Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Radiology
Final Exam
309
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 4
10/13/2013

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is a form of electromagnetic radiation traveling through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields?
Definition
X-rays
Term
T/F X-rays have a longer wavelength than visible light.
Definition
False, shorter
Term
What can interact with matter, which causes biological alterations (ionization) at the molecular level?
Definition
X-rays
Term
What can cause certain materials to fluoresce (give off light) which enables us to record an image?
Definition
X-rays
Term
T/F X-rays travel at the speed of light.
Definition
True
Term
What component of an x-ray tube is a vacuum that prevents accelerated electrons from colliding with air molecules?
Definition
Air evacuated glass envelope
Term
What component of an x-ray tube is a wire filament (usually tungsten) that is the source of the electrons?
Definition
Cathode
Term
What component of an x-ray tube is a tungsten disc that acts as the target fir the electrons that come from the wire filament?
Definition
Anode
Term
What component of an x-ray tube are x-rays created?
Definition
Anode
Term
What are 5 things that are required for x-ray production?
Definition
Source of electrons, way to accelrate electrons, path free of obtables for electrons to pass through, and a tube for vacuum environment
Term
T/F Tungsten has a high melting point.
Definition
True
Term
What is the amount of energy produced by?
Definition
Milliamperage (mA)
Term
What controls the acceleration of electrons?
Definition
Kilovoltage (kvp)
Term
What controls the amount of electrons released that is based on heat?
Definition
mA
Term
When the electrons from the cathode hit the target on the anode the energy from the electrons changing directions is released and x-ray and heat is produced. How much is heat and how much are x-rays?
Definition
99% heat and and 1% x-rays
Term
T/F Electrons from the cathode have a collision with the target on the anode and heat and x-rays are produced.
Definition
True
Term
What are 2 types of anodes?
Definition
Stationary and rotating
Term
What type of anode is used in portable units and dental units?
Definition
Stationary
Term
What type of anode spins around when the foot pedal is stepped on?
Definition
Rotating anode
Term
Why does the anode spin in the x-ray prior to taking it?
Definition
To dissipate heat
Term
What is the area where the electron beam hits the anode?
Definition
Focal spot
Term
What influences the detail of the x-ray?
Definition
Size of focal spot
Term
The anode is angled toward the cathode, which allows the use of a larger focal spot is what principle?
Definition
Line focus principle
Term
What is the area of the target material being bombarded by electrons from the filament?
Definition
Actual focal spot
Term
What is the imaginary geometric line that can be drawn based on the actual focal spotsize vs. the angle of the anode?
Definition
Effective focal spot
Term
What is the angling of the anode results in the effective focal spot being smaller than the actual focal spot?
Definition
Line focus priciple
Term
T/F The x-ray is less intense on the anode side and more intense on the cathode side?
Definition
True
Term
What side of the x-ray should you place thicker body part under?
Definition
Cathode side (cuz of heel effect)
Term
What device supplies electric power to thhe x-ray tubr?
Definition
X-ray generator
Term
Buildings in the US will have 115 or 230-V (60 Hz) of what type of electrical current?
Definition
Alternating current
Term
To avoid x-rays from going back to the cathode, what is needed to convert alternating current into direct curent?
Definition
Rectifier
Term
What device allows current to fly in only one direction?
Definition
Rectifier
Term
What type of rectifier is the negative part of the sine wave is chopped off?
Definition
Half wave rectified generator (single phase)
Term
What type of rectifier is the negative part of the sine wave inverted?
Definition
Full wave rectified generator (single wave)
Term
What type of rectifier takes 3 seperate lines of current that are out of phase?
Definition
Three phase, full wave recitified generator
Term
What type of generator can produce a near constant beam of x-rays?
Definition
High frequency generator
Term
What adjusts the incoming line voltage to keep it at a level needed to produce a constant beam of x-rays?
Definition
Line voltage compensator
Term
T/F Minor hits to the x-ray tube are ok.
Definition
False, the x-ray tube is fragile
Term
T/F It is ok to leave the x-ray machine on continously.
Definition
False
Term
Why shouldn't you hold the rotor button down any longer than you have to?
