
Term
The ________ of the ureter is made of two sheets of muscle, an ______ longitudinal and an outer ______ layer.
Definition
muscularis
inner
circular
Term
The _________ of the ureter is a fibrous connective tissue covering.
Definition
adventitia
Term
The ureters have three distinct layers, the ______, the _______, and the _________.
Definition
mucosa
muscularis
adventitia
Term
The proximal 2/3 of the ureter has __ layers of muscle while the distal 1/3 has __ layers of muscle, a layer of longitudinal muscle.
Definition
2
3
Term
Distension of the ureter by incoming _____ stimulates the muscularis to ________.
Definition
urine
contract
Term
___________ propels urine into the bladder. The vigor and frequency of the ___________ ______ are controlled by the rate of ______ formation.
Definition
Peristalsis
peristaltic waves
urine
Term
Crystals of calcium, _________, or ____ acid salts cause kidney stones, also called renal ______.
Definition
magnesium
uric
calculi
Term
_______ ______ cause excruciating pain in the posterior abdominal wall
from increased _______ in the kidney.
Definition
kidney stones
pressure
Term
causes of kidney stone formation:
Definition
frequent bacterial infections of the urinary tract and retention of urine,
high blood calcium and alkaline urine
Term
Calculi can be shattered by shock wave __________.
Definition
lithotripsy
Term
The _______ ______ is a smooth, collapsible muscular sac that temporarily stores ______. It is located retroperitoneally on the ______ floor just posterior to the ______ _________.
Definition
urinary bladder
urine
pelvic
pubic symphysis
Term
In females the urinary bladder lies anterior to the ______ and _______.
Definition
vagina
uterus
Term
In males the urinary bladder lies anterior to the _______ and superior to the ________ _____ that surrounds its inferior neck.
Definition
rectum
prostate gland
Term
The mucosa of the bladder wall is made of ______________ epithelium.
Definition
transitional
Term
The thick muscular layer of the bladder wall is called the _____________.
Definition
detrusor muscle
Term
The ______ _____ is made up of intermediate smooth muscle fibers arranged in inner and outer _________ layers and a middle _________ layer.
Definition
detrusor muscle
longitudinal
circular
Term
The __________ is a fibrous layer that covers the bladder except on its superior surface which is covered by the ______ ________.
Definition
adventitia
parietal peritoneum
Term
Interior part of the bladder has three openings, one for the ______ and two for the _______.
Definition
urethra
ureters
Term
The smooth triangular region of the bladder between the three openings:
Definition
trigone
Term
Between the two openings of the ureters is the __________ ______.
Definition
interureteric crest
Term
folds in the lining of the urinary bladder
Definition
rugae
Term
the stretching of the urinary bladder wall serves as the trigger for _______ or ________
Definition
micturition or voiding
Term
The mucosal lining is primarily __________ _________ epithelium, but near the bladder the mucosa is _________ epithelium.
Definition
pseudostratified columnar
transitional
Term
Near its opening, the _______ becomes stratified squamous ___________ epithelium
Definition
urethra
non-keratinized
Term
Thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder out of the body
Definition
urethra
Term
The external urethral meatus lies _______ to the vaginal opening and ________ to the clitoris.
Definition
anterior
posterior
Term
three regions of the male urethra:
Definition
prostatic
membranous
spongy (penile)
Term
_________ urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm (sphincter urethrae m. at ext. urethral sphincter)
Definition
membranous
Term
_______ (_______)urethra passes through the penis and opens at its tip via the external urethral orifice
Definition
spongy (penile)
Term
_________ urethra passes through the prostate
Definition
prostatic
Term
Male urethra carries _____ and ______ out of the body
Definition
semen
urine
Term
the female ______ is tightly bound to the _______ wall by fibrous connective tissue
Definition
urethra
vaginal
Term
The normal capacity of the bladder is ____-_____ ml of urine, but it can hold up to twice that amount
Definition
300-500mL
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