Term
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Definition
| The use of ionizing radiation for medical diagnosis, especially the use of x-rays in medical radiography or fluoroscopy |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic imaging technique utilizing reflected high-frequency sound waves to delineate, measure, or examine internal bidy structures or organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimally invasive and allows direct visualization of the inside of a patient's body through the use of fiberoptics |
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Term
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Definition
| High-energy stream of electromagnetic radiation having a frequency higher than that of a gamma ray |
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Term
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Definition
| The thin, membraneous tissue that lines most of the internal and external surfaces of an animal's body |
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Term
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Definition
| Left, the patient's left side or limb |
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Term
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Definition
| Right, the patient's right side or limb |
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Term
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Definition
| Dorsal, the upper parts of the body including the top of the head, neck, back, and tail |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventral, The lower parts of the body including the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and tail |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventral, The lower parts of the body including the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and tail |
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Term
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Definition
| Palmar, the forelimb from the carpal joint distally (away from the body) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plantar, the hind limb from the tarsal joint distally (away from the body) |
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Term
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Definition
| Medial, the inner surface of a limb toward the center of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral, the outer surface of a limb away from the center of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial, any point toward the head |
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Term
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Definition
| Caudal, any point toward the tail |
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Term
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Definition
| Distal, any point on the limb or tail away from the trunk (torso) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proximal, any point on the limb or tail toward the trunk (torso) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rostral, Parts of the head located toward the nostrils or tip of the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| Oblique, at 45 degree angle, between a horizontal and perpendicular angle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior, anteroposterior is often used in place of caniocaudal, dorsopalmar, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior, posteroanterior is often used in place of caudocranial |
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Term
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Definition
| Simplistic insturment that is used to measure the thickness of a patient's anatomical part in order to determine the exposure and thus produce a precise radiograph. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occus when a portion of the radiation from the primary x-ray beam is not absorbed by the object or matter being radiograped |
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Term
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Definition
| scatter radiation is reduced by using the lowest kV setting possible without compromising the quality of the radiograph |
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Term
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Definition
| A device capable of collimating radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Another tool used to decrease scatter radiation is the x-ray machine's collimator |
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Term
| Compression or Bucky band |
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Definition
| This is a band of cloth, spproximately 7-12" in width. It is place across the patient with one end secured on one side of the x-ray table and the other end fitting into a roller on the opposite side of the table. When the roller is turned, the band is tightened across the animal |
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Term
| Rare-earth intensifying screens |
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Definition
| Calcium tungstate screens and the newer rare-earth screens |
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Term
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Definition
| A grid is a flat plate, approximately 2-4mm rhick, made in various film sizes and constructed of fine strips of lead which alternate with strips of either plastic or aluminum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A table with predetermine x-ray machine settings that enables the radiographer to select the correct machine settings based on the thickness of tissue and of the anatomical portion of the body to be radiographed |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum kilovoltage applied across an x-ray tube |
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Term
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Definition
| Milliamperes are a unity of (electrical) current that is equal to one thousandth (10-3) of an ampere |
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Term
| Milliamperes-seconds (mAs) |
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Definition
| determined by multiplying the mA by the amount of time in seconds, the mAs indicates the exposure time in fractions of a second |
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Term
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Definition
| The time during which the anode is positively charged. The longer the exposure time, the greater the number of x-ray photons |
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Term
| Film Focus Distance (FFD) |
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Definition
| Also refered to as focus film distance, focal-film distance, and sometimes source-image distance (SID); the FFD is the distance between the x-ray beam source and the film. It is usually set to 36-40 inches but when using grid or Bucky technique (meaning a grid is used) instead of a tabletop or TT technique (meaning without a grid), the x-ray tbale must be lowered approximately 6 inches |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheet of crystals of inorganic slats (called phosphors) which emit fluorescent light when excited by x-ray radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of or separation into ions by heat, electrical discharge, radiation, or chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Emission of radiation especially by way of light; they thus can assist in recording an image of what they penetrate and manipulate |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to light but of shorter wavelength and capable of penetrating solids and of ionizing gases. Between gamma rays and ultraviolet rays |
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Term
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Definition
| The most energetic radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum; it has the lowest wavelength and the highest frequency in the spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| An area that is not or is only partially irradiated or illuminated because of the interception of radiation by an opaque object between the area and the source of radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid electric conductor whicch an electric current enters or leaves an electrolytic cell or medium |
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Term
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Definition
| A negatively-charged electrode, as of an electrolyitc cell, a storage battery, or an electrolytic tube |
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Term
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Definition
| A positively charge electrode, as of an electrolytic cell, storage battery, or electron tube |
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Term
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Definition
| A high-resistance wire or ribbin forming the cathode in some thermionic tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| A heavy gray-white metallic element; the pure form is used mainly in electrical applications |
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Term
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Definition
| Point where the electron beam interacts with the anode |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a substance that enhances the visibility of tissues and organs in the body during a radiograph |
