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Radilology
Veterinary Imagine Basics - Test 2
52
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
06/18/2012

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Cards

Term
3 questions to ask for light and darkness of a radiograph
Definition
1) Is it under or overexposes
2) Is there proper x-ray penetration
3) Is the contract appropriate
Term
2 primary questions to ask when evaluating a radiograph
Definition
1) Is the film too light or too dark?
2) Is the density suitable?
Term
3 Distortion Rules
Definition
1) Place object as close to the cassette as possible
2) Make sure area of interest is parallel to the cassette
3) Center primary beam and insure it is perpendicular to the cassette
Term
Foreshortening
Definition
When the object is not parallel to the film. Causes object to appear shorter than it really is.
Term
Elongation
Definition
X-ray tube not perpendicular to the object. Causes object to appear longer than it really is.
Term
Magnification
Definition
Object not as close to film as possible. Object appears larger than it really is.
Term
3 Radiographic Distortions
Definition
Foreshortening, Elongation, Magnification
Term
Image sharpness is affected by...
Definition
Motion, geometric and material unsharpness
Term
High = Short = Low = High
Contrast Scale KVP MAS
Definition
Term
Low = Long = High = Low
Contrast Scale KVP MAS
Definition
Term
2 areas of film contrast
Definition
Wide Latitude - needs large changes, less sensitive
Short Latitude - needs minor changes, more sensitive
Term
Low Contrast Variables
Definition
1) Gradual changes in black and white
2) Many shades of gray
3) Long scale contrast - soft tissue
Term
High Contrast Variables
Definition
1) Abrupt changes in b&w
2) Mostly b&w, little gray
3) Short Scale (orthopedics)
Term
Other factors affecting radiographic contrast...
Definition
Tissue density and thickness
Term
Radiographic Contrast
Definition
The difference between 2 adjacent densities; describes the variation in density.
Term
Variables affecting film density
Definition
1) KvP
2) SID
3) Processing
4) Film brand
Term
Radiolucent...
Definition
Black on film
Term
Radioopaque...
Definition
White on film
Term
4 factors that affect a radiographic image
Definition
1) MA
2) KVP
3) Time
4) Distance
Term
3 factors affecting x-ray penetration
Definition
1) Wavelength
2) Subject composition
3) Tissue thickness
Term
Diagnostic radiograph characteristics
Definition
1) Sufficient density
2) Sufficient contrast
3) Sufficient definition
4) Sufficient penetration
Term
Radiographic quality is based on...
Definition
Density, contrast, definition
Term
3 types of intensifying screens
Definition
1) Rare-earth
2) Hi-Plus
3) Ultra-Detail
Term
Rare Earth Screen details
Definition
1) High speed
2) Larger crystals
3) Higher cost
4) Combined high speed with good resolution
Term
Key Issues when filing film
Definition
1)keep for at least 7 years
2) Patient name, owner name, date, view
Term
Film ID should include...
Definition
1) Name of hospital
2) Owner name
3) pet name
4) Date
5) View
Term
3 legal methods for ID'ing Film
Definition
1) Lead letters on cassette
2) Lead labeling tape
3) Photoimprinter
Term
Automatic processing advantages
Definition
1) Reduces drying/developing time
2) Reduces artifacts
3) More consistency in processing
4) Less expertise required
Term
Automatic processing disadvantages
Definition
1) Higher cost
2) Ongoing maintenance
Term
Washing
Definition
1) Removes fixer
2) Inadequate time can cause artifacts
Term
Fixer (clearing agent)
Definition
1) Removes unexposed silver halide crystals
Term
Rinse & Bath
Definition
Removes developer
Term
Developing Process
Definition
Reduces exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic crystals
Term
Film Processing Order
Definition
1) Develop
2) Rinse
3) Fix
4) Wash
5) Dry
Term
Dark Room Essentials
Definition
1) Keep organized
2) Light proof
3) Keep clean
4) Well ventilated
Term
Parallel Grid
Definition
Lead strips perpindicualar to the table
Term
Focus Grid
Definition
Lead is parallel to the natural beam
Term
Criss cross grid
Definition
Are superimposed on each other, cross-hatch patter - make sure beam is parallel to grid
Term
What a grid does
Definition
1) Absorbs back-scatter radiation
2) Produces better contrast
Term
Storing of film
Definition
1) Store vertically
2) Cool, low humidity
3) check exp. dates
4) avoid formalin, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide
Term
Slow speed film specs
Definition
1) High detail
2) Small crystals
3) Increased exposure time
4) Increased detail
5) Greater latitude for exp. factors
Term
Medium speed film specs
Definition
1) Par (standard) film
2) Most common
3) Medium sized crystals
4) Medium exposure
5) Medium detail
Term
Fast speed film specs
Definition
1) Considered ultaspeed
2) Large, silver halide crystals
3) Less resolution
4) Less exposure needed
Term
Non-screen film specs
Definition
1) More sensitive to x-rays than visible light
2) Need more x-rays to expose
3) Increased detail
4) Common for dental x-rays
Term
Screen film specs
Definition
1) Silver halide crystals
2) Need less x-rays to develop
3) Sensitive to blue light
4) Rare Earth screens sensitive to green light
Term
2 types of film
Definition
Screen and non-screen
Term
Ultra Detail Screen
Definition
1) Slow speed
2) Smaller crystals
3) Excellent resolution
4) Great for orthopedics
Term
Hi-Plus Screen
Definition
1) Most common
2) Medium sized crystals
3) Medium speed
4) Average resolution
5) Good for general x-rays
Term
Functions of the cassette
Definition
1) provide close contact between film and screen
2) Light-proof container
3) Protect screen and film
Term
Functions of the intensifying screen
Definition
1) Line front and back of cassette
2) Plastic sheet coated with phospor material
3) Emits light when exposed to x-rays
4) Reduces amount of raditation required.
Term
High Speed Screens
Definition
1) Larger crystals
2) Less radiation needed
3) Poor resolution
4) Grainier
Term
Slow Speed Screens
Definition
1) Smaller crystals
2) More radiation needed
3) Better resolution
4) Less graininess
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