Definition
The filament is heating during this time and it will shorten the lifespan of it
Term
Rapid high kvp and mA films can cause what?
Definition
The tube to overheat
Term
What is mainly used to decrease the size of the x-ray field?
Definition
Collimator
Term
What do most systems use to align the light field?
Definition
Mirror
Term
Why can't you focus x-rays?
Definition
They don;t have mass
Term
What do collimators do?
Definition
Shape beam by cutting off edges of the beam
Term
The 9 penny test is a good way to test the function of what?
Definition
Collimator
Term
Grids are used for what reason?
Definition
To reduce scatter from hitting the film only
Term
Grids should always be used is the body part is thicker than what?
Definition
10cm
Term
What are made of hundreds of alternating thin lead strips with aluminum or fiber interspacers?
Definition
Grids
Term
T/F Grids absorb x-rays that hit their lead strips.
Definition
True
Term
What is focused grid?
Definition
A grid, with lead strips are angled to be in alignment with the primary x-ray beam
Term
What is Sante's Rule?
Definition
2 x (cm) + 40 +10 (grid factor)
Term
T/F The more lead lines per inch,on a grid, the better.
Definition
True
Term
What is the height of the lead strips divided by the distance between the strips?
Definition
Grid ratio
Term
T/F Most grids are composed of parallel lines.
Definition
True
Term
What are subtle images of alternating lead strips and spacers in the radiograph?
Definition
Grid lines
Term
What are rigid, light tight containers that hold x-ray film and screens?
Definition
Cassettes
Term
Where are screens permantely mounted?
Definition
Inside the cassette
Term
T/F Many cassettes have a rectangular lead block on the screen that allows for imprint identification.
Definition
True
Term
What are the 2 main purposes of a cassette?
Definition
They keep light from hitting the film and they press the intensifying screens tightly against the film
Term
T/F The sensitivity of x-ray film to x-rays is poor.
Definition
True
Term
What are used to increase the efficiency of film exposure?
Definition
Intensifying screens
Term
What convert x-ray radiation into visible light?
Definition
Intensifying screens
Term
What is the normal color of light emitted from intensifying screens to the help expose the film?
Definition
Blue, sometimes green
Term
What are composed of phosphor crystals that emit light when they are stimulated by x-rays?
Definition
Screens
Term
T/F Slow screens need less x-rays to make a proper film.
Definition
Flase, more
Term
T/F intensifying screens can increase contrast.
Definition
True
Term
What are 2 negatives of intensifying screens?
Definition
They decrease image detail and the faster the screen, the worse the detail
Term
What 4 things do the speed of the screen depend on?
Definition
Type of phosphor, phosphor layer thickness, phosphor crystal size, and phosphor crystal shape
Term
T/F The larger the phosphor crystals in the screens the better detail.
Definition
False, worse
Term
What are the most common type of screen?
Definition
Rare earth screens
Term
What type of phosphor do old screen utilize?
Definition
Calcium tungstate
Term
A high-speed 5 year year old screen has roughly the same efficiency as what?
Definition
A new, slow speed screen
Term
How many colors of visible light is x-ray films sensitive to?
Definition
1
Term
T/F You need to match film color sensitivity and the light emitted.
Definition
True
Term
T/F Rare earth screens emit green light and older screen emit blue violet light.
Definition
True
Term
What is energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation?
Definition
Radiation
Term
What is radiation high enough to cause ionization?
Definition
Ionizing radiation
Term
T/F X-rays require shielding to reduce their intensity.
Definition
True
Term
What are 3 causes of exposure to x-rays?
Definition
Exposure to the primary beam, exposure from scatter, and leakage radiation from x-ray tube housing
Term
T/F It is illegal to have hands in x-rays.
Definition
True, even with gloves
Term
What is known as secondary radiation?
Definition
Scatter radiation
Term
Higher kvp = ? scatter
Definition
More
Term
Careful collimation and correct kvp can help reduce what?
Definition
Scatter radiation
Term
What is the best way to avoid radiation exposure?
Definition
Maintaining a safe distance
Term
What deals with the characterization and quantification of ionizing radiation's effects on living things?
