1. The Renaissance spirit inspired change which challenged the church.

2. Rise of powerful monarchies which inspire nationalism.

3. The wealth of the church was becoming to extravagant.

4. Rise of the Bourgeois and city/urban culture.

1. Never came to grips with humanism/ change.

2. Never anticipated a break from the church.

3. Popes and cardinals underminded the prestige of the church.

4. Heresies.

5. Babalonian captivity of church. Move to Avignon (1303-1378).

6. Schism (1378-1417)

Proliferations of councils.

Worldiness of papacy.

France 1170

Believed in poverty and the priesthood of believers.

Wants to reduce the hierarchy of the church.

Rejected sacraments.

The papacy didn't allow for it.

Followers were Waldensians.

France 11th-13th century.

Refused Rome.

Had their own version/view of what sin should be.

Persecuted by popes.

England 14th century.

Translates Bible to English.

Questions the need for priests and saints.

Encouraged the reading of personal Bibles.

Followers were Lollards

Czech d.1414 (before Luther)

Priest and professor in Prague. Theologian

Inspired by Wycliff.

He was the first to revolt against Rome bc of nationalism.

Invited to Council at Constance by Romans to explain his views. He was arrested and burned at the stake.

Followers are Bohemian Brotherian.

1378-1417

2 popes (1 in Rome and 1 in Avignon)

Excommunicated each other.

Own group of cardinals, bishops, etc.

A messy/chaotic situation

Martin V brought the papacy back to Rome.

1471-1484

Lowly orgins.

Remembered for his greed.

Gave offices to family members (5 nephews were cardinals)

Scheemed to have Lorenzo de Medici murdered.

Built the Sistine Chapel.

1484-1492

Will commit any sin to accomplish something.

Bribed cardinals.

Used his children in strategic marriages.

1492-1503

Spanish orgins

Power-hungry.

Fathered 8 children.

Violent/corrupt man.

Advanced family fortunes.

Treaty of Tordesilla was signed under him.

1503-1513

Wanted to expand papal states.

Continued in warfare.

1513-1521

Wanted to renovate St. Peter's Basilica, so he sold indulgences.

Challenged Martin Luther's 95 Theses.

Netherlands 1522-1523

Started to clean up the papacy.

Worked on fiscal reform and organization.

Created a budget for the Vatican.

Organized papal finances.

Died early.

Lead seller of indulgences during medieval.

Frederick the Wise will not allow him into Wittenberg.

He spurred Luther's 95 Theses.

Martin Luther's superior.

Became clear to him that Luther was well educated and could do more with his life.

Took him under his wing.

Moved Luther to Wittenberg to study Theology.

"Life is justified through faith."

Luther realized good works are not important, but through faith alone.

Trigger for Luther's thinking.

"only faith"

Have to have a trusting faith, not questioning.

Rejection of idea that good works will get you to heaven.

"only scripture"

The Bible is the only authority.

Attack on the papacy.

"Only through grace"

We need God's grace to reach the heavenly kingdom.

Luther hung his 95 theses.

Attacks Tetzel and indulgences.

He invites students to come and debate this issue.

April 1521

Charles V calls Luther to recant his views.

He refuses to move away from the truth.

This is the great break in the church.

He is excommunicated.

Fredrick the Wise hid Luther here from May 1521 to March 1522.

Here he translated the New Testament from Latin to German.

This allows people to have immediant access to the Bible.

1555

"cuius regio, eius religio"

The religion of your ruler, is the religion of your land.

This compromise prevented civil war in german states until 1618.

1. Eliminated celibacy for clergy.

2. Proliferation of Bible translation into the vernacular.

3. Led to improvements in literacy and education bc of individual study of the Bible.

4. Protestant church music emerged.

Calvinism.

Body choosen by the city council to govern morals of the city.

Religious toleration disappeared.

Mandatory church attendance.

No dancing, gambling, going to theaters.

Pray before every meal.

Geneva lost it's charm.

Calvin trained.

1560: converted Scotland from Catholic to Presbyterian.

