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Definition
when: December 2, 1823
who: President James Monroe
where: America, Spain, France
what: President Monroe's declaration to Congress that the American continents would be closed to European colonization from then on (this was against Spain and France who wanted to expand), and that the US would not interfere in European wars; Monroe also warned European powers not to interfere with the newly independent states of Latin America
significance: it was known as the cornerstone of American foreign policy; it claimed the role of dominant power in western hemisphere for US; also, since britain was no longer marketing their goods in Latin America, it was possible that the US could assume this position |
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Term
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia |
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Definition
when: 1831
who: Cherokees
where: Georgia
what/context: The Cherokee Nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the state of Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries, but the Supreme Court did not hear the case on its merits. It ruled that it had no original jurisdiction in the matter, as the Cherokee were a dependent nation, with a relationship to the United States like that of a ward to its guardian. Supreme Court case in response to Georgia’s attempt to force the Cherokees to leave the state by enacting laws stripping them of their rights within the boundary.
significance: Eventually led to the Indian Removal Act passed by President Jackson which set aside land west of the Mississippi for the Cherokee Nation.
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Term
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Definition
when: 1803
who: Napolean (ruled from 1799 til then) Bonaparte, Jefferson, U.S. Emissaries (who were sent over to France)
where: France, U.S., & Louisiana territory
context: 1801- secret treaty= spain gives LA territory to France; at the time, Napolean doing too much, needs $$$
what: TJ authorizes $10mil for New Orleans; Emissaries make deal, $15mil for territory (828,000 acres @ 4 cents per acre)
significance: increased U.S. size by 2x, nearly doubles; about 23% of present day U.S.; raised interest in the area= Lewis & Clark expedition; (TJ as demo repub supposed to make strict interp of Constitution, with this purchase he made a loose interp. Constitution doesnt give President this type of power; worried he may have set a precedent of stretching limit of executive) |
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Term
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Definition
when: opened 1825
who: NY's Governor DeWitt Clinton oversaw construction of state-financed canal
where: last in a series of waterways that connected NYC and the old NW
what: world's longest man-made waterway= 363 miles long; now possible to ship from NYC to Chicago via water for example; helping to develop trans-Appalachian West; linked Great Lakes to Atlantic Coast via Hudson River; farmers migrate from New England into cities= rise of cities like Rochester and Buffalo
significance: Erie Canal & its success starts canal booming; other states try to compete with NY= 3000 mi of canals by 1840; showed it was feasible to move lots of ppl and goods at low cost |
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Term
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Definition
when: March 1820
who: Henry Clay wrote compormise & presented it to Congress.
where: Missouri; compromise about Louisiana territory
context: 1817- Missouri applied for statehood (MO Constitution has provisions for slavery; 5 new slave states already admitted; afraid this will set precedent for slavery in Louisiana territory. 1819- Talmadge Amendment bans further intro of slaves into MO, no more slavery in MO; MO thinks states should decide (secession is first mentioned)
what: maine is free state, missouri is slave state; dividing line at 36'30' anything north is free, south is slave. this was accepted
significance: south's political power is threatened; slavery is supposed to be solved but it remains an issue. |
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Term
| Universal White Male Suffrage |
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Definition
when: early 1800s
who: white males
where: the states
what: states set suffrage standards; new states were democratic (IL, IN, MS, AL, MO, ME, 1816-1821); eliminated property requirements to vote in all states except LA, VA, RI by 1830; reapportioned representation in state legislatures; removed property requirements for office-holding; more elected offices; written ballots; popular votes for electors;
significance: economic changes such as move away from pure agrarianism & growing commercial and industrial interests; logical extension of American Revolution; causes implications for women & blacks (move from defining citizenship by wealth & status to defining it by race & gender) |
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Term
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Definition
when: August 22, 1831
who: slave preacher & religious mystic Nat Turner
where: Southampton county, VA
what: Nat Turner believed God chose him to lead black uprising; led a band of slaves and killed many whites, 60 whites killed; white militia men turned their rage back on the slaves,130 slaves killed; Turner captured & killed; Virginia legislative debates 1831-32;
significance: most important slave uprising in 19th century America; hardened slavery's hold on the south
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Term
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Definition
when: pre Civil War
who: owner of large farm who owned 20 or more slaves
where: antebellum South
what: In 1860, 52% of slaves lived on plantations but produced 75% of export crops; By 1840, cotton= 60% of nation’s exports;
significance:
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Term
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Definition
when: 1820s
who: Republicans Henry Clay (Speaker of the House; in presidential campaign 1824) & John C. Calhoun, were Jeffersonians (believed in agrarian republic but thought there should be a manufacturing sector so they could be independent from Britain); James Madison put forward plan in state of union address in December 1815
where: U.S.
