Term
| What is the alternate name for Avian Influenza? |
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Definition
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Term
| What virus causes Avian Influenza? |
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Definition
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Term
| What viral family does Avian Influenza Virus belong? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Avian influenza enveloped or nonenveloped? DNA or RNA? |
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Definition
| -enveloped RNA with segmented 8 RNA genomes |
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Term
| How are different avian influenza viruses identified? |
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Definition
| -surface proteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuramidase (NA) |
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Term
| How many HA types of avian influenza are there? NA types? |
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Definition
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Term
| Avian influenza viruses (both LPAI and HPAI) replicate primarily in the ______ of which animals? How is the virus excreted? |
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Definition
-GI tract
-aquatic birds
-feces |
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Term
| What is the usual source of avian influenza? |
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Definition
| -wild migrating and overwintering aquatic birds |
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Term
| Where does reassortment b/n different types of avian influenza occur? |
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Definition
| -GI tract of the quatic birds |
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Term
| Although fecal-route is the primary route by which avian flu is transmitted, what is another method? |
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Definition
-aerosol
-movement of personnel b/n flocks |
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Term
| True or False: Avian influenza is a food safety issue. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, it is NOT a food safety issue |
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Term
| How did LPAI turn into HPAI (in general)? |
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Definition
| -LPAI H5 or H7 virus transmitted to poultry => LPAI virus adapts and circulates in poultry asymptomatically => LPAI mutates into HPAI resulting in clinical disease accompanied by high mortality |
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Term
| Which two types of Avian flu are able to mutate from low path to high path flue within a flock? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must occur before avian influenza can infect cells? |
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Definition
| -its hemagglutinin glycoprotein has to be cleaved into HA1 and HA2 by proteases located on the cells of the resp and GI tract |
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Term
| What is the physiologic difference b/n low path and high path avian influenza? |
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Definition
-low path AI can only be cleaved by proteases in the resp and GI tract
-HPAI has mutated to have extra AAs just before the vcleavage site, opening up the cleavage site and allowing it to be cleaved by proteases throughout the body thus can go viremic and infect all body cells and organs |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of high path avian influenza in chickens, turkeys, and quail? |
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Definition
-affect the respiratory, enteric, and nervous systems
-open mouth breathing, coughing, huffing, funny postures, tremors, torticollis, high fever, anorexia, lethargy, sneezing, mucoid nasal discharge, respiratory distress, edema of the comb/face/head, diarrhea |
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Term
| Do ducks with avian influenza usually show clinical signs? |
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Definition
| -not usually but some strains of HPAI cause CNS signs |
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Term
| What are the major lesions seen at necropsy of AI? |
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Definition
-ecchymotic hemorrhages in heart muscle and in the fat around the heart
-hemorrhage in the proventriculus is pathognomonic for HPAI and VVND viruses
-ecchymotic hemorrhages are also seen in the intestinal tract and respiratory tracts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-presumptive dx by signs
-AGID for Ab to Type A Ag
-virus isolated in chicken embryos from tissues/swabs
-RT-PCR for H5 and H7 |
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Term
| What virus causes Newcastle Disease? |
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Definition
| -Avian paramyxovirus type 1 |
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Term
| What viral family does Avian Paramyxovirus Type 1 belong to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 different strains/pathotypes of Newcastle Disease? |
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Definition
1) Viscerotropic velogenic: 90-100% mortality in affected birds
2) Neurotropic velogenic: high mortality
3) Mesogenic: 25% mortality rate
4) Avirulent lentogenic: often used as vaccines
5) Asymptomatic enteric pathotype |
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Term
| Which strain of Newcastle Disease is the most dangerous? |
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Definition
| -Viscerotropic velogenic pathotype |
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Term
| Which two strains of Newcastle disease are reportable? |
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Definition
| -viscerotropic velogenic and neurotropic velogenic pathotypes |
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Term
| How is Newcastle Disease spread? |
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Definition
| -aerosolized droplets, feces, eggs, fomites and contaminated clothing |
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Term
| Is Newcastle Disease resistant or susceptible in the environment? |
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Definition
| -relatively resistant: survives for several weeks |
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Term
| What is the greatest risk for transmisison of Newcastle disease during an outbreak? |
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Definition
| -through human activity: equipment, supplies, clothing, shoes, and other fomites |
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Term
| How is Newcastle disease introduced into countries? |
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Definition
| -smuggling of exotic birds and illegal trade of poultry and poultry products - |
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Term
| How is Newcastle disease maintained in the US? |
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Definition
| -domestic birds and cormorants |
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Term
| In which birds have Newcastle Disease outbreaks been diagnosed? |
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Definition
| -chickens, guinea fowl, turkeys, pheasants, ducks, geese, pigeons, and wild birds |
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Term
| Which pathotype of Newcastle disease can cause 100% mortality without accompanying clinical signs? |
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Definition