Definition
Radiobiology
Term
What is the amount of irradiation that does not involve a risk to the health of radiation workers so great that it significantly influences future generations or the individuals exposed?
Definition
Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)
Term
No one under 18 can be around radiation. What is the maximum dose allowed on adults a year?
Definition
0.05 Sv
Term
What is ALARA in regards to radiology?
Definition
As low as reasonably achievable
Term
What are made of lead impregnanted rubber?
Definition
Gloves and aprons
Term
What should be worn on personnel at all times in the radiographic suite?
Definition
Dosimeters (badges)
Term
What type of badge is a piece of film inside that's developed?
Definition
Film badge (Amt. of radiation proportional to degree of blackness)
Term
What type of badge is checked after each procedure?
Definition
Pocket ionization chamber (most complex)
Term
What type of badge do crystals absorb radiation when heated and emit light, more light = more radiation?
Definition
Thermoluminescent dosimeter
Term
What are the 2 types of radiation damage?
Definition
Genetic and somatic
Term
What describes damage to the body that can happen immediately or can manifest in the body of the recipient for a lifetime?
Definition
Somatic radiation damage
Term
Cancer, cataracts, aplastic anemia, and sterility are examples of what type of radiation?
Definition
Somatic
Term
What type of damage results from imjury to the genes (of reproductive cells)?
Definition
Genetic damage
Term
What type of radiation damage do not show up until the damaged individual reproduces and the mutated genes create a child?
Definition
Genetic radiation damage
Term
Who must establish and maintain a radiation safety program for the protection of patients, clients, and staff?
Definition
The veterinarian
Term
What 4 things should you always wear when taking an x-ray?
Definition
Lead apron, gloves, thyroid shield, and badge
Term
How often should you quality control and calibrate your x-ray machine?
Definition
Quarterly and yearly
Term
How does energy travel?
Definition
In waves
Term
What is produced when electrons moving at great speed collide with matter?
Definition
X-rays
Term
What are white areas on an x-ray?
Definition
Radiopaque
Term
What are black areas on an x-ray?
Definition
Radiolucent
Term
What are the 5 radiographic opacities?
Definition
Gas, fat, fluid, mineral, and metal
Term
What type of film does long latitude film produce?
Definition
Decreased contrasts with many shades of gray
Term
What type of film does a short latitude film produce?
Definition
More contrast, with few shades of gray
Term
What can excessive development time and temperature cause?
Definition
Loss of contrast
Term
What will increased kvp do to contrast?
Definition
Decrease it
Term
High mAs and low kVps produce what type of image?
Definition
High contrasts
Term
T/F High contrast images are known as short scale.
Definition
True
Term
What type of image has many shades of gray?
Definition
Low contrast
Term
What image has a long scale of contrast?
Definition
Low contrast
Term
Low mAs and high kVps create what kind of image?
Definition
Long scale of contrast
Term
What is the overal darkening of the image?
Definition
Density
Term
What is viewing the overall, general image darkness or lightness?
Definition
Density
Term
What is controlled by the amount of electrons sent to the target anode?
Definition
Density
Term
What describes the amount of current applied to the cathode?
Definition
mAs
Term
What determines the quantity of x-rays?
Definition
mAs
Term
T/F The more x-rays you have, the blacker your film will be.
Definition
True
Term
What is the only thing mA affects?
Definition
Density
Term
What determines the quality of the x-ray beam?
Definition
kVp
Term
High kVp = ? density?
Definition
High
Term
Low kVp = ? density
Definition
Low
Term
High kVp = ? contrast
Definition
Low
Term
Low kVp = ? contrast
Definition
High
Term
Smaller focal spot = ? detail
Definition
greater
Term
What 2 things can affect detail?
Definition
Focal spot size and distance of object relative to film
Term
What will happen if the patient and film aren't parallel?
Definition
Distortion
Term
What will happen if a body part is off of the film?
Definition
It will be magnified
Term
What is kVp= (2x tissue thickness) + FFD + grid calculation?
Definition
Sante's Law
Term
Where do 90% of all processing errors occur?
Definition
The darkroom
Term
What are technique chart specific to?
Definition
The film/screen combo that you're using
Term
What's an ideal film in veterinary medicine?
