Term
| What are the types of Ionizing Radiation based? |
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Definition
X-Radiation based
-radiography
-Fluoroscopy
-Computed Topography
Gamma radiation based
-scintigraphy |
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Term
| What are the types of non-ionizing radiation based imaging? |
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Definition
Ultrasound
Magnetic resonance |
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Term
What type of Rays cause the hazard to operators and handlers preforming Xrays?
A) Scattered
B) Absorbed
C) Transmitted |
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Definition
Scattered
these are also what can potentially be absorbed in other places of the patient |
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Term
| What are the 5 fundamental radiographic densities from most radiolucet to radiopaque? |
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Definition
GAS (most radiolucent = BLACK)
FAT
Soft Tissue
Bone (Mineralization)
Metal (this will be more radiopaque = WHITE) |
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Term
Which of the following is more radiolucent?
A) Bone
B) Fat
C) Gas
D) Metal
E) Soft Tissue
F) Fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more radiolucent: Soft tissue or Fluid? |
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Definition
NEITHER
they both appear THE SAME
Soft TissueFluid |
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Term
| What geometric effect can cause distortion of long bone length? How can this be corrected? |
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Definition
Unequal magnification
Because the long axis of the bone is not in parallel with the film (this will minimize the distortion) |
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Term
| How many radiographic views do need as a minimum to get a sense of 3-D |
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Definition
| At least 2 orthogonal views to get a sense of the third dimension of the structure |
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Term
| What is border effacement? |
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Definition
| This is a projection effect where two structures of the same radiolucency are touching and the border between the two structures is lost. |
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Term
| Not being able to see the mucosal surface of the urinary bladder when it is full of urine is an example of that type of projection effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two reactions of bone to insult of disease? |
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Definition
| Resorption and new bone production |
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Term
| What types of radiographic changes are seen with bone disease? |
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Definition
ABNORMAL OPACITY
may also include size, shape and contour |
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Term
| How long does it take to be able to view new mineralized bone matrix on the xray of an mature dog? |
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Definition
10-14 days
(in the immature animal is will not quite take that long) |
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Term
| How long is the lag time for the radiographic visibility of bone resorption? |
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Definition
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Term
Which best describes MAGNIFICATION:
a) objects in different planes are superimposed
b) a dark band caused by substantially different adjacent radiographic densities
c) loss of distinct borders of 2 objects of the same opacity that are touching each other
d) enlargement of image relative to actual size of object
e) unequal enlargement of different parts of the same object |
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Definition
| Answer: D) magnification is the enlargement of image relative to the actual size of the object |
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Term
Which best describes DISTORTION:
a) objects in different planes are superimposed
b) a dark band caused by substantially different adjacent radiographic densities
c) loss of distinct borders of 2 objects of the same opacity that are touching each other
d) enlargement of image relative to actual size of object
e) unequal enlargement of different parts of the same object |
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Definition
| Answer: E) unequal enlargement of different parts of the same object |
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Term
Which best describes SUMMATION:
a) objects in different planes are superimposed
b) a dark band caused by substantially different adjacent radiographic densities
c) loss of distinct borders of 2 objects of the same opacity that are touching each other
d) enlargement of image relative to actual size of object
e) unequal enlargement of different parts of the same object |
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Definition
| Answer: A) summation is when objects in different planes are superimposed |
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Term
Which best describes Border Effacement:
a) objects in different planes are superimposed
b) a dark band caused by substantially different adjacent radiographic densities
c) loss of distinct borders of 2 objects of the same opacity that are touching each other
d) enlargement of image relative to actual size of object
e) unequal enlargement of different parts of the same object |
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Definition
| C) border effacement is when there is a loss of distinct borders of 2 objects of the same opacity that are touching each other |
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Term
Which of the following is a radiographic diagnosis?
A) generalized hepatomegly
B) Diabetes
C) Hepatic Lipidosis
D) Mycotic Osetomyelitis |
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Definition
Answer: A) generalized hepatomegaly
- the rest would be considered "differential diagnoses" |
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Term
| What is the difference between a luxation and a subluxation? |
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Definition
| A luxation is a complete dislocation of articular surfaces, where subluxation is incomplete. |
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Term
Which of the following best describes punctate opacity?
A) evenly distributed
B) small and spotty, as if marked with points
C) numerous, small, uniform, nearly imperceptible holes
D) multiple medium-small non-uniform sized holes
E) single large hole, with a distinct margin |
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Definition
Answer:B)
Punctate = a size term meaning small and spotty as if marked with points or punctures |
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Term
Which of the following best describes a "moth eaten" opacity?
