Term
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Definition
-those who opposed the vaccination acts in Britain, became a major social movement against the state
-public was not convinced that vaccines were safe, effective, and necessary
-thought it was against scripture, aimed only at the poor, religiously dissident, and socially marginal, and it spread diseases not stopped them
-movement in the US was supported by conservatives, libertarians, ethnic and religious minorities, outsiders lacking access to government officials
-late 20th century in US people well aware of herd immunity and didnt want to risk immunization to their kids well being |
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Term
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Definition
-Britain allowing exemption from vaccination based on the belief that it was medically unsafe in 1898
-procedure of gaining this was difficult and costly. Child needed to be less than 4 months old and needed an exemption certificate to not be fined.
-today in US many states allow exemptions for religious, medical, or philosophical reasons. Miss. and Virg. do not allow religious |
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Term
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Definition
-Director General of Public health Dr Oswaldo Cruz in Brazil created these brigades to enter homes and exterminate mosquitoes
-led to many forceful brigades to vaccinate people from smallpox |
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Term
| Vaccine revolt of Rio de Janeiro |
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Definition
-Brazil congress passed mandatory vaccination law in October 1904, opposition created the League Against Mandatory Vaccination
-revolt against forceful vaccination in Brazil, urban public rioted in November of 1904
-government immediately suspended the mandatory vaccination law |
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Term
| Jacobson vs. Massachusetts |
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Definition
-Rev. Henning Jacobson refused vaccination in 1902 because liberty was being invaded and vaccination violated the 14th amendment
-Supreme court ruled that states and cities have the police power to compel vaccination of adults as well as kids b/c they have a real and substantial relation to the protection of the public heath. Otherwise be fined for not getting vaccinated
-the liberty secured by the constitution of the US to every person does not import an absolute right to each person to be at all times free from restraint |
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Term
| decentralized public health |
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Definition
-To distribute the administrative functions or powers of (a central authority) among several local authorities
-could prevent the development of a system that fully protects the public
-consider the proportion of spending on health at a local and state level |
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Term
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Definition
-first of the 2 acts passed in Britain. This one made vaccination compulsory, no escape
-caused a widespread opposition by anti-vaccinationists |
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Term
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Definition
-where participants have a choice of whether to be regulated rather than mandatory
-regulate policies in industries |
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Term
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Definition
-tall pipe tower that vents bad industrial fumes into the air where in will dilute with the clean air
-takes concentrated toxic matter and mixes with clean air to make it less concentrated and less toxic
-needs to be tall enough to not fumigate the area at the base |
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Term
| most dangerous occupations |
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Definition
-in 2011 of US it ranked: fisherman, loggers, airplane pilots, sanitation workers, roofers, iron workers, farmers/ranchers, truckers/deliverymen, electrical power linemen, taxi drivers
-most dangerous while on the job
-new machines/technologies created to decrease these, also new manual labor laws |
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Term
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Definition
-representatives of workers in many industries in the United States
-activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provision |
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Term
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Definition
-children worked in UK mines and factories until these in 1841
-many worked barefoot and occasionally were ground up in textile machines |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs when a society's living standards go down (wages, health, longevity, and consumption all decline)
-in 1750-1870 urban workers in industrial cities were filled with disease and the labor extracted in factories was exhausting
-changed after the 1870's |
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Term
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Definition
-1980 video, watched on youtube in class
-workers efforts against inhumane working conditions and child labor |
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Term
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Definition
-a leading expert in the field of occupational health
-a pioneer in the field of toxicology, studying occupational illnesses and the dangerous effects of industrial metals and chemical compounds on the human body
-"shoe leather epidemiology"
-findings were scientifically persuasive and influenced reforms, both voluntary and regulatory, to improve the health of worker |
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Term
| current meningitis outbreak |
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Definition
-October 2012 outbreak of fungal meningitis in the US
-infections of the lining tissue of the brain and spinal cord
-traced outbreak to contaminated medication used for epidural steroid injections
-FDA not authorized to regulate compounding pharmacies in which this medication came from |
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Term
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Definition
-the creation of a particular pharmaceutical product to fit the unique needs of a patient
-licensed and regulated by their respective state like all other pharmacies
-seldom tested, can cause contamination |
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Term
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Definition
-Food and Drug Administration
-origin under Harvey Washington Wiley
-Large drug companies are FDA inspected & must keep track of who has handled their raw materials while compounding pharmacies are not bound by similar guidelines |
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Term
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Definition
-misbranding of food or drugs
-different ingredients, make them of less strength quality or purity, not what the label says
-Wiley Act prohibited the transport of food that had been altered like this |
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Term
| United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) |
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Definition
-where the standard of strength quality or purity for active ingredients for drugs are listed
-ingredients of drugs must be listed here or on the label to fill requirements of Wiley Act
-also sets standards for food ingredients and dietary supplements. |
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Term
| fungal meningitis scandal |
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Definition
-many deaths occurring currently because of spinal injections of contaminated drug
-thousands of vials distributed
-spotlight on compounding pharmacies
-FDA is investigating |
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Term
