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reflexes and reactions
notes from reflexes and reactions lecture
150
Anatomy
Graduate
04/18/2012

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Term
what is a reflex
Definition
a repeatable and consistent involuntary response to specific external stimulation
Term
describe movements of primitive reflexes
Definition
specific and localized
Term
do reflexes require direct involvement of higher brain centers
Definition
no. they occur subcortically
Term
what happens to primitive reflexes over time
Definition
with time and maturation, responses become less distinct and eventually can no longer be stimulated (they are integrated)
Term
are reflexes normal in healthy infants
Definition
yes
Term
what can the pattern of reflex appearance and integration help us assess
Definition
infant's development and neurologic maturity
Term
what indicates atypical primitve reflexes
Definition
persistence of a reflex after the time it should be integrated, lack of a reflex during a time when it should be present, significantly weak response, excessively strong response, asymmetrical response
Term
what can atypical reflex responses indicate
Definition
neurological dysfunction; further testing is needed
Term
what is the time frame for primitive reflexes (when should they be present)
Definition
appear during gestation/birth and are typically integrated by 6 months
Term
what are the 3 primary roles of primitive reflexes
Definition
protection, nutrition, survivial
Term
how are primitive reflexes related to movement
Definition
infant's movements are very closely associated with reflexes for first 3 months of life, though infants can also move non-reflexively.
Term
should reflexes be fleeting or obligatory in a young infant's movement
Definition
fleeting. If they are obligatory, that indicates abnormal development, affecting mobility and function.
Term
why are early postural reflexes important
Definition
they are basic to more complex voluntary movements of later infancy
Term
what is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
Definition
when infant turns head to side, the baby extends on same side and flexes on other side
Term
what is the palmar grasp reflex
Definition
infant closes hand around finger placed in palm
Term
what is crawling reflex
Definition
place infant prone and apply pressure to sole of one foot. Infant shows crawling pattern in arms and legs
Term
what is the rooting/searching reflex
Definition
touch around cheek and baby turns towards stimulus.
Term
what is the purpose of rooting/searching reflex
Definition
helps baby feed
Term
what is time frame for rooting/searching reflex
Definition
birth-3 months
Term
what is the sucking reflex
Definition
when you put something in an infant's mouth, it latches on and sucks with tongue action
Term
purpose of sucking reflex
Definition
eating
Term
who has a hard time with sucking reflex
Definition
premies
Term
what is the time frame for sucking reflex
Definition
prenatally/birth - 3 months
Term
why is the palmar grasp reflex important
Definition
important for later grasping
Term
what is the time frame for the palmar grasp reflex
Definition
prenatally - 4 months
Term
what is the plantar grasp reflex
Definition
toes curl when you touch the bottom of infant's foot/put pressure on the ball of their foot
Term
if the plantar grasp doesn't integrate, what problem could it cause
Definition
makes walking/standing/balance difficult
Term
what is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex important for
Definition
good for eye-hand coordination. Possibly good for rolling.
Term
what happens if the tonic neck reflex doesn't itegrate
Definition
bad for just about anything.
Term
what is the time frame for asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
Definition
prenatal - 3 months
Term
what is the symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Definition
when the neck is extended, the arms extend and the legs flex. When the neck is flexed, the arms flex and the legs extend
Term
what happens if the symmetrical tonic neck reflex doesn't integrate
Definition
bad for gross motor
Term
by when does the symmetrical tonic neck reflex integrate
Definition
6-7 months
Term
when is the moro reflex present
Definition
birth-3 months
Term
why is moro reflex a problem if it doesn't integrate
Definition
as you get older, if you fall, you can't catch yourself
Term
what is the babinski reflex
Definition
if you stroke the baby's foot from heel up to lateral border of the toes, they extend their toes.
Term
when is babinski present normally
Definition
birth-4 months
Term
when does stepping reflex normally integrate
Definition
4-5 months
Term
what is the positive support reaction
Definition
if you hold an infant up under their arms and put their feet down firmly on the surface, they'll extend and stand straight (supported.)