Definition
High mAs and low kVps (allows us to increase contrast)
Term
What are good mAs for a tabletop extremity?
Definition
2.5 mAs
Term
What are typical mAs for a thorax view?
Definition
5 mAs (no grid)
Term
What are typical mAs for a abdominal view?
Definition
7.5 mAs
Term
What are typical mAs for a spine view?
Definition
10 mAs
Term
What do you use Sante's Rule?
Definition
When selecting kVp
Term
What is the FFD?
Definition
Usually about 40
Term
What type of grid to most clinics have?
Definition
8:1
Term
What should you do with the kVp if yhe image is too dark?
Definition
Decrease kVp by 15%
Term
What should you do to kVp if the film is too light?
Definition
Increase by 15%
Term
What has a polyeater base that provides support?
Definition
Radiographic film
Term
What has a thin layer of stuff (film emulsion) on each side of the polyester base?
Definition
Radiographic film
Term
What are the main main ingredients in film emulsion?
Definition
Silver halide crystals and gelatin
Term
What is the light sensitive part of the film emulsion?
Definition
Silver halide crystals
Term
On radiographic film, what keeps the silver halide crystals evenly dispersed aand prevents grains from clumping?
Definition
Gelatin
Term
What are 5 effects that altering the emulsion can have on film?
Definition
Film latitude, film contrast, film speed, film detail, and light color (spectral) sensitivity
Term
What is any oppacity that doesn't correspond to an actual anatomic structure?
Definition
Artifact
Term
What are 6 film storage and handling artifacts?
Definition
Pressue/crescents, scratches, fingerprints, static, material in cassette, and fog
Term
What refers to the amount of error you can make when exposing a film and still get a good image?
Definition
Film latitude
Term
What are high latitude films?
Definition
Low contrast (many shades of gray)
Term
T/F The film you choose affects the contrast in your final image.
Definition
True
Term
T/F High detail is always faster.
Definition
False, slower
Term
T/F If your screen emits blue light, you must use film that is sensitive to blue light.
Definition
True
Term
What color is unexposedsilver halide crystals?
Definition
Green or purple
Term
What color is metallic silver?
Definition
Black
Term
T/F When the emulsion is exposed to light from the intensifying screen, portions of the silver halide are converted to metallic silver.
Definition
True
Term
T/F We can't see the latent image on the screen until it's developed.
Definition
True
Term
T/F When it's developed, the silver halide crystal containing the sensitivity spcek is converted to metallic silver.
Definition
True
Term
What happens to unexposed silver halide grains during processing?
Definition
They are washed off
Term
What does the pattern of metallic silver crystals that remain on the film create?
Definition
The image
Term
T/F The process of film development is exactly the same in manual and automatic processing.
Definition
True
Term
What consists of reducing agents that convert silver halide crystals into metallic silver?
Definition
Developer
Term
What stops the development of film?
Definition
Fixer
Term
What color is an overexposed film?
Definition
Black
Term
What color is an underexposed x-ray?
Definition
White
Term
What washes away unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals and clears the emulsion?
Definition
Fixer
Term
What provides us with the white parts of the radiograph?
Definition
Fixer
Term
What step is water used to wash off the fixer?
Definition
Step 3 (wash)
Term
What happens if the solutions are too hot?
Definition
Film becomes overexposed
Term
What happens if the solutions are too cold?
Definition
They will be underexposed
Term
T/F Increasing temperaure decreases the amount of time it takes to develop the film
Definition
True
Term
What are the primary cause of poor quality radiographs?
Definition
Exhausted chemicals
Term
T/F Radiographs are legal documents.
Definition
True
Term
WHat 5 things must be written on the radiograph?
Definition
Patient's name, owner's name, date, clinic's name, and anatomic markers
Term
T/F The client owns the radiographs.
Definition
False, the practice owns them
Term
T/F You are not required to give a client radiographs if they request them.
Definition
True
Term
What are the top 5 ways to properly care for your film?
Definition
Store boxes of film on end to reduce pressure on film, store in room that is cool with low humidity, keep in unexposed place, don'tbuy large quantities, and be gentle when placing it in and out of the cassette
Term
How long does manual processing take?