| -viscerotropic velogenic pathotype |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Newcastle Disease? |
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Definition
| -starts with RESPIRATORY DISEASE, fever, dullness, thirst, ruffled feathers, hemorrhagic comb, edema of head, respiratory distress (open mouth breathing and gasping for air, coughing), neuro signs (tremors, torticollis, paralysis), and death |
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Term
| What are some signs of Newcastle disease other than the signs in the chickens? |
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Definition
| -drop in egg production, discolored eggs |
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Term
| What are the most striking lesions at necropsy of Newcastle Disease? |
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Definition
| -petechial hemorrhages in the heart muscle, abdominal fat, and in the mucosa of the proventirulus |
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Term
| What are the 2 important viral glycoproteins of Avian paramyxovirus type 1? What do each of them do? |
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Definition
1) Hemagglutinin: binds to cell receptors thereby allwoing the virus to attach to cells
2) Fusion protein: allows the virus envelope to fuse with the cell membrane envelope at the cell surface |
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Term
| What must occur before Avian paramyxovirus type 1 can fuse with the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| -Fusion protein must be cleaved into F1 and F2 |
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Term
| What does the virulence of avian paramyxocirus 1 depend on? |
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Definition
| -availability of cellular enzymes to cleave the Fusion protein into F1 and F2 |
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Term
| The F protein of lentogenic pathotypes of Avian paramyxovirus type 1 are cleaved by _____ enzymes present where in the body? |
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Definition
-trypsin-like enzymes
-resp and GI tracts |
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Term
| The F protein of velogenic pathotypes of avian paramyxovirus type 1 are cleaved by ______ enzymes within cells. What does this mean? |
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Definition
-furin-like proteases
-intracellular cleavage means that virus leaves the cells as infections particles and can become viremic and ifnect many cells and organs |
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Term
| Are there any vaccines available for avian paramyxovirus type 1? If so, tell me about them. |
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Definition
-both live and inactivated vaccines are available
-Lentogenic (Hitchner B1) live vaccine is in drinking water or by aerosol (but birds can become infected and shed virus for 40 days) |
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Term
| What virus is repsonsible for Infectious Laryngotracheitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which animals get Infectious laryngotracheitis? |
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Definition
| -more common in slightly older chickens |
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Term
| Is the incubation period of Infectious Laryngotracheitis long or short? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the mortality of Infectious Laryngotracheitis relate to time? |
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Definition
| -mortality doubles each day |
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Term
| Is Infectious Laryngotracheitis reportable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What signs on histopath are pathognomonic for Infectious laryngotracheitis? |
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Definition
| -intranuclear inclusions and syncytia |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Infectious Laryngotracheitis? |
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Definition
-respiratory distress due to inflammation of the larynx and trachea
-cough, shake their heads, gasp for air, sling blood |
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Term
| Describe the morbidity and mortaltiy of Infectous Laryngotracheitis. |
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Definition
-high morbidity of 90%
-mortality rate of 10-70% |
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Term
| What are the lesions seen on necropsy of Infectious Laryngotracheitis? |
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Definition
| -laryngeal necrosis and inflammation |
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Term
| What birds are affected by Infectious Bronchitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of virus causes Infectious Bronchitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the morbidity and mortality of Infectious Bronchitis. |
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Definition
-very high morbidiy
-mortality of 25-30% in young chicks |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with Infectious Bronchitis in chickens? |
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Definition
| -acute respiratory signs in chickens of all ages with excess mucus and gasping |
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Term
| Is Infectious Bronchitis reportable or not? |
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Definition
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Term
| What signs are seen with suclinical infections of Infectious Bronchitis? |
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Definition
| -marked drop in egg production with soft-shelled and malformed eggs with watery albumin |
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Term
| What are the other names for Marek's disease? |
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Definition
| -Avian leukosis, range paralysis |
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Term
| What virus is responsible for Marek's disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does Marek's disease occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which age ranges of birds are affected by Marek's disease? Which have the highest mortality? |
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Definition
-affects all ages of birds
-highest mortality in 3-8 month old chickens |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with Marek's disease? |
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Definition
| -paralysis of legs and paralysis of the wings, bulging of feather follicles |
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Term
| How is Gallid herpesvirus 2 transmitted? |
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Definition
| -via aerosol = via inhalaiton of cells that line the feather follicles |
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Term
| What are the lesions seen on necropsy of Marek's disease? What causes them? |
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Definition
-sciatic and brachial nerves are enlarged and loose their typical striation patterns
-lymphoid tumors and enlargement of organs
-these nerves are infiltrated with herpesvirus transformed T-cells |
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Term
| Is Marek's disease reportable? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we control Marek's disease? |
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Definition
| -vaccines either in ova or at hatching |
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Term