Term
what is the hierarchical model of postural reactions/control
Definition
postural reflexes and reactions help to restore stability before the action of voluntary systems
Term
what is the hierarchical model of postural reflexes focused on
Definition
reactive balanace
Term
what does the hierarchical model of reflexes say our reflexes are dependent on
Definition
maturation of the CNS
Term
what is the order of CNS/reflex maturation according to hierarchical model
Definition
Early on, we're dominated at the spinal cord level. Then our nervous system matures enough to get us up to brainstem level. Then we mature at midbrain. Then we mature to cortex level for volitional control and equilibrium.
Term
how does the dynamic systems model explain postural control
Definition
dynamic postural control involves modifying sensory and motor systems in response to changing task and environmental demands. It encompasses maturation of different body systems and includes reactive, anticipatory , and adaptive aspects of balance
Term
in the dynamic systems model, do postural adjustments or functional movement come first
Definition
postural adjustments precede most functional movement
Term
in the dynamic systems model, what do anticipatory responses depend on
Definition
feed-forward control
Term
what does it mean that in the dynamic systems model, anticipatory responses dependon feed-forward control?
Definition
they can be changed through learning and experience
Term
how does the hierarchical model explain the change in movement from simple reflexes to voluntary motor control?
Definition
changes in movement from simple reflexes to voluntary motor control reflects inhibition of early subcortical motor responses through growing influence of cortical control.
Term
what is the dynamic systems model
Definition
early coordinated movement patterns facilitate and/or constrain the emergence of later motor control or skill
Term
what is the purpose of postural reactions
Definition
help the infant automatically maintain posture in a changing environment
Term
what are the 3 postural reactions
Definition
righting, protective, equilibrium
Term
when do righting reactions integrate
Definition
htye don't. they persists.
Term
what does the righting reaction begin
Definition
at birth or shortly thereafter
Term
what is the righting reaction
Definition
maintenance or restoration of the proper alignment of the head or trunk in space and in relation to each other
Term
what is optical righting
Definition
using visual input to orient the head
Term
what is labyrinthe righting
Definition
using vestibular input to orient the head
Term
what is body on head righting
Definition
using proprioceptive and tactile input to right the head
Term
what is landau reaction
Definition
combination of optical righting, labyrinthe righting, and body on head righting.
Term
when does the landau reaction begin
Definition
around 4 months of age
Term
what reaction occurs if I turn a baby's head and their postural reaction is to turn the rest of their body to go along with their head
Definition
neck on body righting reaction
Term
what reaction occurs if I move a baby's leg by turning it and their reaction is that the rest of their body follows the turned leg?
Definition
body on body reaction
Term
how can righting reactions be used in PT?
Definition
can use them to teach a baby to roll (start it for them) or to strengthen a baby with torticollis (have them use their righting reaction to do little repetitions of strength training
Term
what does the landau reaction look like
Definition
you can hold the baby up in a prone position and it will actiave extensors to maintain its body ina straight line
Term
when do protective reactions begin
Definition
4 months
Term
what is a protective reaction
Definition
an extremity response to a quick displacement of the center of gravity out of the base of support. Example: katie pushed noelle, and noelle use dher arm to catch herself
Term
when does the forward protective response become mature
Definition
6-7 months
Term
when does the sideways protective reaction mature
Definition
7-8 months
Term
when does the backward protective reaction mature
Definition
9-10 months
Term
when do equilibrium reactions begin
Definition
6 months
Term
which equilibrium reaction begins first
Definition
prone
Term
what is an equilibrum reaction
Definition
total body response to a slow shift of the center of gravity outside the base of support
Term
what are the positional progressions of equilibrium reactions
Definition
prone, supine, sitting, quadruped, and standing
Term
can you have a mature standing equilibrium reaction before you have a mature quadruped equilibrium reaction?
Definition
no. maturation of the equilibrium reaction in different postures lags behind the attainment of movement in the next higher developmental posture
Term
are equilibrium or protecttive reactions more sophisticated
Definition
equilibrium
Term
by what age is the prone equilibrium reaction mature
Definition
6 months
Term
by what age are supine and sitting equilibrium reactions mature
Definition
7-8 months
Term
by what age is quadruped equilibrium reaction mature
Definition
9-12 months
Term
by what age is standing equilibrium reaction mature
Definition
12-24 months
Term
what 2 types of factors can influence motor milestones
Definition
internal and external factors
Term
what internal factors influence motor milestones
Definition
maturation of the CNS, development of muscular strength and endurance, development of posture and balance, improvement in sensory processing
Term
what external factors influence motor milestones
Definition
experience, environmental contstraints
Term
why are motor milestones important/helpful
Definition
motor milestones provide clues about infant's neurological health
Term
is the milestone sequence predictable?
