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Regents Review #6
Social Studies Review
91
History
10th Grade
05/10/2010
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Term

Habitation : 


 Definition
A place where something lives
Term
Haiku
 Definition
A 3 line poem that has 17 syllables in the Japanese language, and expresses a single thought, feeling or idea.
Term
Hajj:
 Definition
The pilgrimage or holy journey to the city of Mecca
Term
Hammurabis Code: 
 Definition
Oldest written system of laws. They were created by King Hammurabi of Babylonia in the mid 18thcentury BEC and placed on stones tablets for all to see.
Term
Hebrew: 
 Definition
Semitic language originating in ancient Palestine and spoken by the Israelites. Modern Hebrew was developed in the 19th and 20th centuries from the ancient written language.
Term
Hegira:
 Definition
The flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Median which was instrumental to the founding of the religion of Islam. Occurs in 622 ACE, which dates the founding of Islam.
Term
Heliocentric Model: 
 Definition
Theory of the universe that states the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it.
Term
Hellenistic: 
 Definition
Time period from the late 4th century BCE to the 1st century CE that was characterized by Greek achievement and a blending of Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Italian cultures due to the empire of Alexander the Great
Term
Henry VII: 
 Definition
(1491-1547) King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation during the Reformation.
Term
Theodor Herzl: 
 Definition
(1860-1904) Leader of Zionist movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Term
Hieroglyphics: 
 Definition
A system of writing which uses pictures for concepts and ideas.
Term
Hijacking: 
 Definition

The taking control of a public transport vehicle, such as an airliner or train to use the people aboard as hostages.

 
Term
Hinduism:
 Definition

A polytheistic religion that was formed from a variety of different religious practices. In Hinduism, salvation is achieved through a spiritual oneness of the soul, atman, with the ultimate reality of the universe, Brahma. To achieve this goal, the soul must obtain moksha, or liberation from the samsara, the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. As a result of these basic teachings, Hindus believe in reincarnation, which is influenced by karma (material actions resulting from the consequences of previous actions), and dharma (fulfilling one’s duty in life). Because all forms of animal life possess souls, Hindus believe in ahimsa, or that all like is sacred and shouldn’t be harmed. In fact, one animal which Hindus consider to be extremely sacred is the cow. The peaceful and contented existence of cows is considered virtuous by Hindus and would represent a rewarding reincarnation for a soul. For this reason, most Hindus are vegetarians so that they do not harm other living beings. The belief in reincarnation, karma, and dharma also provides the religious justification for the existence of the rigid social structure known as the Caste System.
Term
Hippocrates: 
 Definition
 (460?-377? BCE) Greek physician. He is considered to be the father of medicine and the ethical standard of treating all patients known as the Hippocratic Oath.
Term
Hippocratic Oath: 
 Definition
An promise made new physicians to treat all people fairly, and to seek to preserve life. Named after a ancient Greek physician who is credited with writing it.
Term
Hirohito: 
 Definition
(1901-1989) Emperor of Japan from 1926 until 1989. He is the last Japanese emperor to be considered divine. Led Japan through World War II.
Term
Hiroshima:
 Definition
Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Aug 6th, 1945
Term
Adolf Hitler: 
 Definition
(1889-1945) Austrian-born leader of Germany. He co-founded the Nazi Party in Germany, and gained control of the country as chancellor in 1933. Hitler started the World War II with the invasion of Poland. He was responsible for the Holocaust.
Term
Ho Chi Minh: 
 Definition
(1890-1969) Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Vietnam through decades long warfare to emerge as a communist nation.
Term
Thomas Hobbes: 
 Definition
(1588-1679) English philosopher and political theorist. Wrote Leviathan, where he favored an absolute government as the only means of balancing human interests and desires with their rights of life and property. 
Term
Holocaust:
 Definition
The attempted genocide of European Jews, Gypsies, mentally retarded, homosexuals, and others by Nazi Germany during the Second World War.
Term
Holy Land: 
 Definition
Term given to lands in present day Israel that is significant to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Term
Holy Trinity:
 Definition

