Term
| What was Christian humanism? |
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Definition
| It was like humanism, but its main goal was to improve the Catholic church. Christian humanists sought ways to improve themselves and becoming more pious. |
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Term
| Who was Desiderius Erasmus? |
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Definition
| He was the most known Christian humanist during the Renaissance. He called his view on religion "the philosophy of Christ." He sought reform in the Catholic church; he did not want to break away from it. To reform the church, he wanted to spread Christian philosophy, education in the works of Christianity, and criticise the abuses of the Church. |
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Term
| What were the popes who failed to meet the Church's needs known as? |
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Definition
| They are called the Renaissance popes. |
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Term
| What were the major abuses of the Catholic church during the Renaissance? |
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Definition
| Popes were using their power to gain more wealth and more power, and indulgences were being sold. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic church, reducing time spent in purgatory after death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catholics believed it is the place where the human soul goes after death to pay punishment for sins and determine whether they will be sent to either heaven or hell. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a German monk of Wittenberg who began the Protestant Reformation and broke away from the Catholic church. |
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Term
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Definition
| They were Luther's writings that expressed his spiritual beliefs and stated what he believed were abuses in the Catholic church. |
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Term
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Definition
| He believed that selling indulgences was a sin. He thought the only needed sacraments were baptism and Communion, and he thought the only way to heaven was through justification in faith. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a visible sign of inward grace thought to have been instituted by Jesus himself. |
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Term
| What is justification by faith? |
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Definition
| It is the belief that the only way into heaven is through having a strong faith in God. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was the pope who read Luther's95 Theses. He at first thought Luther was just a drunk slob, but when Luther refused to recant his beliefs, he was sent to trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was the emperor of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (German states) and he and Pope Leo X had Luther sent to trial. |
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Term
| What was the Diet of Worms and Edict of Worms? |
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Definition
| The Diet of Worms was the assembly and trial in which Luther was asked to recant his beliefs in which he did not. The Edict of Worms banned his writings, excommunicated him, and declared him an outlaw. Luther spent the next year in hiding. |
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Term
| What does excommunication mean? |
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Definition
| It means to be banished from the church. |
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Term
| What happened when Luther returned from hiding? |
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Definition
| He discovered that he had begun a religious revolution. His beliefs formed the first denomination of the Protestant faith, Lutheranism, and many German leaders wanted to change their state's faiths, but Charles V refused, which led to religious wars in Germany. |
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Term
| What was the Peasants' Revolt? |
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Definition
| It was a revolt by German peasants against their lords. They looked to Luther for his help, but he instead supported the lords. |
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Term
| What was the Peace of Augsburg? |
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Definition
| It was a formal agreement ending religious warfare in Germany 1555. It allowed each ruler to choose their people's faith for them, and many of the states separated from Catholicism. |
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Term
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Definition
| He sold the most indulgances during the Renaissance. |
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Term
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Definition
| He wanted to completely separate from the Catholic church, and he took the Bible literally. He began his own theocracy in Zürich, Switzerland. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a theologician during the Reformation and he wanted to reform the sacraments. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a theoligician who wanted to break away from the Catholic church during the Reformation, and he wrote many religious pamphlets. He was burned at the stake for heresy, and he caused the Hussite Wars. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a Reformationist who began a different denomination of Protestantism than Lutheranism called Calvinism. He stressed the idea of predestination, and he began his own theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate). |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a Scottish theologician during the Reformation and he began his own denomination in Scotland called Presbyterianism. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a denomination of Protestantism that has multiple presbyters (elders) run a single church rather than having one pope or cardinal or bishop running all the churches. It encouraged fighting tyranny during the Reformation, and it gave people more freedoms than any other religions. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a denomination of Protestantism that strongly disliked giving church power to the state. They considered all believers equal and following the practices of early Christianity. They believed the true Christian church was a voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized, and each church chose its own minister. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was the king of England and he started the Anglican church. He was the perfect example of an absolutist leader. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a denomination of Protestantism that really was only created so King Henry VIII could break away from the Catholic church to divorce his first wife. It had nothing to do with religious matters. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a Catholic divorce that is only issued because the marriage was faulty, not because the two parties did not love each other. |