A) evenly distributed
B) small and spotty, as if marked with points
C) numerous, small, uniform, nearly imperceptible holes
D) multiple medium-small non-uniform sized holes
E) single large hole, with a distinct margin |
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Definition
Answer: D)
Moth eaten = multiple medium to small non-uniform sized holes |
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Term
Which of the following best describes a "permeative" opacity?
A) evenly distributed
B) small and spotty, as if marked with points
C) numerous, small, uniform, nearly imperceptible holes
D) multiple medium-small non-uniform sized holes
E) single large hole, with a distinct margin |
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Definition
Answer C)
Permative opacity = numerous, small, uniform, nearly imperceptible holes |
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Term
Which of the following best describes a "geographic" opacity?
A) evenly distributed
B) small and spotty, as if marked with points
C) numerous, small, uniform, nearly imperciptible holes
D) multiple medium-small non-uniform sized holes
E) single large hole, with a distinct margin |
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Definition
Answer: E)
Geographic opacity = single large hole with a distinct margin |
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Term
| What is a cavarity opacity on a radiograph? |
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Definition
a lesion that is radiolucent in the center and radiopaque on the perimeter.
Make sure to include size, thickness of wall, and contour when using this as a descriptive term. |
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Term
Which of the following best describes a "nodular" shape on a radiograph?
A) Having no definite form or shape
B) Round, small to medium sized structure
C) spindle shaped meaning enlarged in the center and tapering to thin points at both ends.
D) having the end cut off squarely
E) folded or extensively pleated |
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Definition
Answer: B)
nodular would be round, small-medium sized
(can also use multi-nodular) |
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Term
Which of the following best describes an "amorphous" shape on a radiograph?
A) Having no definite form or shape
B) Round, small to medium sized structure
C) spindle shaped meaning enlarged in the center and tapering to thin points at both ends.
D) having the end cut off squarely
E) folded or extensively pleated |
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Definition
| Answer: A) having no definite form or shape |
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Term
Which of the following best describes a "fusiform" shape on a radiograph?
A) Having no definite form or shape
B) Round, small to medium sized structure
C) spindle shaped meaning enlarged in the center and tapering to thin points at both ends.
D) having the end cut off squarely
E) folded or extensively pleated |
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Definition
Answer C) spindle shaped meaning enlarged in the center and tapering to thin points at both ends
(used to describe spinal cord on myelogram) |
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Term
Which of the following best describes a "truncated" shape on a radiograph?
A) Having no definite form or shape
B) Round, small to medium sized structure
C) spindle shaped meaning enlarged in the center and tapering to thin points at both ends.
D) having the end cut off squarely
E) folded or extensively pleated |
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Definition
Answer: D)
Truncated to have the end cut off squarely |
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Term
Which of the following best describes a "plicated" shape on a radiograph?
A) Having no definite form or shape
B) Round, small to medium sized structure
C) spindle shaped meaning enlarged in the center and tapering to thin points at both ends.
D) having the end cut off squarely
E) folded or extensively pleated |
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Definition
Answer: E)
plicated = folded or extensively pleated |
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Term
Which of the following would best describe a "Lamellar" margin?
A) thin layers
B) surface with sharp points
C) bluntly pointed
D) having bends or turns
E) loss of margin |
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Definition
Answer: A)
Lamellar refers to having thin layers, often used when describing periosteal new bone formation.
- rings of a cut onion |
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Term
Which of the following would best describe a "spiculated" margin?
A) thin layers
B) surface with sharp points
C) bluntly pointed
D) having bends or turns
E) loss of margin |
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Definition
Answer: B)
spiculated is when the surface with sharp points. this is often used to describe periosteal formations like new bone growths |
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Term
Which of the following would best describe a "palisade" margin?
A) thin layers
B) surface with sharp points
C) bluntly pointed
D) having bends or turns
E) loss of margin |
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Definition
Answer: C)
palisade refers to a fence of stakes, this would be pointed edges that are not sharp enough to be considered spiculated |
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Term
Which of the following would best describe a "tortuous" margin?
A) thin layers
B) surface with sharp points
C) bluntly pointed
D) having bends or turns
E) loss of margin |
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Definition
Answer: D) having bends or turns
- like when describing vessels |
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Term
Which of the following would best describe an "effaced" margin?
