Renaissance

• Remains of Roman Heriatage
• Prosperous city-states
• Wealthy /powerful merchant class
• Florence the most symbolized the energy and revival with poets, artists, architects, scholors, scientist grew in short period

• they were many generous people called this by definition where financial supporters of the arts such as Lorenzo who learned their craft financed by him in the Medici palace
• the Medici family were the wealthiest bankers and merchants and majors supporters and were definiately this term

new world view/how people viewed themselves

HUMANISM

• produced new attitudes toward culture and learning
• medieval focused on life after death, Big R now thought of richness and variety of secular human life here and now Seize The Day... be talented in many fields
• Uncle Jeff: cook, philospher, speaks 5 languages, well versed in music, traveller, lover of Mr. Tyler etc.
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• Education would stimulate creative powers
• a return to this word - study of grammer, rhetoric, poetry, history all based on Greek and Roman texts
• Books not accepted as absolutes NO! to be studied and questioned in light of one's own experience
• Petrarch - digger of G & R stuff and makes libraries of original documents to study 

• during Big R artists created the illusion of depth using these rules in a painting using false sizing of objects in the picture to create this gave the painting a 3D appearance
• the key was to create an even more realistic painting than the medieval artists

• great author, BOOK Of THE COURTIER (1503)
• about how noble people should act - social rules for Gentlemen
• need to study history, write, play an instrument or sing and sword fight - Big R Man to court a lady
• Woman should be outerly beautiful and that is sign of inner goodness.

• Key:  the ends justify the means, that is lie, cheat kill so long as you win in the end...that is power
• Common people could be manipulated or killed off as you kill rather than losing power.
• Gov't should be subservent to the prince
• (BTW scarey as he was Alexander the Great's teacher) 

• Unlike Italy N.Europe recovered slowly from the ravages of the Black Death..not until 1450 it it enjoy economic growth
• It began in Flanders (N.France, Belgium and Netherlands) Spain,France,Germany and England 100 years later in 1500s 

• 1494 travelled to Italy to study techniques of Italian masters and returned with methods of painting, especially ENGRAVING
• Through art and his essays he spread Big R ideas to his homeland and because his interests went beyond art he was called German Leonardo 

Flemish Painters

 Hubert van Eyck

Pieter Bruegel

• 1400s these artists' religious and secular work used rich, realistic details
• Eycks invented oil paints and Northern artists used new medium to create strong colors and hard surface to last forever
• painted vibrant color to portray lively scenes of peasant life
• KEY: scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes shows humanism 

• Dutch Priest and humanist
• called for translation of Bible into VERNACULAR - everyday language of ordinary people
• he was open-minded and of good will toward others

• Rabelais used characters to offer opinions on religion, education and other serious subjects.
• Shakespeare was a poet and playwright who clearly grasped the human condition wrote 37 plays still performed around the world
• Cervantes - Big R in Spain 1600 let to the projuction of Don Quixote a tale that mocks medieval chivalry.

• Johann Gutenberg of Germany in 1456 printed the first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks in the West.
• Yet printed works exposed Europeans to ideas at a fast pace but its also contributed to the religious turmoil in the 1500s

• During Renaissance Church came under fire
• Popes lived lavish lifestyles, patrons of the arts
• Christians at all levels of society accused clergy of curruption and worldliness
• SO...the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin led people th separate from the Roman Catholic Church and form new Protestant churches

• 1517 Church abuses went into full scale revolt led by  this German monk and Theology Prof.
• priest Johann Tetzel offered indulgences for $ to rebuild St Peters Cathedral in Rome for the person and their dead relatives to go right to heaven - that was it!