what/context: War of 1812; bank of US went out of existence in 1811 bc charter expired, country lacked uniform set of currency & found it impossible to raise funds for war efforts; no way of transportation (difficult to move men & goods around country); bc it sucked, internal manufacturers faced comp from imported goods; 3 pillars= integrated systems with strong US bank that reg state banks and promote commerce, tariffs raise money, internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.); created second bank of US, set up tariff but James Madison vetoed part of bill that was meant to built roads & canals bc he thought it overstepped powers listed in constitution, Clay & Calhoun mad bc they though roads & canals would unify country
significance: Clay's proposal formed the core of Whig ideology in the 1830s & 1840s |
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Term
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Definition
when/who: late 1820s into 1830s; 1827= mechanics union, working men
where: northern cities
what/context: 1st working mens party; abolition of banks bc too much power; fairer taxation; universal public education, eventually in 15 states, core ideology= artisan republicanism= all have skills to support independently, all laborers free from wage-labor
significance: FIRST concentrated effort at a labor movement in the US
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Term
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Definition
when: mid 1800s, 1830s-1860s
who: native, white, protestant, american men against immgrants
where: U.S., major cities (ppl looking here for jobs)
what/context: Second Great Awakening; industrial/market revolution; panic of 1837; movement that favors native-born Americans; reaction to immigration; wave of German & Irish immigrants (non-Anglo Americans), German=protestants into Northeast, Irish=catholic into crowded cities; backlash against increase in immigration; fear of losing jobs; anti-catholic;
significance: kills the labor movement because all new immigrants are coming in taking jobs and people dont want to unionize with them; nativist clubs=reduce political power of immigrants; conflicts lead to violence; know-nothing party->Republican Party
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Term
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Definition
when: 1800-1840
who: women, african americans, lower classes
where: starts on frontier then spreads through the U.S.
what/context: period of intense religious revival; America mainly Protestant
significance: camp meetings- conversion experience, in rural areas with fiery preacher; denominational growth- baptist & methodist; egalitarian message- everyone has equal chance at salvation through conversion experience at camp meetings
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Term
| American Christian Temperance Union |
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Definition
when: founded 1826
who: Presbyterian preacher Lyman Beecher
where: America
what/context: major organization; 6 sermons on temperance= how drunk looks/feels, one drink turns into a lot of drinks (casual drinker to blackout drunk); leads to more sin; temperance represents convergence of religious morality and social reform; women are very active; successful in short term- by 1845, drinking decreased; concern of alcohol becomes eclipsed by abolition movement
significance: |
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Term
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Definition
when: 1845
who: Journalist John O'Sullivan
where: America
what/context: belief that the American Continent should claim all of Oregon as well as rest of continent; it is God’s plan for American’s to expand their liberty across the continent; extension of experiment of liberty (idea of freedom-democracy) across the entire continent* FREEDOM; regardless of who is there; make egalitarian republic (equal republic- unique to America); Space: room to grow, room for pursuit of happiness, space for people to start new lives, bigger farms, etc;
significance: use to justify westward expansion (bc it tramples on freedom & rights of others) |
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Term
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Definition
when: first half of 19th century
who: Mexican cattle ranchers; spanish-speaking catholics
where: California
what/context: own vast amount of land that’s worked by native American laborers= slaves in Cali; land that californios own was previously held by churches bc missionaries were here first; Mexican govt was nervous missionaries had too much power, so they took land & gave to californios;
significance:
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Term
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Definition
when: 1843
who: Mid-western American land owners migrating west
where: starts in independence, Missouri
what/context: 2,000 miles long; takes 4-6 months to travel; goes through parts of present day Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming before it gets to Oregon territory (which stretches all the way up to where present day Alaska is- about 600,000 sq miles=2 ½x size of Texas); allowed American settlers to move to Oregon territory west of Mississippi River
significance: predominant symbol of American westward expansion in 19th century (period of manifest destiny); demonstrated feasibility of large-scale movement; provided means for strengthening American claims on Pacific Northwest
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Term
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Definition
when: 1857
who: dred scott; owner= sanford; supreme court; roger b taney
where: missouri 1846; illinois/WI territory
context: bleeding kansas; caning of charles sumner
what: scott claims free status bc lived in free state;
SC- southern majority = 7-2 vote
3 rulings= 1) MO compromise is unconstitutional-states rights interpretation
2) blacks dont have rights, not citizens, inferior
3) movement in free territory does not affect slave status
significance: thew issue of slavery in territories back into politics, solidified slave conspiracy theory; affront to free blacks; republicans gain support in north |
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Term
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Definition
when: founded 1848
who: former anti-slavery members of the Whig party & Democratic party—didn’t like Taylor
where: New York
what/context: opposed expansion of slavery into western territories; slogan= “free soil, free speech, free labor, free men”; Catalog of grievances against southern slaveholders; free labor couldn’t compete with slave labor (created unfair playing field and meant wage laborers would be condemned to be independent--- wont be unless you don’t have to compete with slave labor)
significance: gave rise to republican party in 1854
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Term
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Definition
when: 1850
who: Henry Clay (KY) proposes compromise, Stephen Douglas (IL) powers compromise through congress
where: CA; Washington, DC
what/context: election of 1848 (Taylor wins, southern slaveholder that supported pop sovereignty); CA applies for statehood 1849; CA= free state, NM & UT= popular sovereignty, slave trade ends in DC (capital=US reputation), stricter fugitive slave act/law, gold rush
significance: north=advantage; southerners=threatened, numeric & economic decline, abolitionists use compromise to polarize public opinion; sectional tension
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Term
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Definition
when: 1858
who: Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln (young lawyer from IL), Democrats nominate Stephen Douglas
where: Seven debates in 7/9 districts
what/context: Lincoln strongly opposed extension of slavery into new territories but wasn't an abolitionist, didn't want to remove slavery from South; Douglas= slavery not a moral issue, should be up to residents of area; Lincoln= is a moral issue, independent of what residents want; Douglas stayed in senate, Lincoln lost election but gained national platform of respect & recognition.