Definition
yes, in healthy infants the sequence is mostly predictable with some variability
Term
what are stereotypies
Definition
early spontaneous movements that are actually coordinated and rhythmical
Term
describe supine kicking as an early spontaneous movement
Definition
not random, but rhythmical and coordinated, resembling adult walking steps
Term
describe arm movements as an early spontaneous movement
Definition
well coordinated movements of elbow, wrist, and finger joints
Term
what does early motor development work toward achieving
Definition
upright posture, mobility, manipulation in order to achieve environmental mastery and control
Term
what happens upon mastery of upright posture, mobility, and maniupaltion
Definition
they are incorporated into functional activities of self-care, feeding, play
Term
what is the direction of motor development
Definition
cephalocaudal
Term
what motor development occurs in the first quarter of the first year of life
Definition
develop control of head in virtually all positions in space
Term
what motor development occurs in the second quarter of the first year of life
Definition
advanced control of the arms and upper trunk
Term
what motor development occurs in the third quarter of the first year of life
Definition
mastery of control of the lower trunk and pelvis in the upright position
Term
what motor development occurs in the fourth quarter of the first year of life
Definition
development of mobility and control of the lower parts of the legs in upright space as well as improvements in overall postural control
Term
what functional head control is present at birth
Definition
vertical head position only sustainable for 1-2 seconds
Term
what functional head control is present at 2 months
Definition
sustained head in midline during supported sitting. Downward gaze and inability to turn head.
Term
what functional head control is present at 3 months
Definition
synergistic control of neck flexors and extensors, providing: stable veritical head position, ability to turn head freely, ability to assume prone on elbows with organized head and trunk activity
Term
what functional head control is present at 4 months
Definition
organized eye-head-hand control seen in prone
Term
at what age is upright trunk control mature enough for independent sitting with object manipulation
Definition
6 months
Term
what are prerequisite skills for independent sitting with object manipulation?
Definition
extending the head and trunk in prone position using the legs and pelvis for support; control of the pelvis and legs while using arms and moving head in supine
Term
what is caudal weight shift
Definition
weight shift down toward lower extremities and away from upper trunk
Term
what does control of lower trunk and pelvis allow for
Definition
mobility in prone, crawling and creeping, pulling to stand, moving from supine to quadruped and sitting, moving to quadruped or prone from sitting
Term
what is lower trunk control in the upright position characterized by
Definition
freedom from midline symmetry and refinement of rotational abilities
Term
what is fine lower extremity control in the upright position
Definition
reciprocal leg movement. Able to selectively control trunk and pelvis
Term
what is the overallmotor development of a newborn
Definition
gravity controlled. Physiological flexion predominates. Head is slightly turned to one side with only momentary midline positions. Lots of pressure from gravity, but baby can turn head to one side for breathing/survival.
Term
what is the prone motor development of a newborn
Definition
weight shifted forward onto face. Able to lift head and turn to opposite side
Term
what is the supine motor development of a newborn
Definition
head to side with brief midline
Term
what is the pull to sit motor development of a newborn
Definition
attempts initial head flexion but lacks control
Term
what is the sitting motor development of a newborn
Definition
lack of trunk muscular control; forward lean
Term
what is the standing motor development of a newborn
Definition
step reflex
Term
what is the overall motor development of a one month old
Definition
improved head control, elongation of hip flexors
Term
what is the overall motor development of a 2 month old
Definition
period of asymmetry; increased extremity extension; semi-hypotonia
Term
what is the prone motor development of a 2 month old
Definition
elbows behind shoulders
Term
what is the supine motor development of a 2 month old
Definition
head rotated to one side may elicit ATNR
Term
what is the standing motor development of a 2 month old
Definition
astasia abasia = motor incoordination and poor orientation of the feet
Term
what is astasia abasia
Definition
when you try to stand them up, they flex their knees
Term
what is the overall motor development of a 3 month old?