Definition
1 hour
Term
Hoe long doees automatic processing take?
Definition
90 seconds
Term
T/F You should use fingernails when dealing with the film.
Definition
False
Term
Where should you only touch the film?
Definition
Corners
Term
What order should you do the clips on the tension clip hanger in manual processing?
Definition
Stationary then movable
Term
What type of hanger do you hold with one hand and slide film into the channel with the other?
Definition
Channel hanger
Term
In manual processing, when should you agitate the film to remove air bubbles?
Definition
Developing and in fixing
Term
T/F You must sinse off developer before puttingg it in the fixer.
Definition
True
Term
How long should you fix a film?
Definition
Twice the time it was developed
Term
T/F You can view film after 1 minute of fixing it. (THen put back for 10 minutes)
Definition
True
Term
How long must you wash a film after manually processing?
Definition
20-30 minutes
Term
What produces a dry film in a short period of time?
Definition
Automatic processors
Term
What processor removes carryover from compression of rollers and the chemicals are in peak condition becaause they are replenished on a regular basis?
Definition
Automatic processing
Term
T/F Heavy metals can be disposed of in the septic system.
Definition
False
Term
What replaces silver in fixer with another metal like iron (steel wool) and up to 99% of silver is recovered, but purity is low?
Definition
Silver Recovery
Term
2 electrodes pass electric current, the silver is attracted to the cathode, the fixer solution can be reused, and it creates high purity of silver, but is less effecient?
Definition
Electrolyte recovery
Term
What type of silver recovery do you add more chemicals to precipitate silver from fixer. the silver forms a sludge, then it is filtered,, dried, and packed?
Definition
Chemical precipitation
Term
What color do finger crescents appear on radiographs?
Definition
Black
Term
How are pressure crescents formed?
Definition
Pinching activates crystals
Term
What color are scratches on radiographs?
Definition
White or black
Term
What color are scratches if the emulsion has been removed?
Definition
White
Term
What color are the scratches if pressure from an abrasion activates crystals?
Definition
Black
Term
What color are fingerprints on radiographs?
Definition
Black or white
Term
What causes white fingerprints on radiographs?
Definition
Oil from fingers blocks developer
Term
What can cause black fingerprints?
Definition
Developer or fixer on hands
Term
What causes a black tree pattern or smudge?
Definition
Static
Term
When is static most common?
Definition
Winter months
Term
What is 4 ways to prevent static?
Definition
Remove film from box slowly, don't drag film on surfaces, moderate huumidity, and anti-static cassette cleaners
Term
What artifact is white & focal, visible light can't reach and expose film, and is often caused by hair and dust?
Definition
Material in cassette or dirty screen
Term
What is any unwanted film exposure that turns part of the film black?
Definition
Film fog
Term
What are 7 causes of film fog?
Definition
Film bin ajar, film box lid loose or damaged, cassette not closed properly or damaged, high temperature, old chemicals, humidity, and safelight filter crack
Term
What are 5 positioning artifacts?
Definition
Magnification, distortion, grid cutoff, patient rotation, amd cassette upside-down
Term
What happens when a patient is farther away from the film?
Definition
Magnification
Term
What happens when a patient is not parallel to the film?
Definition
Distortion (part of them is magnified)
Term
What's the purpose of the grid?
Definition
To reduce scatter
Term
Grid shifted left/right, grid too far or too close to the tube, and grid upside-down are causes of what?
Definition
Grid cutoff
Term
What errer does the film appear underexposed and you can see hinges/latches?
Definition
Cassette upside-down
Term
What are 4 exposure artifacts?
Definition
Motion, double exposure, overexposure, and underexposure
Term
What x-ray error causes a blurry image?
Definition
Motion
Term
What x-ray error appears as a blurred image, has 2 identical image superimposed, the exposure button was pushed twice, and/or they forgot to change the cassette between exposures?
Definition
Double exposure
Term
What artifact is caused by water, blood, contrast media, urine, and appears as gray streaks?
Definition
Wet haircoat
Term
What x-ray error appears as a dark line and a mirror image on either side of the crease?