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Term
| Radiopaque or Positive Contrast Media |
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Definition
| Is dense material and shows up whit eon a developed radiograph (i.e. barium for the digestive tract, iodine for the ciculatory system) |
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Term
| Radiolucent or Negative Contrast Media |
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Definition
| Is transparent material and shows up black on a developed radiograph (i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide) |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in radiology when standing radiographs are taken; small lead balls fall toward gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| A light bulb shielded by a red filter that does not affect x-ray film |
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Term
| Automatic film processing |
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Definition
| Utilizing a free-standing machine called an automatic film processor, radiographic film is developed, rinsed, fixed, and dried automatically and almost instantly (in approximately 90 seconds). The processor must be kept and used in the darkroom |
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Term
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Definition
| This method requires manual development by the veterinary assistant using multiple instruments and chemicals. This process is also done in the darkroom by the veterinary assitant |
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Term
| Cassettes, AKA film holders |
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Definition
| Light-tight containers which are designed to hold x-ray films and intensifying screens in close contact. Most common type is the rigid cassette |
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Term
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Definition
| made of cardboard or plastic and are usually only used when intense detail is necessary for radiographic examination |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique in which x-ray absorption is quantified by assignment of a number to the amount of x-rays reaching the detector; the information is manipulated by a computer to produce an optimal image |
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Term
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Definition
| Is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures and possible pathologies or lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| Ultrasonic sound; the use of ultrasonic waves for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, specifically to visualize an internal body structure, monitor a developing fetus, or generate localized deep heet to the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Of or relating to acoustic frequencies above the range audible to the human ear, or above approximately 20,000 hertz |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A device that receives a signal in the form of one type of energy and converts it to a signal in another form |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapidity or speed of motion; specifically, the distance traveled per untit time. Velocity = Wavelength x Frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| Electricity produced by mechanical pressure on certain crystals (notably quartz or Rachelle salt); alternatively, electrostatic stress produces a change in the linear dimensions of the crystal |
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Term
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Definition
| A crystal that can be used as a transducer |
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Term
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Definition
| A medical procedure in which an instrument called an endoscope is used for examining visually the interior of a bodily canal or a hollow organ such as the colon, bladder, or stamach |
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Term
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Definition
| A flexible fiveroptic bundle with an eyepiecce at one end and a lens at the other |
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Term
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Definition
| An instrument for cutting and removing a disk of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| An instrument used with endoscopy which permits removal of small, round and smooth foreign bodies, usually from the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
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Definition
| Endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Endoscopy of the lower respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Endoscopy of the urinary tract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Endoscopy of the abdominal or pelvic cavity (through a small incision) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endoscopy of the thorax (through a small incision) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the physical make-up of the animal's organs and includes color, size, shape, appearance, and location of organs |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the function separately and as a system |
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Term
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Definition
| Integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, cardiovascular or circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary or excretory system, nervous system, reproductive system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles, tendons, and ligaments |
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Term
| Cardiovascular or Circulatory system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder, rectum, and anus |
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Term
| Urinary or Excretory system |
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Definition
| Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain, spinal cord vertebrae, and all the nerves that communicate from the skin and internal organs to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Male-penis, vas deferens, testicles; Female-uterus, uterine horns, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The innermost layer of skin |
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Term
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Definition
| The skeletal system of most mammals and vertebrates can be divided into two major groups: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including sweat glands modified for milk production, and by the presence of hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain. Also , all mammals other than the monotremes (mammals that lay eggs), give birth to live young instead of laying eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of the subphylum vertebrata (species with backbones or spinal columns), vertebrates consist of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (including humans) |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes all living tetrapods, or four-legged vertebrates, that do not have amniotic eggs, are ectothermic (term for animals whose body heat is regulated by the external environment; previously known as cold-blooded), and generally spend part of their time in water |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones, cartliage of the skull, spine, sternum, and ribs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The central support system for the frame of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cartilage, or non-vascular connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The first cervical vertebra, also known as C1 |
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Term
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Definition
| The joint that connects the head to the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| The second cervical vertebra, C2 |
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Term
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Definition
| The second section of vertebrae, the backbones |
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Term
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Definition
| The cage-like cavity formed by the ribs from he thoracic vertebrae (dorsal aspect) to the front (ventral aspect) of the chest bone |
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Term
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Definition
| The ribs that do not attach to the sternum from the dorsal side to the ventral side |
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Term
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Definition
| The third section of vertebrae. 7 lumbar vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| The last thoracic vertebra, T13, meet the first lumbar vertebrae, L1 |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth section of the vertebrae. There are three fused sacral vertebrae in the pelvic region of the dog and cat |
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Term
| Coccygeal vertebrae or caudal vertebrae |
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Definition
| The fifth section of the vertebral column. These bones make up the tail. |
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Term