| What is in the Marek's Disease vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What virus causes infectious bursal disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Birnavirus enveloped or nonenveloped? DNA or RNA? |
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Definition
| -nonenveloped with segmented d/s RNA genome |
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Term
| What is the other name for Infectious Bursal Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| IS Infectious Bursal Disease reportable? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does Birnavirus replicate inthe chicken? Why is this important? |
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Definition
-Bursa Fabricius (BF)
-that is where the chicken manufactures the B-cells thus results in immunosuppression |
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Term
| What ar ethe clinical signs of infectious bursal disease? |
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Definition
| -swollen and hemorrhagic bursa, anorexia, slow growth, enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections |
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Term
| Describe the morbidity and mortality of Infectious Bursal Disease? |
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Definition
| -high morbidity and mortality of 20-30% |
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Term
| Describe Infectious Bursal Disease in young chickens (3-5w)? |
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Definition
| -acute and highly contagious disease |
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Term
| Which form of INfectious Bursal Disease is common today? |
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Definition
| -variant form that causes only immunosuppression regardless of age of infection so silent presentation |
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Term
| What kind of virus causes INclusion body Hepatitis? |
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Definition
-adenovirus
-secondary to immunosuppression |
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Term
| Generally describe Fowlpox. |
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Definition
| -cutaneous form of fowlpox virus infection |
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Term
| What does fowlpox look like? |
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Definition
| -variously sized papules or nodules in the comb of chickens |
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Term
| What seasonality is attributable to Fowlpox? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -mosquito bites on unfeathered skin |
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Term
| How do we control Fowlpox? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does avipox look like? |
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Definition
| -characteristic pox lesions on the feet and face |
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Term
| Generally describe Pacheco's disease. |
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Definition
| -highly ocntagious and highly fatal disease of all psittacine birds and affects all ages. |
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Term
| Which psittacines are most affected by Pacheco's disease? |
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Definition
| -Amazone parrots > African grey parrots > macaws > cockatoos |
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Term
| Which virus is responsible for Pacheco's disease? |
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Definition
| -Psittacine herpesvirus 1 |
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Term
| Do birds stay carriers of Psittacine herpesvirus 1 after they recover? Do they continue to excrete the virus? |
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Definition
-yes
-yes in the feces during times of stress |
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Term
| If any clinical signs of Pacheco's disease present, what are they? |
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Definition
| -lethargy, anorexia, regurgitation, diarrhea, ruffled feathers, neuro signs (tremors of neck, wings, and tail), dark green ot bright yellow feces |
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Term
| What causes death in birds affected by Pacheco's disease? How does this appear at necropsy? |
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Definition
-massive liver necrosis
-enlarged liver, spleen, and kidneys with multifocal hepatic and splenic necrosis with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies |
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Term
| What kind of virus causes Psittacine Beakand Feather disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly describe Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease. |
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Definition
| -highly contagious viral infection of parrots (African greys and Electus species) and cockatoos |
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Term
| What are the clincal signs of Psittacine Beak and Feather disease? |
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Definition
| -feathers are blunted, deformed, brittle, contriction in the feather shaft, birds become featherless |
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Term
| What causes death in affected birds from Psittacine Beak and Feather disease? |
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Definition
| -secondary infections due to immunosuppression |
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Term
| Is the circovirus that causes Psittacine Beak and Feather disease resistant or susceptible? Contagious? |
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Definition
| -very resistant and contagious |
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Term
| How is Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease transmitted? |
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Definition
| -in feather dust and droppings of acutely sick birds and in carrier birds with clinical signs |
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Term
| How do we test for Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of virus causes Budgerigar Fledgling Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What presentation is associated with Budgerigar Fledgling Disease in parakeets? What about in other psittacines? |
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Definition
-generalized disease in parakeets that temporarily disrupts normal feather development
-acute death in other psittacines |
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Term
| How do we diagnose Budgerigar Fledgling Disease? Is there any preventative measure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What samples do we submit for diagnosis of AI? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| -NO, NO VACCINATION ALLOWED |
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Term
| Which pathotypes of AI are zoonotic with mortality? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important disease of birds worldwide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the incubation period of Newcastle disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we submit for diagnosis of Newcastle disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Newcastle disease zoonotic? If so, how does it present in humans? |
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Definition
-yes
-causes conjunctivitis |
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