Definition
Folded film in cassette
Term
Collimation errors, lead shields, central x-ray beams not perpendicular to cassette, and cassette npt directly under beam (bucky tray npot puushed in)?
Definition
Portion of film unexposed
Term
What type of artifact is caused by buckshot, is a common incidental finding, and is apparent on 2 views examined?
Definition
White dots
Term
What provides way to minimize dose of radiation?
Definition
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Term
Preventative maintenance, quality control, equipment calibration, in-service education, and evaluation of new products are all parts of what?
Definition
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Term
Who is a major part of the QC program?
Definition
Vet techs
Term
What is the measure of the focal spot on tube housing to tabletop and measure from tabletop to top of cassette in the bucky tray?
Definition
Film focal distance (FFD)
Term
What is darkroom QC?
Definition
Needs to be cleanm, check for light leaks, check safe light for distance and bulb wattage and proper filter, and if doing manual processing, you do temperature checks
Term
Where do you measure for a lateral/VD thorax?
Definition
Caudal border of scapula
Term
Where should you have the center beam for the lateral/VD thorax view?
Definition
Caudal border of scapula and heart
Term
What is the cranial/caudal border for a lateral/VD thorax?
Definition
Point of shoulder joint (thoracic inlet)to 1st lumbar vertebrae
Term
When can you use a v-tray? VD thorax or abdomen?
Definition
Abdomen
Term
Where do you measure for a lateral/VD abdomen?
Definition
13th rib/last rib
Term
What is the cranial/caudal border for a lateral/VD abdomen?
Definition
Feel for sternum and go 2-3 inches cranial to coxofemoral joints
Term
Where should you measure for a thoracic spine view?
Definition
Mid region of thorax
Term
What is very important for thoracic/lumbar spine views?
Definition
Collimate
Term
What is the cranial/caudal border for thoracic spine films?
Definition
C7 (shoulder joint) to L1 (last rib)
Term
What position do you take thoracic/lumbar spine films?
Definition
Both lateral
Term
What is the cranial/caudal border for lumbar spine films?
Definition
Just above last rib to stifle area of femur
Term
Where do you measure for a lumbar spine film?
Definition
L1 (last few inches of ribs)
Term
Where should you measure for a stifle view?
Definition
Across joint
Term
What are the cranial and caudal borders for stifle views?
Definition
Joints above and below stifle (hip to ankle)
Term
What position should stifle views be taken in?
Definition
Lateral (leave limb in natural position, but somewhat flexed)
Term
How should you rotate the tarsus for stifle films?
Definition
Off cassette
Term
How should you rotate the stifle for stifle films?
Definition
Toward cassette
Term
What does DP stand for in regards to metacarpus films?
Definition
Beam goes from dorsal to palmar aspect of metacarpals
Term
What position should the dog be in for a metacarpus film?
Definition
Sternal recumbency
Term
Where should you measure for a metacarpus film?
Definition
Across the metacarpal region
Term
What are the borders for a metacarpus film?
Definition
An inch above/below phalanges/carpus
Term
What view can you use string positioning aids?
Definition
Metacarpus view
Term
What view is the animal sedated, foam wedge under mandible, and the medial canthus perpendicular to the film cassette?
Definition
Lateral skull view
Term
T/F When positioning a sedated dog for a VD pelvis, you should rotate the stifles internally.
Definition
True
Term
How often should QC be done on the gowns & gloves?
Definition
Yearly
Term
What's the term when the x-ray enters the patient at an angle?
Definition
Oblique
Term
Rope, roll gauze, tape, and plastic tubing can be used as what?
Definition
Positioning aids
Term
Cassettes must have a lead blocker if this labeler is used.
Definition
Imprinter
Term
DLPM, DMPL, PMDL, & PLDM are labels for what film type?
Definition
Oblique
Term
How should you position a dog for a ventrodorsal view of the skull?
Definition
Dorsal recumbency
Term
A rostrocaudal closed mouth view is aka?
Definition
Skyline view
Term
In what frontal sinus view do you place animal in dorsal recumbency with nose pointing upward (perp. to cassette)?
Definition
Rostrocaudal view
Term
What skull view should be done to look at the nasal cavities?