Formed by the Creator (Father), Redeemer (Son), and the Sustainer ( Holy Spirit). Christians believe that these three entities are all part of a single higher power.
Term
Hubble Space Telescope: 
 Definition
Large space telescope able to see farther than any other telescope at the end of the 20th century.
Term
Human and Physical geography: 
 Definition
The study of the environment, people , and the resources they use to live.
Term
Human Rights: 
 Definition
The rights that are considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people, including the rights to justice, freedom, and equality.
Term
Humanism:
 Definition
A philosophical movement during the Renaissance that stressed life on Earth, and the quality of being human. Rejected living only for the afterlife of Christianity.
Term
Hunting and Gathering: 
 Definition
System of food production for prehistoric peoples. Involves hunting animals and gathering foods grown in the wild.
Term
Saddam Hussein: 
 Definition
(1937-) President of Iraq since 1979. He has led his control into two devastating wars, one against Iran in 1980 to 1988 , and the Persian Gulf War in 1990?1991 which started as a result of his invading Kuwait.
Term
Hutus and Tutsis: 
 Definition
Tribes in Rwanda responsible for decades of warfare.
Term
Hydroelectric Power: 
 Definition
Power that is derived from a moving body of water, such as a river or waterfall.
Term
Ibn Shina: 
 Definition
Islamic physician wrote a book called Canon on Medicine, which was an encyclopedia of Greek, Arabic, and his own knowledge of medicine. This book became the standard medical text in Europe for over five hundred years.
Term
Idealized realism:  
 Definition
Art form practiced by the Greeks during the 5th century BCE. Portrays the human form very realistically, but in its perfect form.
Term
Ideographs: 
 Definition
Writing system that uses pictures of ideas.
Term
Ideology: 
 Definition
An organized system of beliefs, values, and ideas. The form the basis of a political, social, and economic philosophy.
Term
Imam: 
 Definition
In Islam, the leader of prayers and religious scholar.
Term
Immigration: 
 Definition
The movement of people from one nation to another.
Term
Imperialism: 
 Definition
The complete control of a weaker nation with a social, economics, and political life by a stronger nation
Term
Import: 
 Definition
The bringing in of goods from another country for sale and trade.
Term
Inca: 
 Definition
A Mesoamerican civilization of South America centered in Peru. The Inca ruled a large empire and hand many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century.
Term
Indian Nationalist Congress: 
 Definition
Nationalistic organization in India with the purpose of ending British control. Prominent members include Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.
Term
Indian Nationalist Movement: 
 Definition
Nationalist movement to end British control of India.
Term
Individualism: 
 Definition
A social philosophy which stresses the importance of the individual above society.
Term
Indulgence: 
 Definition
Letters of forgiveness for one’s sins provided by the medieval Church, and one of the causes of the Reformation.
Term
Industrial Revolution: 
 Definition
In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most Europe, Japan, and the United States.
Term
Industrialization: 
 Definition
The change to industrial methods of production such as the use of factories.
Term
Inflation: 
 Definition
The raising of prices on consumer goods due to an increase in the money supply.
Term
Information Superhighway:
Definition
Term given to the Internet due to the amount of information transferred.
Term
Inherit:
Definition
To gain something when someone dies, such as property or money.
Term
Insurance:
Definition
Financial protection on property or people against loss, theft, or death
Term
Interdependence:
Definition
Mutual assistance or reliance between two or more parties.
Term
International Court of Justice:
Definition
Headquartered at the Hague, the Court started work in April of 1946. The Court usually hears only cases brought before it by any of the 189 U.N. Member States, but has made several concessions over the years.
Term
International Monetary Fund:
 Definition
An international organization established to promote monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and economic growth. The IMF also works to lower unemployment and help countries in debt manage their finances.
Term
Internet:
 Definition
A global network of computers that communicate through phone and satellites. The Internet has services such as the World Wide Web and e-mail.
Term
Interracial Marriage:
Definition
The marriage of two people from different ethnic backgrounds.
Term
Invasion:
Definition

The entry of forces into a territory through hostile means.
Term
Irish Potato Famine:
Definition
A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.
Term
Irish Republican Army (IRA):
Definition
A terrorist organization based in Ireland which seeks to remove the British government from the Six Northern Counties which they control.
Term
Iron Curtain:
 Definition
A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union’s policy of isolation during the Cold War. The Iron Curtain isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world. Its most poignant symbol was the Berlin Wall.
Term
Irrigation:
Definition
A system to bring water to support crops.
Term
Islam:
Definition