• written as arguments against indulgences that had no basis in the Bible, pope had no authority,Christians can only be saved through faith and Luther posted list on Fr. Tetzel's All Saints Church
• overnight copies everywhere - Church called on Luther to RECANT - to give up his views
• He urged Christians to reject Rome - if Church would not reformthen it must be reformed by secular aurthorities

• rejected the Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation - just faith alone
• Bible is sole source of religious truth - not councils or pope
• rejected idea that priests and Church hierarchy had special powers - instead it was a 'priesthood of all believers"  all people have equal access to God
• rejected 5 of 7 sacraments as not in Bible
• banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints
• Mass empahsized the sermon
• clergy could marry

• now using Protestant as new name for those who protested papal authority.
• french priest and lawyer
• preached PREDESTINATION-God long ago determined who would gain salvation
• Calvinists the world is divided into two saints and sinners (try to live like a saint but only the saved could live Christian lives)
• Set up a THEOCRACY - government run by Church leaders - Christian Society in Geneva and it spread
• stressed hard work,discipline, thrift, honesty and morality
• punishments for fighting swearing laughing in church and dancing -- closed theaters and frowed on elaborate dress

Caltholic Church fought back against the Protestant challenge and took steps to reform itself and restore its spiritual leadership as Protestant ideas continued to spread

 AND even more Radical Reformers cropped up called Anabaptists (no infants babtism because to young to understand) who also required not private property- even Calvinists joined Catholics to stop this threat

• the break from the Catholic Church was not English clergy but King Henry VIII
• The King could not get a male heir after 18 yrs marriage and wanted the Pope to ANNUL - cancel his marriage but pope refused
• took English church from pope and placed it under Henry- Church of England
• many refused this Act of Supremacy and were executed and later CANONIZED - recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church (fyi the Church is in the process of canonizing Mother Theresa)
• Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop who annulled the marriage, had a girl with next wife and four wives later had a son, Edward

• wrote love songs, played tennis
• Created a new religion so he could divorce
• married 6 times
• ruthless to his enemies
• had dozens beheaded including his 2nd and 5th wives
• GO FIGURE

• Queen Elizabeth's policies were a COMPROMISE - acceptable middle ground- between Protestant and Catholic practices
• preserved Catholic ceremony and ritual
• kept heirarchy of bishops and archbishops
• reaffrimed the monarch as head of Anglican Church
• restored Book of Common Prayer, allow English to replace latin at mass
• Catholic Traditions, England was firmly a Protestant nation

Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent

• Pope Paul III set to end corruption within papacy itself and appointed reformers to key posts in 1530-40s
• Council of Trent established 1545
• reaffirmed Catholic views, salvation via good works,  Bible source of religious truth but not only source, stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption amoung clergy, schools for better educated clergy to challenge Protestant teachings
   

founded by Ignatius of Loyola, this

order was determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith

Incredible spiritual life in the convent was asked to reorganize and reform convents and monasteries thoughout Spain.   After her death she was canonized and made a saint.

RESULT:  Europe Catholic south and Protestant north

• Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance and and attacked and killed each other and both attached and killed the Anabaptists
• Soon Witch Hunts began wherein usually women were seen as agents of evil...at the time people believed in magic  and spirits were taken as SCAPEGOATS - blame their problems on when they did nothing at all.  they were often social outcasts

pressure for Jews to convert as well

by 1516 Venice orderd Jews to live in a separate quarter of the city known as a ghetto

• made a new lens, creating a telescopeto view the planets, moon, fiery spots on sun...
• a new view of the universe
• he realized that the 4 moons of Jupiter moved slowly around Jupiter

HELIOCENTRIC - sun centered - model of the universe

relized the earth moved around the sun

both Galileo and Copernicus were scorned by church because heavens were fixed and this was a heresy

state the problem

gather information on problem

form a hypothesis or educated guess

experiment to test hupothesis

record and analyze data

state conclusion

repeat the steps to check accuracy

differed in methods

Bacon stressed experimentation and observation to make life better for people by leading to practical technologies

Descartes emphasized human reasoning as road to understanding but left with the doubter had to exist he stated, "I think therefore I am"