significance: It brought Lincoln to the attention of the Republicans who nominated him to run for President in 1860.
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Term
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Definition
when: 1851= published serialized form; 1852= novel; by 1854, 1 million copies sold
who: Harriet Beecher Stowe (daughter of minister, 1 of 13 kids, 7 brothers were ministers, married Calvin Stowe who was professor of rhetoric, from North, grew up in intellectual environment, from Maine)
where: maine, kentucky, ohio, louisiana
what/context: follows compromise of 1850, free soil party, & emergence of whig party; THEMES 1) religion: God, bible imagery; 2) women: motherhood, family; 3) antislavery: corrupting influence, national issue;
significance: 1) contributes to sectional tensions in 1850s; 2) slavery on national stage makes it personal; 3) Stowe makes it a moral issue: destroys families, corrupts christians
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Term
| 1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas |
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Definition
when: July 1861
who: Confederacy & McDowell and Union
where: Between D.& Richmond, VA
what/context: 1st battle of Civil War; in Eastern Theater; McDowell leading Union toward Richmond; Confederates engage Union before they reach the city; sightseers, journalists, politicians all come to watch (saw realities of war); fresh Condederate troops reinforce & push Union troops back; Confederates fail to capitalize on their victory
significance: disorganization, problems with supply & communication; unprofessional; north will not have easy/quick victory |
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Term
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Definition
when: July 1863
who: draftees; potential draftees; African Americans
where: New York City
what/context:July 1872~Lincoln institutes 1st draft; 6% of Union Draftees; 30% of CSA; unequal implementation; men can buy out with $300; localities got around by paying outsiders to fill spots; in the south exemptions for planters (own 20+ slaves); "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight"; dock workers eventually strike= target african americans, balem them for war, job competition; lasts 3 days, over 100 people die;
significance: largest civil disturbance in 19th C; manpower issues; lack of support; social tensions |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
when: January 1, 1863
who: Lincoln regarding slaves
where: America
what/context: exempted areas under Union control (didn't apply to loyal border states that had never seceded or to areas of Confederacy occupied by Union soldiers- Tennessee, parts of Virginia & Louisiana); declared majority of South's slaves free; altered nature of Civil War (Union fighting for abolition), changed the course of American history (slavery will end)
significance: slaves become part of American life= need new system of labor, politics & race relations; also showed Lincoln's wartime leadership- his capacity for growth & ability to develop broad public support for his administration
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Term
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Definition
Who: General Philip Sheridan
When: September 21, 1864
Where: Shenandoah Valley
Context: during the American civil war general Philip Sheridan stripped the Shenandoah valley in order to eliminate its food supplies and other supplies that were vital to the south’s military operations. It also aimed at striking a blow to the South’s morale.
Significance: led to the birth of a new military strategy
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Term
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Definition
Who: women of the middle and upper class
When: between 1820 and the Civil War
Where: began in women’s magazines and books
Context: As work began to leave from the household to factories women began following the work to the factories. However, the emergence of work in factories left working women seen as unfeminine. The idea of the cult of domesticity emerged in women’s books and magazines in order to establish the ideals of womanhood for a new age. Women of the middle and upper class were viewed as virtuous and pure and were expected to work in the private realm, or the domestic household, fulfilling their motherly and house duties. The 4 ideals of womanhood are piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. These 4 ideals shaped the roles of women and were basically a guideline for women to abide and live by.
Significance: It created the virtues of the ideal housewife.
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