Definition
beginning of symmetry and midline orientation; beginning of bilateral control of neck and trunk muscles
Term
what is the prone motor development of a 3 month old
Definition
able to lift and turn head; beginning to weightbear on forearms
Term
what is the supine motor development of a 3 month old
Definition
head in midline with chin tuck; hands contact and explore body; LE "frogged" position
Term
what is the sitting motor development of a 3 month old
Definition
sustained head lifting with neck hyperextension
Term
what is the standing motor development of a 3 month old
Definition
takes weight on LE
Term
what is the overall motor development of a 4 month old
Definition
strong symmetry with head and trunk as well as extremities. Bilateral symmetrical control of flexor and extensor muscles
Term
what is the prone development of a 4 month old
Definition
total extension patterns at times. Symmetrical forearm weightbearing. Pelvic mobility and decreased LE "frogged" position. Rolling may occur from prone to sidelying
Term
what is the supine motor development at 4 months
Definition
increased antigravity flexor muscle control. Reaches hands to knees to explore the body. Rolling may occur from supine to sidelying.
Term
what is the pull to sit motor development of a 4 month old
Definition
initiates a symmetrical head lift and activates abs, elbow flexors, hip flexors, and knee flexors.
Term
what is the sitting motor development of a 4 month old
Definition
forward lean at hips with trunk extension
Term
what is the standing motor development of a 4 month old
Definition
takes weight on feet and can be supported by hands
Term
what is the overall motor development of a 5 month old
Definition
voluntary asymmetry; emerging lateral weight shifting and lateral head righting reactions; dissociated and reciprocal extremity movements; emergence of more consistent rolling skills
Term
what is the prone motor development of a 5 month old?
Definition
forearm and extended arm weightbearing. Weightshifting and initial reaching
Term
what is the supine motor development of a 5 month old?
Definition
hands to feet play
Term
what is the pull to sit motor development of a 5 month old?
Definition
no head lag with increased abdominal control
Term
what is the sitting motor development of a 5 month old?
Definition
forward lean at hips. Forward propping on extended arms
Term
what is the standing motor development of a 5 month old?
Definition
takes full weight on LE but must be supported
Term
what is the head control motor development of a 6 month old
Definition
head control fully developed
Term
what is the prone motor development of a 6 month old
Definition
balance flexion and extension
Term
what is the sitting motor development of a 6 month old
Definition
independent
Term
what is the standing motor development of a 6 month old
Definition
full weightbearing. Can bounce with support
Term
what is the general motor development of a 7 month old
Definition
increased dissociation of legs; increased rotational movements for transitions
Term
what is the prone motor development of a 7 month old
Definition
transitions into/out of quadruped. May begin to crawl
Term
what is the sitting motor development of a 7 month old
Definition
weightshift and reaching
Term
what is the standing motor development of a 7 month old
Definition
attempts to pull to stand. Able to support self at surface
Term
what is crawling
Definition
prone progression with the belly remaining on the ground as arms and legs move in reciprocal patterns to propel the body (army crawl)
Term
what is creeping
Definition
4 point crawling with abdomen off the ground while arms and legs move in reciprocal patterns
Term
what is the sitting motor development of an 8 month old
Definition
variety of positions. Transitions to quadruped
Term
what is the general motor development of an 8 month old
Definition
transitions between positions and explores environment; initial creeping on all 4 extremities; pull to stand; cruising
Term
what is the motor development of a 9 month old
Definition
variability of movement skills; creeping/pulling to stand/climbing/cruising; lowering from standing
Term
what is the motor development of a 10 month old
Definition
practice and experience; forward cruising; lowering/squatting at support surface; walking with assistance
Term
what is the motor development of an 11 month old
Definition
standing with minimal support; greater trunk rotation in sitting and standing; variety of positions utilized; walking with one hand held
Term
what is the motor development of a 12 month old
Definition
quadruped to stand without external support; play in squatting; independent walking with short stride, high cadence, wide BOS, high arm position
Term
in what positions does the AIMS test
Definition
prone, supine, sitting, standing
Term
what does AIMS stand for
Definition
Alberta Infant Motor Scale
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