Definition
Ventrodorsal open-mouth view
Term
What skull view should you do to look at the tympanic bullae?
Definition
Rostralcaudal open-mouth view
Term
What are the cranial/caudal borders for a cervical spine view?
Definition
Base of skull to spine of scapula
Term
Which of these 6 spine view should you always think dachshunds?: Cervical, thoracic, thoraco-lumbar, lumbar, lumbosacral, & caudal.
Definition
Thoraco-lumbar
Term
What 4 places do dogs commonly get osteosarcomas?
Definition
Proximal humerus, distal radium, proximal tibia, and distal femur
Term
What is the tip of the tooth root called?
Definition
Apex
Term
What is the outer covering of the tooth root made of?
Definition
Cementum
Term
What 2 types of teeth only have 1 root?
Definition
Incisors and canines
Term
When should baby teeth be fully erupted by?
Definition
6 weeks
Term
When should all adult teeth be erupted?
Definition
6 months
Term
Each tooth has a code of 3 numbers, what does the 1st number represent?
Definition
What quadrant it's in
Term
T/F You should use the second 2 numbers of dentition code by starting with 01 at midline and continue caudally?
Definition
True
Term
What can oly be used on the mandibular premolars and molars?
Definition
Parallel technique for film
Term
In a dental x-ray, what occurs when the x-ray beam is focused on the film too much?
Definition
Foreshortening
Term
What's the most common technique for dental radiology?
Definition
Bisecting angle technique
Term
In dental x-rays, what occurs when the x-ray beam is directed toward the tooth angle too much?
Definition
Elongation
Term
Pain-free procedure, no anesthetic needed, no side effects, can look at organs and motion, and measuring the size of heart chambers are benefits of what?
Definition
Ultrasound
Term
How to ultrasonic sound waves travel?
Definition
Longitudal waves
Term
What's the number of cycles or waves completed in a second & is measured in Hertz?
Definition
Frequency
Term
What's the distance to complete one wave cycle?
Definition
Wavelength
Term
T/F The highter the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.
Definition
True
Term
What is the time required for a wavelength the pass a given point?
Definition
Velocity
Term
High/Low frequency: Create high resolution images, but is unable to penetrate deep tissues.
Definition
High frequency
Term
What % of the time is ultrasound transducers emitting pulses?
Definition
1, 99% recieving
Term
What's it called when a beam passes through a structure with low acoustic impedence??
Definition
Acoustic enhancement
Term
What explains how ultrasound is generated?
Definition
Piezoelectric effect
Term
What is the gradual weakening of the ultrasound beam as it passes through tissues?
Definition
Attenuation
Term
In ultrasound, what occurs because of inadequate penetration by sound waves?
Definition
Shadowing
Term
What would cause more reflection on ultrasound, Bone/gas or Liver/fat?
Definition
Bone/gas
Term
In ultrasound, what occurs when the beam hits gas or air and makes weakening parallel lines on screen?
Definition
Reverberation
Term
What's hyper/hypoechoic?
Definition
Brighter/darker ultrasound image
Term
In ultrasound, what's display mode A used for?
Definition
Opthalmology
Term
What's the most common display mode used in uiltrasound?
Definition
B, brightness mode
Term
What ultrasound mode is used for the heart?
Definition
M (motion) mode
Term
T/F Low frequency can see deeper into abdomen on ultrasound, thus requiring less hertz.
Definition
True
Term
What's used to treat hyperthyroidism in felines but is expensive?
Definition
Radioactive iodine 131
Term
What radionuclides is used in horses?
Definition
Technetium 99
Term
Positive/negative contrast media: Barium
Definition
Positive (appears white)
Term
Positive/negative contrast media: CO2
Definition
Negative
Term
Iodinated preps, barium,and gases are aka?
Definition
Contrast media
Term
What's the minimum distance from radiation?
Definition
4 ft.
Term
What color light is present if it's a blue/green sensitive film?
Definition
Red
Term
What is full-wave rectification?
Definition
120 pulses x-rays/sec
Term
What controls spped of electrons?
Definition
kvp
Term
T/F Small filament produces better detail.
Definition
True
Term
What's the light max intensity for the darkroom?
Definition
15 watts
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