| Appendicular skeleton consists of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| AKA the forelimbs, are those that support the animals that walk on all four legs |
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Term
| Bones of the forelimbs from proximal to distal |
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Definition
| Scapula (shoulder blades), Humerus, Radius, Ulna (the proximal end makes up the elbows), Carpus (similar the the wrist in humans), metacarpus, Phalanges (similar the the fingers in humans) |
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Term
| Bones of the back limbs or pelvic limbs from proximal to distal |
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Definition
| Pelvis (consists of 3 bones:the illium, ischium, and the pubis), Femur (thigh bone), Patella (knee cap), Stifle (knee joint formed by the distal end of the femur and proximal end of the tibia), Tibia, Fibula, Tarsus (proximal end forms the hock, or ankle), Metatarsus, Phalanges (bones of the toes) |
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Term
| Approximate number of bones in the dog |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximate number of bones in the cat |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscular system's main function |
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Definition
| To move the whole body externally and the muscular organs internally |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Usually attached to bones by tendons, this type of muscle responds to nerve impulses from the brain. This muscle type is voluntary, meaning they are consciously controlled. They move the limbs, ears, eyes, and other organs that communicate with the brain function |
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Term
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Definition
| Only found in the heart, this type of muscle is involuntary because it is not under conscious control. The cardiac muscle cells have a naturally-occuring contractile rhythm where no external nerve supply from the brain is needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in organs of the body like the intestines that move in a wave-like motion to move food down the digestive tract, this type of muscle can be voluntary or involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Through the entire body, excluding the heart and lungs |
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Term
| Main purpose of the cardiovascular system or circulatory system |
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Definition
| To transport oxygenated blood to all the cells of the body and bring deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to release carbon dioxide waste and pick up new oxygen molecules to take back to all the body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The first type of blood vessels of the circulatory system that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, arteries are buried deep in the body because of their size. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second types of blood vessels in the circulatory system, these tiny vessels are located throughout the entire body and allow substances to move freely between the cellular fluids around the blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The third type of blood vessels of the circulatory system, veins pick up blood from the capillaries and carry waste and carbon dioxide back to the heart and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| The two upper chambers of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| The two lower chambers of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest artery in the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Main function of the respiratory system |
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Definition
| Exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen for the blood to supply throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The intake of oxygen-rich blood and exchange of carbon dioxide-rich blood between the blood and the body's cells, tissues, and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the blood in the lungs with inhaled air |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilaginoius (cartilage) rings |
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Definition
| What makes the traches and keeps it from collapsing, especially on inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Large air sacs that expand to intake oxygen and contract to push out carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| The branches that come off the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The actual site of carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheet-like muscle that separates the thoracic or chest organs from the abdominal organs, contracts and enlarges the thorax |
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Term
| The digestive system's main function |
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Definition
| Break food down and digest it |
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Term
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Definition
| Tube that leads to the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Pouch where food is broken down into smaller particles by hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Any mammal that digests food in two steps, first by eating the raw material and regurgitating a semi-digested form known as cud from within their first stomach, known as the rumen. The process of re-chewing the cud to break down the plant matter and stimulate digestion is called ruminating. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tube-like structure that connects the stomach to the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| A balloon like sac nestled between the lover lobes that stores bile until needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, bile aids in the digestion of fats when released into the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| Attatched to the small intestines; the pancreas has two functions. First to aid in digestion of fats in the small intestine. Second to produce a hormone called insulin that maintains blood sugar levels in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Recieves undigested material, extracts excess water as needed for the body, and delivers the byproduct or fecal matter to the colon |
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Term
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Definition
| Most caudal opening of the digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
| A very important organ of the body and has hundreds of functions essential for life; in digestion, it produces enzymes in the form of bile to aid in digestion. The liver also stores fat-soluble vitamins, detoxifies waste and toxins from the blood stream and aids in producing clotting factors |
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Term
| Responsible for filtering byproducts, waste, and toxins from the blood |
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Definition
| Urinary system/Excretory system |
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Term
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Definition
| Filters out the toxins and distributes them into the urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Urinary sac for temporary strage of urine |
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Term
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Definition
| Two muscular tubes, one from each kidney that distribute the toxins into the urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Tube connected to the caudal urinary bladder and ending where urine exits the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The control system of the central nervous system, stored in the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| A tubular bundle of nerves that are an extension of teh central nervous system and are protected by the vertebral column; the main function on the spinal cord is to deliver nerve impulses from the brain to the entire body and back |
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Term
| Main function of the reproductive system |
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Definition
| The survival of the species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Produce milk for the young |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of production of the unfertilized eggs where many of the hormones for pregnancy and heat cycles arise |
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Term
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Definition
| Proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus |
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Term
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Definition
| Often used for evaluation of bony structures and soft tissues |
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Term
| Mrdical sonography (ultrasonography) |
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Definition
| An ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time tomographic images |
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Term
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| Primarily used in medical imaging to visualize the structure and function of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Medical imaging method employing tomography |
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