Term
| What seven things should be concentrated on when taking extremities? |
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Definition
1) Measure at thickest area
2) Center at the area of interest
3) If taking long bone, include joint above and below
4) If taking joint, include part of long bone above and below joint
5) Always do at least 2 views
6) Remember label and where to place lead markers
7) Extremities are done on the tablet top so adjust SID |
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Term
| How do you position a forelimb for radius and ulna? |
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Definition
Position-affected limb closest to the cassette, opposite limb pulled caudally out of the way. Use tape or gauze on the distal foot to apply gentle traction. Split film if possible.
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Term
| Where do you measure for a radius and ulna film? |
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Definition
| at the elbow or the thickest part of the radius/ulna |
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Term
| Where do you center a radius and ulna film? |
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Definition
| Middle of radius/ulna or area of interest |
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Term
| What should be included in a radius and ulna film? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the positioning for a crania/caudal radius and ulna? |
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Definition
| Patient in sternal recumbancy with the affected limb pulled cranially. Use tape or gauze to apply gentle traction. A true cranial/caudal places the olecranon between the humeral condyles. |
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Term
| Where do you center a cranial/caudal radius and ulna film? |
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Definition
| Middle of radius/ulna or the area of interest |
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Term
| Where do you measure for a cranial/caudal radius and ulna film? |
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Definition
| Elbow or the thickest area |
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Term
| What should be included in a cranial/caudal radius and ulna film? |
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Definition
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Term
Hind extremity film, metatarsus and phalanges lateral
Position?
Positional aids?
Measure?
Include?
Center? |
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Definition
Position: lateral recumbancy with the affected area closest to the cassette. The opposite limb pulled caudally out of the view. The joint should be in a natural flexed position.
Positional aids: Use tape, gauze, or wooden spoon
Measure: at tarsal joint
Include: tarsal joint, metatarsus, and phalanges
Center: mid-metatarsal region |
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Term
Hind extremity: Metatarsus-Phalanges, Dorsoplantar view
Position?
Center?
Measure?
Include? |
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Definition
Position: sternal recumbancy and the affected limb pulled cranially and away from the body
Center: mid-metatarsal region
Measure: tarsal joint
Include: tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges |
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Term
| The term dorsomedial-platarolateral oblique is in reference to the? |
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Definition
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Term
| The term dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique means tat the x-ray beam is directed at the? |
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Definition
| Dorsal limb aspect, and the film is against the medial side of the limb |
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Term
| Foreshortening occurs when radiographing a long bone, and the? |
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Definition
| Bone is not parallel to the cassette |
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Term
| A lateral projection of a dog's shoulder is made. On the finished radiographic film, the manubrium and the trachea are superimposed over the joint space. How can the animal be repositioned to correct this? |
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Definition
| Extend the head caudodorsally, and draw the contralateral limb farther caudally |
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Term
| The best view of the elbow is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The peripheral borders for an elbow radiograph are? |
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Definition
| 1/3 of the radius/ulna and 1/3 of the humerus |
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Term
| For maximum detail, it is important when radiographing a lateral shoulder or humerus to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a false statement regarding positioning for a lateral view of the shoulder? |
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Definition
| Opposite limb is pulled in a craniodorsal position |
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Term
| To determine if an animal had a ununited anconeal process, the veterinarian would want you to x-ray the? |
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Definition
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Term
| The palmer surface of the forelimb refers to? |
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Definition
| The caudal surface of the forelimb distal to the carpus |
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Term
| When naming a radiographic view, which of the following best describes a DMPaLO of the carpus? |
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Definition
| The beam enters the dorsal/medial surface of the carpus and exits the palmar/lateral surface |
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Term
| When radiographing extremities the beam should be centered? |
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Definition
| Midway on the shaft of the bone of choice |
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Term
Lateral view of the pelvis
Positioning?
Positional aids?
Include?
Good to visualize?
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Definition
Positioning: Lateral recumbency with the side of interest closest to the cassette, limb closest to the cassette should be pulled slightly cranial and the top leg slightly caudal, magnifying the top femur on the finished film
Positional aids: Foam wedge between stifles
Include: The entire pelvis and a portion of the lumbar spine and femur
Visualizes: Luxated hips and lumbar spine |
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Term
Lateral view of the pelvis
Shape?
Landmarks?
Center?
Measure? |
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Definition
Shape: Square
Landmarks: Top of animal to mid femur, lumbar spine to behind the ishium
Center: Greater trochanter of the femur
Measure: Greater trochanter |
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Term
| When should a V/D frog leg be used? |
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Definition
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Term
V/D frog leg
Positioning aids?
Position? |
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Definition
Positioning aids: V-trough
Position: Allow hind legs to assume a relaxed, flexed but identically symmetrical |
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Term
V/D extended
Used for?