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Definition
-started research into adulterated food and drugs
-Act named after him which prohibits transport of adulterated food and drugs
-origin of FDA started with him |
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Term
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Definition
-a period of social activism and political reform that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s
-one of the main goals was purification of government and tried to eliminate corruption by exposing and undercutting political machines and bosses |
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Term
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Definition
| -a separation of species once shared by old and new worlds as a result of continental drift |
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Term
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Definition
-a movement of plants, animals, human populations, pathogens, and ideas between Europe and American after 1492
-slave trade, Africans forcibly moved to north and south america |
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Term
| "Hawaiian depopulation as a model for the Amerindian experience" |
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Definition
| -chapter of "Epidemics and Ideas" written by A.W. Crosby |
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Term
| smallpox (in American context) |
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Definition
-disease brought to new world and slowly killed off most of the native americans
-many leaders died from it during the conquest of Aztec capital in Mexico City |
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Term
| syphilis (in European context) |
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Definition
-still considered the French disease
-men on columbus's ship had sexual relations with women in new world but this population is never mentioned during spread of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
-epidemics to populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless
-importance in history is strong evidence that a number of dangerous maladies-smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever spread to new world |
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Term
| "90 percent after 50 years of contact" |
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Definition
-percentage of native american populations in every part of the americas to die off within a certain number of years
-Europeans replacing native american people from old world diseases killing off new world people
-no records of original population so this is an estimated number
-this was the opposite of public health |
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Term
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Definition
-a gradual reunification of dispersed species as a result of European voyages of exploration and conquest around the world after 1492 CE
-species of new world and old world were being intermixed |
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Term
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Definition
-nicknamed the spanish flu
-pandemic that spread across the world
-effected all ages, even those who were perfectly healthy, not just infants and elderly |
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Term
| WWI (as referring to influenza) |
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Definition
- 1918 influenza killed more people than this event
-16 million deaths vs 50 million
-illness kills more than war |
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Term
| San Francisco flu vaccine |
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Definition
| -offered free to veterans |
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Term
| International health conferences, 1851-1903 |
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Definition
-stimulated by cholera epidemics
-spans transit from sanitation to bacteriology
-US participated in several and hosted 1881 conference |
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Term
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Definition
-the diseases and medical issues that arise from European contact with distant populations
-findings think that todays generation will live 3 years longer |
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Term
| International Office of Public Hygiene |
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Definition
-formed in Paris in 1907 then dissolved in 1946 when WHO formed
-investigated outbreaks of diseases in surrounding countries so they could send out warnings to the people, prepare for upcoming outbreaks |
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Term
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Definition
-one of the earliest famine scales developed by the British in 1880s
-defined three levels of food insecurity: near-scarcity, scarcity, and famine
-created an Indian Famine commission to create ways to prevent and avoid future famine in India |
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Term
| El Nino weather disturbances |
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Definition
-phrase for a climate change in the surface of the ocean
-increase in temp can cause atmostpheric shifts in energy and cause severe weather
-decrease can cause weather effects too
-related to public health because the changes in temp can monitored and predicted, just like disease outbreaks |
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Term
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Definition
-an ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of evolutionary theory to sociology and politics
-often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones |
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Term
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Definition
-african origin
-passed to new world from colonial trade between West Africa, Caribbean islands, North American
-new world mosquito species competent to transmit old world pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
-English physician who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine
-often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other man"
-In 1979, the WHO declared smallpox an eradicated disease b/c of coordinated public health efforts by many people, but vaccination was an essential component |
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Term
| surveillance-containment strategy |
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Definition
-the central strategy for containing an outbreak of smallpox
-sometimes called ring vaccination
-identify cases of smallpox, vaccinate their household and other close contacts, then also vaccinate close contacts of the primary household and close contacts to the case
-if the primary contacts developed smallpox despite vaccination, their close contacts would already be protected and the chain of transmission would have been broken. |
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Term
| religious resistance to polio vaccine |
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Definition
-many African nations still follow traditional religions and refuse immunization
-UNICEF efforts to turn these beliefs back
-this disease has been eradicated from much of the world but still appears in many areas of Africa |
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Term
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Definition
-vaccination campaigns in 19th and 20th century led to this
-announced by WHO
-one of 2 diseases to be eradicated, no need for vaccinations once eradicated |
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Term
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Definition
-major public health concern in Africa
-learning from people who are able to live healthily with HIV, immune system differences
-some sex workers who are unable to contract it, learning from them too
-accounts for 79% of world AIDS deaths |
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