Took it to North Ireland, Africa, and North America.

Wrote a thesis in 1903-04.

"The protestant of ethnic and the spirit of capitalism"

He believes there is a direct correlation between the two.

Those that believed they were of the elect, put forth a greater effort into their faith, business, etc.

This caused all kinds of debates.

Radical sect.

Emphasis on the Holy Spirit.

Thomas Muntzer is representative of group.

Saw peasants as carriers of God's work.

Group of mystics.

Radical sect.

Led by Erasmus of Rotterdam

Explained Bible with reason.

Issues couldn't be completely settled. Erasmus could please everyone.

The omish come from this sect.

Hutterlites (Switzerland) formed agricultural communities.

Not productive.

Rome was sacked under his rule.

Henry VIII came to him wanting to divorce Catherine of Aragon.

He was hesitant to go through with this bc he would be going against the papacy and Spain/Hapsburgs would be angry with him.

It was a lose/lose situation.

Henry VIII set up the Church of England.

1534.

Henry VIII gains approval from Parliament to divorce Catherine.

Sets up Church of England with his as the head.

Archbishop of Canterbury is considered a spiritual leader.

No more taxes/ties with Rome.

Church real estate is divided and given amongst the nobles/middle class.

England 1563

This is the frame work for worship and church-state relations.

"The Book of Common Prayers" was influential.

Archbishop of Toledo

First Spanish inquisitor.

Began Catholic Reform movements.

Interested in educating the clergy and reinstated the tradition of the monarchy.

Italian 1495-1543

Bishop of Verona.

Was a worldly man that enjoyed wine and women.

He grew tired of this and returned to Verona to restudy the Bible and become a model bishop.

Catholic reform in Italy 1524

Priestly, male order.

Mission/goal is to educate/ purify the clergy.

Catholic reformers in Italy 1528

Reformed branch of franciscans.

Tried to return to original spirit of selfless and piety, giving up worldly amenities.

Wore square/diamond shaped hoods.

Catholic reform in Italy 1562

Nuns under St. Teresa of Avila.

They are barefoot.

Retained a medieval character.

Mystica order making connection with God.

Not to do with reason, but faith alone.

Had visions.

Revival of other female orders.

1545-1563

Reforms for Catholic church.

Reassured Catholic doctrines, 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, idea of good works, purgatory, and saints.

Strengthened pope's power over councils.

Celibacy for priesthood.

Rejected adult baptism.

Upheld Latin Bible.

Ended selling of indulgences.

Clergy must be formally educated.

The council gave Catholics a direction and hope for the future.

During Council of Trent, a ban was placed on certain books, movies, music, etc.

Lasted until 1965.

Included Boccacio's "The Decameron"

The Jesuits are followers of Loyola.

They saw themselves as weapons of the papacy, against Protestants.

This movement quickly spread throughout Europe.

They took vows of poverty and chastity (seen as genuine).

The nobilty wanted to confess their sins to them.

Jesuits traveled the world to do missionary work.

They were very active in education.

France 1572

The Catholics attacked the Protestant Huguenots in Paris.

It was very bloody.

6,000 died.

1 Bohemian phase

2. Danish phase

3. Swedish phase

4. French phase

Philip's home just south of Madrid.

He gave his orders from here.

Spanish embassador trying to get Catholic Henry of Guise into power.

Attempts to assassinate Henry of Navarre.

Trying gto weaken France, so as to have them as a buffer zone.

Dutch boats that have a shallow draft.

Use these to help control the English Channel.

Flat bottom boats, very manuverable.

Medina Sidonia was forced to anchor here while he waited to hear back from Parma.

France felt threatened.

They tried to remain as neutral as possible. Gave them food, but no weapons.

English set 8 ships on fire and send them into the Armada fleet to get them into the North Sea.

The first battle.

The dutch are infront of the Armada and the English are behind them. There's no where to go.

Armada is forced to go around Protestant Scotland.

Formation Medina Sidonia used in English Channel.

Very hard to breach.

The Armada gave Drake lots of trouble.