Positioning? |
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Definition
Hip dysplasia for OFA
Dorsal recumbency with back in V-trough or sandbags, pelvic limbs flexed in a frog leg and tarsal joints grasped firmly, Stifle joints rotated medially, Stifle joints 1-2 inches from each other, limbs extended caudally until the femurs are parallel with the cassette, Femurs parallel to each other, Patellae centered between femoral condyle, No rotation in pelvis |
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Term
V/D extended
Center?
Landmarks?
Collimate? |
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Definition
Center: over trocanters of femur
Landmarks: top of the ilium to just below the stifles
Collimate: down on width, leaving full length of cassette open |
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Term
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Definition
| 24 months of age or older, independently evaluated by three randomly selected board-certified radiologists, evaluating hip status considering breed, sex, age along with 9 different anatomic areas of the hip. |
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Term
| Descibe the PennHIP method |
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Definition
| More reliable, puts pressure on hips to measure joint laxity, 3 views-standard extended, compression view with a neutral position, and a distraction view, 16 weeks of age |
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Term
| What are four common mistakes when taking pelvis radiographs? |
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Definition
1) Failure to scissor legs on a lateral view. Bottom leg forward, top leg backwards.
2) You must visualize the lumbosacral area as well as the lumbar spine. Especially important in older dogs.
3) The failure to rotate the stifles in a VD position. Puts hips in a "normal" position.
4) Do not try to force the femurs to the tablet top. More painful. |
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Term
| A dog is lying in left lateral recumbency for a pelvis radiograph. The right femur will be? |
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Definition
| More magnified because of decreased focal-film distance and increased object-film distance. |
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Term
| In a lateral pelvic projection the affected limb should be? |
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Definition
| Closest to the film and pulled slightly cranially |
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Term
| The femurs in a hip dysplasia view appear foreshortened. This is likely due to not having the? |
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Definition
| Femurs parallel to the cassette. |
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Term
| The field of view of the pelvis for the OFA includes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary difference between an OFA and a PennHIP evaluation is that? |
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Definition
| PennHIP focuses on the degree of joint laxity using three views |
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Term
| Radiographs of the lateral pelvis should be measured? |
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Definition
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Term
| Positioning the lateral pelvis should include? |
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Definition
| Lower leg perpendicular to the body, and the upper leg positioned caudally |
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Term
| A VD view of the pelvis for hip dysplasia evaluation should not show which of the following? |
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Definition
| Stifles rotated laterally |
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Term
T-L Spine V/D
Measure?
Center?
Landmarks?
Collimate? |
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Definition
Measure: At the T-L junction
Center: Halfway between landmarks
Landmarks: Xiphoid to last rib
Collimate: Tight laterally to increase detail |
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Term
T-L spine Lateral
Positioning?
Measure?
Center?
Landmarks? |
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Definition
Positioning: Lateral recumbancy with front and rear legs extended. Elevate sternum with a foam wedge to eliminate rotation. To prevent rotation, keep the sternum and thoracic spine should be the same distance from the table.
Measure: 7th rib
Center: T-L juncture
Landmarks: Xiphoid to last rib |
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Term
| For cervical studies you should center the primary beam at? |
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Definition
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Term
| When taking cervical radiographs one should measure at? |
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Definition
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Term
| An important radiographic aid used during lateral cervical radiographs is? |
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Definition
| Radiolucent positioner under the midcervical region |
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Term
| For V/D thoracic spine radiographs you would measure at? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lumbar radiographs series should be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lumbar V/D radiographs should be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where should the primary beam be centered when radiographing the canine lumbar spine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where should the primary beam be centered for a lateral view of the canine thoracic spine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thorax needs what type of contrast? |
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Definition
| Low contrast, long grey scale using high kVp, low mAs exposure factors using less than 1/60th exposure factor to reduce motion. |
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Term
What exposure changes should be made for obese animals?
Thin animals? |
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Definition
Obese: increase in mAs
Thin: decrease in kVp |
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Term
| What is the correct positioning for thoracic films? |
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Definition
Superimpositions of the paired dorsal rib arches
Sternum and spine superimposed
Obliqued, spinous processes extend laterally away from the spine. Obliques can cause artifacts such as cardiac enlargement or mediastinal shift |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac silhouette appears longer |
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Term
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Definition
| Peripheral pulmonary arteries and veins in the cranial lung fields |
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Term
Lateral Thorax
Positioning?
Landmarks?
Measure?
Center? |
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Definition
Positioning: Extend front legs very far cranially to remove superimposition of the triceps over the cranial aspect of the thorax, hind limbs pulled caudally, extend the head slightly to avoid displacing the trachea. Use a foam wedge, Elevate the sternum with a towel or wedge to prevent rotation
Landmarks: Thoracic inlet-behind 13th rib including xiphoid process
Measure: standing in a natural postion at the caudal border of the scapula
Center: caudal aspect of the scapula |
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