A) thin layers
B) surface with sharp points
C) bluntly pointed
D) having bends or turns
E) loss of margin |
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Definition
Answer: E)
when there is no contrast surrounding the margin |
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Term
| What are the "regions" of a long bone? |
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Definition
Epiphysis - rounded edge (articular)
Physis - "growth plate" between epiphysis and metaphysis
Metaphysis- wide, growing part of a long bone that is between diaphysis and epiphysis
Diaphysis- mid section of the bone
Apophysis- independent center of ossification (projection like tubercle)
Prominence |
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Term
| What are the portions of a bone? |
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Definition
Cortex: "meat" of the bone
Medullary cavity: innermost central cavity of bone
Trabecular: spongy bone.
Subchondral: below cartilage
Endosteal: thin connective tissue forming medullary cavity
Periosteal: outermost membrane of bone |
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Term
| What factor maintains the shape of bones? |
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Definition
| The stress from the pull of the muscles on the bone |
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Term
Bone formation and resorption are in constant balance, but in disease one can predominate and predminance can change over the course of disease.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| What categories are used to determine if bone lesions are benign or aggressive based on radiographs? |
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Definition
- cortical bone disruption
- bone lysis pattern
- character of new bone production
- Zone of transition
- soft tissue involvement |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a pattern seen with new bone production?
A) Smooth and solid
B) Spiculation
C) Geographic
D) Amorphorous
E) Palisade |
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Definition
| Answer: c) Geographic patterns are not seen in new bone production, they are seen with bone lysis |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of geographic lysis? |
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Definition
Expansile
cortex not destroyed |
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Term
Which type of lysis typically involves disruption of the bone cortex?
A) Geographic
B) Motheaten
C) Permeative
D) Lamellar |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are the characteristics of aggressive lesions in the zone of transition ? |
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Definition
Poorly defined zone of transition
vague
longer zone |
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Term
Which of the following aspects of a diarthrodial joint opaque on a radiograph?
A) Subchondral bone
B) Articular cartilage
C) Joint capsule
D) Joint cavity (synovial fluid and ligaments)
E) periarticular soft tissue |
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Definition
Answer:
Subchondral bone, joint capsule and periarticular soft tissue are all of relative opacity on radiograph |
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Term
| What are some radiographic signs of joint disease? |
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Definition
- increased joint cavity fluid (increased soft tissue opacity)
- Altered thickness of the joint space
(narrowing = cartilage loss, widening =
- increased fluid volume, loss of ligamental support, lysis)
- altered subchondral bone opacity
- changes in perichondral/ periarticular/chondrosynovial zone (osteophytes)
- Joint displacement/malformation
- intra-articular calcified bodies |
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Term
| What are some causes of widened joint spaces? |
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Definition
- increased synovial fluid volume (early onset)
- loss of ligamental support
- subchondral bone loss
- filling of cavity with fibrous tissue/hypertrophied synovium |
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Term
What would cause increased subchondral bone opacity?
What would cause Decreased subchondral bone opacity? |
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Definition
- increased stress/load which leads to sclerosis = increased opacity
- penetration of inflammatory or infectious products through the articular cartilage causes lysis = Decreased opacity |
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Term
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Definition
New bone growth at the Peri-chondral/periarticular/chondrosynovial zone
This is a sign of joint disease |
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Term
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Definition
It is an area of nw bone growth at the site of insertion of a tendon or ligament.
this is a sign of joint disease |
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Term
Joint malformation can be seen with end stage chronic disease or congenital disease.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different causes of intra-articular calcified bodies? |
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Definition
- Avulsed cartilage or osseous fragments
- osteochondral fragments of a severely diseased joint surface
- Synovial osteochondroma
- Differentiate from sesamoid bones |
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Term
| What are the most common aggressive fungal infections of the bone? |
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Definition
Blastomycosis
coccidiomycosis
apergillus |
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Term
| What are some common differentials for Aggressive Neoplasic Primary bone lesions? |
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Definition
Osteosarcoma
fibrosarcom
chondrosarcoma
hemangiosarcoma
lymphoma
histiocytic sarcoma |
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Term
| What are some common differentials for Aggressive Neoplasic Metastatic bone lesions? |
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Definition
Carcinoma
Melanoma
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Metastatic primary bone lesions |
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Term
| What features need to be described when assessing fractures? |
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Definition
- Completeness
- Number of fracture lines
- Direction of fracture lines
- location of fracture lines
- character of fracture fragments
- relationship of fracture fragments
- soft tissue injury
- associated joint injury |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Which types of salter harris fractures are articular fractures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species has a more triangular olecranon process? |
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Definition
DOG
(cats are more rectangular) |
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Term
| What is the term for a deformity where distal portion of the bone is deviated laterally? |
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Definition
| Valgus (angular deformity) |
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Term
| What is the term for a deformity where distal portion of the bone is deviated medially? |
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Definition
| Varus (angular deformity) |
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