The word Islam, which when translated from Arabic, means “ to submit to the will of Allah.” is the youngest of the world’s major religions. Worshippers of this monotheistic religion are known as Muslims, which means” one who submits to the will of Allah.” The Islamic holy book is called the Quran. Islam is currently the second most practiced religion in the world, and experts predict that it will overtake Christianity as the most

popular religion in the world sometime during the 21st century.
Term
Islamic Fundamentalists:
Definition
Muslims who believe the Quran to be a literal guide to political, social, and religious life.
Term
Israeli-Palestinian:
Definition
Conflict over landownership in Israe/Palestine. This conflict has at times involved most of the nations of the Middle East as well as the United States and the Soviet Union. Widespread terrorism against Israel and its allies occurs because of this conflict.
Term
Israeli War for Independence:
Definition
(1948-49) War between Israel and the Arab world over formation of the nation of Israel.
Term
Jiang Jieshi:
Definition
(1887- 1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek.
Term
Jihad:
Definition
Effort in God service waged by Muslims in defense of the Islamic faith.
Term
Joint Stock Company:
Definition
A company that sells shares to investors who share in the profits and losses.
Term
Joseph II:
Definition

The son of Maria Teresa and a enlightened despot who ruled over the Austrian Empire.
Term
Juarez Benito:
Definition
 (1806-72) President of Mexico from 1861 to 1863 and 1867 to 1872. He was responsible for many reforms including reducing the power of the Catholic Church.
Term
Judaism:
Definition
Judaism is the oldest known monotheistic religion stll practiced in the world today. Its fundamental teaching has been influential and is the basis for more developed religions such as Christianity and Islam. Judaism teaches that there is one God who is the creator of all things. After the Hebrew exodus from Egypt, many Hebrews began to lose their faith in God. During this time, Moses went atop Mount Sinai and returned with two stone tablets containing laws that all Hebrews needed to follow. These laws, recorded in the Exodus 20:3-17, became known as the Ten Commandments.  
Term
Judicial:
Definition
Relating to a system that administers justice.
Term
Justinian Code:
Definition
A law code created by the Byzantine Emperor. Justinian about 530 CE. It was a revision of the old Roman law system.
Term
Kabuki Theature:
Definition
Feudal Japanese theatre that performed comedic or melodramatic presentations of everyday life or historic events.
Term
Kaiser Wilhelm:
Definition
(1859-1941) King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war.
Term
Kami:
Definition

Sacred spirits that are worshipped in the Shinto religion of Japan.
Term
Kana:
Definition
Japanese writing system adapted from Chinese, with the addition of phonetic symbols representing syllables.
Term
Karma:
Definition
Actions in this life resulting from the consequences of a previous life action. Associated with Hinduism and Buddhism.
Term
Kellogg-Brand Pact:
Definition

A treaty signed in 1928 renouncing war as a means of solving international disputes.
Term
Kenyatta Jomo:
Definition
(1894?-1978) Independence leader who help lead Kenya out of European imperialism after World War II.
Term
Khmer Rouge:
Definition
A group of communist guerillas in Cambodia during the late 20th century, let by Pol Pot, which gained control of Cambodia after the withdrawal of American troops from the Vietnam War. The initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country, This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979. In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia.
Term
Khrushchev, Nikita:
Definition
 (1894-1971) Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. Khrushchev was critical of Stalin’s policies and attempted to reverse some of them. He is responsible for placing nuclear missiles in Cuba which resulted in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Term
King Leopold:
Definition
(1835-1909) King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa.
Term
Kipling Rudyard:
Definition
(1865-1936) British writer and poet. His poem The White Man’s Burden became a popular justification for European imperialism.
Term
Koch Robert:
Definition
(1843-1910) German physician who, in the 1880s, discovered that bacteria caused tuberculosis.
Term
Kong Fu Zi:
Definition
(551-479 BCE?) Chinese philosopher and writer of The Analects, a collection of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the Five Relationships
Term
Korean Bridge:
Definition
The term given to process in which cultural diffusion occurred between China and Japan though Korean contact with both civilizations.
Term
Korean War:
Definition
A war between North Korea, which was supported by both the Soviet Union and communist China, and South Korea, which was supported by the United States and the United Nations. The war occurred between 1950 and1953 and ended in an armistice and original borders.
Term
Kristallnacht:
Definition
On November 9, 1938, Nazis in German looted, and burned Jewish stores and Synagogues, often beating Jews in the street. Over 90 Jews were killed during Kristallnacht. Also called Night of Broken Glass.
Term
Kublai Khan:
Definition

(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.
Term
Kuomintang:
Definition
Nationalist Party in China led by Jiang Jieshi, which began a war against the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Both fought for control of China, with Mao and the Communists ultimately winning in 1949.
Term
Kurds:
Definition

Ethnic group that lives in parts of Iraq and Turkey. They often suffer persecution in both countries, and are currently under the protection of the United Nations in Iraq.
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