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Questions from Gray's
n/a
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/12/2008

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Cards

Term
What is anatomy
Definition
includes thos structures that can be seen grossly and microscopically
Term
What is the regional approach
Definition
each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are studied at one time
Term
What is the systemic approach
Definition
each system of the body is studied and followed throughout the entire body
Term
What is the anatomical position
Definition
standing upright, feet together, hands by the side, and face looking forward. the mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral. hands are supine. fingers are straight and together. toes point forward
Term
Which plane is oriented vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Definition
the coronal plane
Term
what plane is oriented vertically, but is at a right angle to the coronal plane and divides the body into the right and left parts
Definition
sagittal plane
Term
What plane passes through the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves
Definition
median sagittal plane
Term
what planes divide the body into superior and inferior parts
Definition
transverse, horizontal, or azial (all the same)
Term
What does caudal mean
Definition
toward the tail
Term
what does rostral mean
Definition
describes the position of a structure with reference to the nose
Term
T/F: lumbar vertebrae flex better than thoracic or cervical
Definition
true
Term
What is extension
Definition
bending toward the posterior
Term
What is flexion
Definition
bending toward the anterior
Term
what is lateral flexion
Definition
side to side movement
Term
What constitutes the central nervous system
Definition
the brain and spinal cord
Term
what constitutes the peripheral nervous system
Definition
the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
Term
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
Definition
31
Term
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there
Definition
8
Term
How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there
Definition
12
Term
How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there
Definition
5
Term
How many pairs of sacral nerves are there
Definition
5
Term
How many pairs of coccyxigeal nerves are there
Definition
one
Term
What attaches the nerve to the spinal cord
Definition
anterior and posterior root
Term
What is a posterior ramus
Definition
the small posterior rami that innervates the back
Term
What is an anterior ramus
Definition
the much larger anterior rami innervate most other regions of the body except for the head
Term
what are somites
Definition
develop in fetal circulation
Term
what is a dermatome
Definition
that area of skin supplied by a single nerve or spinal cord level
Term
what is a myotome
Definition
that region of skeletal muscle innervated by a single nerve on the spinal cord level
Term
what are synovial joints
Definition
thos in which the skeletal elements are separated by a cavity
Term
what are solid joints
Definition
those in which there is no cavity and the components are held together by connective tissue
Term
What is the first layer of a synovial joint that usually covers the articulating surfaces of the skeletal elements
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
What is a characteristic of the synovial joint (what surrounds it)
Definition
a joint capsule consisting of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane
Term
T/F: the synovial membrane is highly vascular
Definition
true
Term
What does hyaline cartilage do
Definition
covers articulating surfaces of the skeletal elements
Term
What are tthree characteristics of synovial joints
Definition
has a first layer of hyaline cartilage, the presence of a joint capsule consisting of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane, presence of additional structures within the area enclosed by the capsule or synovial membrane (articular discs, fat pads, and tendons)
Term
T/F: the synovial membrane is highly vascular and produces synovial fluid
Definition
true
Term
What are closed sacs of synovial membrane that occur outside the joints called?
Definition
synovial bursae/tendon sheaths
Term
What is the function of tendon sheaths
Definition
reduce the friction of one structure moving over the other
Term
What is teh function of the articular disc
Definition
absorbs compression forces and adjust to changes in the contours of joint surfaces during movements and increase the range of movements that can occur at joints
Term
What are fat pads and where do they occur
Definition
occur between the synovial membrane and the capsule and move into and out of regions as joint contours change during movement
Term
What two things allow for large movement at joints
Definition
redundant regions of the synovial membrane and fibrous membrane
Term
How are synovial joints described
Definition
based on shape and movement
Term
What are the types of synovial joints
Definition
plane, hinge, pivot, bicondylar, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket
Term
What are the types of movement of a synovial joint
Definition
uni-axial (movement on one plane), bi-axial(movement on two planes),and multi-axial (movement in three planes)
Term
What are solid joints
Definition
connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together either by fibrous connective tissure or by cartilage, usually fibrocartilage
Term
T/F: movement at solid joints move more freely than that of synovial joints
Definition
false
Term
What are the types of solid joints
Definition
fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints
Term
What are sutures
Definition
fibrous joints that only occur in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue (sutural ligament)
Term
What is gomphoses
Definition
fibrous joints tha tonly occur between the teeth and adjacent bone
Term
What are syndesmoses
Definition
fibrous joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament
Term
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints
Definition
synchondroses and symphyses
Term
What are synchondroses
Definition
cartilaginous joints that occur where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage
Term
What are symphyses
Definition
cartilagionous joints taht occur where two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)
Term
What are the two major types of joints between vertebrae
Definition
symphyses (between vertebral bodies) and synovial (between articular processes)
Term
How many joints does a typical vertebra have?
Definition
six (four synovial, and two symphysis)
Term
What are the types of movement of the vertebral column
Definition
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, and circumduction
Term
T/F: movement by vertebrae in a specific region are determined by the thickness of the intervertebral discs
Definition
false, movement is based on the shape and orientation of joint surfaces on the articular processes and on the vertebral bodies
Term
What forms the symphysis between adjacent vertebral bodies
Definition
hyaline cartilage and an intervertebral disc
Term
What is the structure of the intervertebral disc
Definition
Superior view shows rings: consists of an outer anulus fibrosus, which surrounds a central nucleus pulposus. is covered by hyaline cartilage on anterior and posterior sides
Term
what are the zygapophysial joint
Definition
the synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae
Term
What encloses each zygapophysial joint
Definition
thin articular facets
Term
How are the zygopaphysial joints situated in the cervical vertebrae
Definition
they slope inferiorly from anterior to posterior and facilitates flexion and extension
Term
How are the zygopophysial joints situated in the thoracic vertebrae
Definition
vertically, they limit flexion and extension, but facilitate rotation
Term
How are the zygapophysial joints situated in the lumbar vertebrae?
Definition
joint surfaces are curved and adjacent processes interlock, thereby limiting range of movement, though flexion and extension are still major movements in the lumbar region
Term
What is an uncovertebral joint
Definition
the lateral margins of the upper surfaces of typical cervical vertebrae are elevated into crests or lips ermed uncinate processes. these may articulate with the body of the vertebra above to form small "uncovertebral" synovial joints
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