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Term
| Who was Queen Catherine of Aragon? |
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Definition
| She was Henry the VIII's first wife. She gave birth to Mary and was divorced because she couldn't have a son. |
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Term
| What happened to Catherine of Aragon after the divorce? |
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Definition
| She was exiled to a poor home. After she died, Anne Bolyn had a party. |
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Term
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Definition
| She was wife #2 of Henry VIII. She did not have a son, and she was accused of adultery, and was executed. She never committed adultery however. |
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Term
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Definition
| She was wife #3 of Henry VIII. She gave birth to Edward VI, who lived a short and sickly life. She died soon after giving birth. |
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Term
| How did Henry VIII show that Anglicanism was the new religion of England? |
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Definition
| He had all the monasteries burnt down, and he formed a committee to rule the churches. |
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Term
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Definition
| She was wife #4 of Henry VIII. He divorced right after they married because he literally said, "she is the most hideous woman I have seen during my life." |
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Term
| Who was Katherine Howard? |
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Definition
| She was wife #5 of Henry VIII. She was executed for actually committing adultery. |
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Term
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Definition
| She was the last wife of Henry VIII. She outlived him, but was soon replaced from the throne by Edward VI. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mary Tudor succeeded him. She was a Catholic and had many of the Anglicans killed and opressed. She became known as "Bloody Mary." |
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Term
| Who was supposed to succeed Edward VI? Why didn't she? |
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Definition
| Lady Jane Grey was supposed to succeed Edward. She didn't because Mary Tudor killed her. The people of England tried to have Lady Jane as the queen instead of Mary because they knew that Mary would try to kill everybody. |
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Term
| Who was the last English ruler of the Tudor dynasty? |
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Definition
| Elizabeth I. She was deemed to be a very good ruler, and she herself was Protestant, though she still allowed Catholics to believe what they want. |
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Term
| What is anti-Semitism? How were Jews killed during the Reformation? |
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Definition
| Their villages were burned down, and they were sent to trial under the Spanish Inquistion. |
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Term
| What was the counter-Reformation? |
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Definition
| It was the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| They were courts set up to stop Protestantism. It had Protestants, Jews, and Muslims tortured and killed if they were found guilty of heresy. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is any belief that goes against the church. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is somebody whose beliefs differ from the church. |
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Term
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Definition
| It was a list of books created that no Catholic person was ever supposed to read. It was published well into the twentieth century. |
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Term
| What was the Council of Trent? |
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Definition
| It was council set up for bishops and cardinals to review Catholic teachings. They tried compromising with Protestants, but the Protestants wouldn't. They eliminated the selling of indulgences, but kept the pope as the leader. |
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Term
| What were the Reforming Orders? |
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Definition
| They were groups begun by Catholics who reformed the church from within. |
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Term
| What was the Society of Jesus? |
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Definition
| It was a Reforming Order that helped stop Protestantism through education, missionary work, and helping the poor. Members were called Jesuits, and the leader was named Ignatius of Loyola. |
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Term
| Describe the conflict between Philp II of Spain and William of Orange. |
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Definition
| Philip wanted the Spanish Netherlands to be Catholic, so he sent troops to fight. William and the Netherlandese people won, and Protestantism remained. |
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Term
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Definition
| It was a French Protestant. |
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Term
| What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre? |
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Definition
| It was a massacre begun in 1545 in Paris, France that lasted until the end of the French Revolution in the 1790s. Queen Catherine de Médicis of France convinced King Charles IX that the Huguenots were going to rebel, so he had all the Huguenots killed, and Protestantism remained illegal until Napolean Bonaparte in the 1790s. |
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Term
| What are the three main causes of conflict? |
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Definition
| They are resources, psychological needs, and beliefs or values. |
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Term
| What are the five main responses to conflict? |
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Definition
| They are aggression, persuasion, discussion, surrender, and withdrawal. |
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