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Quiz #1
Chapter 1
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/23/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
developmental systems perspective
Definition

human development is the product of changing relations between the developing person and his or her changing multilevel environmental contexts

 

(interactions between all our biological characteristics and the environment determine development)

Term
epigenesis
Definition
  • development is the result of an ongoing, biderectional interchange between one's biological characteristics and the environment
  • suggests interdependence of heredity and the environment
Term
quantitative change
Definition

change in number or amount

(height, weight, reaction time)

Term
qualitative change
Definition

refers to a change in structure or organization, as marked by the emergence of a new behavior

 

(change in the process characteristics of balance and walking)

Term
motor development
Definition
the study of change in motor behavior resulting from the interaction of biological processes and the environment
Term
life-span perspective
Definition
the developmental process is continuous and observable from conception to the final stage in human life; based on the theory that the developmental process extends beyond puberty and young adulthood
Term
multidisciplinary approach
Definition
behavior in any domain (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor) is the product of many influences
Term
Heredity
Definition
set of qualities fixed at birth that account for many individual traits and characteristics
Term
growth
Definition
changes in quantity (increase in body size)
Term
development
Definition
process of change in the individual's level of functioning (quantitative or qualitative)
Term
maturation
Definition

when specific biological events occur; underlying timetable of developmental events

 

Term
motor behavior
Definition
the product of biological characteristics and environmental influence and refers to observable changes in learning and performing particular movement or skill
Term
cephalocaudal development
Definition
growth that proceeds longitudinally from the head to feet
Term

proximodistal development 

 

Definition
is growth that proceeds from the center of the body to its periphery
Term
environmental contexts
Definition
the circumstances, objects, or conditions by which on is surrounded
Term
affordances
Definition

are opportunities for action that objects, events, or places in the environment provide

(toys, stairs, swimming)

Term
developmentally appropriate
Definition
refers to the instruction and practice of activities appropriate for the level and needs of the individual
Term
aging
Definition
has been characterized as the deteriorated capacity to regulate the internal environment, resulting in a reduced probability of survival 
Term
stages
Definition
periods when common developmental milestones for each of us occur
Term
phase
Definition
or sequence, may also describe qualitative transitions over time that generally are not strictly affixed at a certain age level
Term
individual differences
Definition
constitute the variation in human appearance and behavior
Term
critical period
Definition
refers to an optimal time for the emergence of certain developmental processes and behaviors
Term
sensitive period
Definition
reflects a time in the life span when individuals may be especially sensitive to specific influences 
Term
plasticity
Definition
capacity for change
Term
periods of life-span development
Definition
representing approximate chronological age behavior
Term
developmental continuum
Definition
life span motor behavior by depicting the relationship of behavior to specific age related stages and phases
Term
cross sectional design
Definition
 observe age differences by selecting individuals who represent different age groups aand measuring their behavior
Term
longitudinal design
Definition
collecting data on the same individual over an extended period of time, usually across several years
Term
microgenetic design
Definition
change is tracked over a series of sessions from the time it begins until it stabilizes, as subjects master an expected novel or task
Term
sequential design
Definition
includes elements from longitudinal and cross-sectional design that allows the researcher to study several different aged samples over a period of years
Term
MRI
Definition
radio signal in a magnetic field; provides an anatomical view of the brain
Term
EEG
Definition
measures changes in brain function
Term
TMS
Definition
stimulates corticospinal neurons
Term
fNIR
Definition
measuring levels of neuronal activity
Term
Jean Piaget
Definition
has had perhaps the single greatest effect on modern developmental psychology
Term
pre-operational thought
Definition
before you really start thinking you are figuring it out
Term
concrete operations
Definition
  • concrete objects associated with thought
  • starting to put cognitions with operations
  • ex: "the ball rolls" "i can see you therefore you exist"
Term
formal operations
Definition

 

  • abstract thought
  • "picturing something in your mind"
Term
bioecological systems theory
Definition
emphasizes the broad range of situations and contexts individuals may encounter
Term
Gibson's ecological perspective
Definition
provides insight into important question in motor development: how do individuals perceive and act on information in the environment?
Term
information-processing view
Definition
one of the dominant approaches in cognitive psychology and motor behavior; depicts the mind as a system through which information flows
Term
developmental biodynamics
Definition
represents an interdisciplinary attempt to integrate promising theories and findings related to the behavioral study of perception and action
Term
synergies
Definition
classes of movement patterns involving collections (groups) of muscle joint variables that act as basic units in the regulation and control of movement
Term
Newell's (constraints) model
Definition
is an excellent approach to observing and studying motor behavior across the life span from an ecological perspective
Term
schema
Definition
an organization of characteristics that you come up with in your mind to organize thoughts
Term
adaptation
Definition
assimilation and accomodation; learning
Term
assimilation
Definition
when new information doesnt fit we bring it in to a group by calling it something else
Term
accomodation
Definition
restructuring and making a new category for a new thing
Term
sensorimotor
Definition
primary goal of this is to separate self from surroundings
Term
birth - 1month
Definition
reflexes are primary vehicle for infant to acquire information (put it in their mouth)
Term
1-3 months
Definition

primary circular reactions; infant is learning to coordinate vision with manual movements through reflex-like movements

 

ex- moves arm and by chance touches toy - jingles, happens again and again and finally there is a connection

Term
3-9 months
Definition

Secondary circular reactions (emotional response) play and emotion begin. infant begins to voluntarily repeat motions that have a pleasurable result

(SENSITIVE PERIOD)

 

ex: lifts arms to adults to be picked up

Term
8-12 months
Definition

Application: intentional means - end behavior develops, infant begins to plan behavior

 

ex: playing catch --> imitation is a vehicle for learning

Term
12-18 months
Definition

tertiary circular reactions: trial and error exploration of new means

 

ex- ways to use a toy: throw it, shake it, eat it

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