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Pulmonary structure and function
gagaga
24
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/11/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

what does the respiratory system consist of?

Definition

 

 

nose

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

lungs

Term

 

 

 

 

 

what is the volume of anatomic dead space?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

150ml

 

Term

 

 

 

what are alveoli?

what is it function?

Definition

 

 

 

small, thin walled sacs that have capillary beds in their walls

 

site of gas exchange between air and blood

Term

 

 

 

 

what is respiratory membrane?

lungs?

Definition

 

alveolar - capilary membranes that seperate the air molecules in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries.

 

has a very surface area - 70sq -- size of a tennis court

 

L: conducting airways, alveoli, blood vessels and elastic tissue

 

Term

 

 

 

 

what is fick's law of diffusion?

Definition
Term

 

 

 

 

what is boyles law?

Definition

 

 

 

 

the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

 

P1V1 = P2V2

Term

 

 

 

 

explain the mechanics of breathing

Definition

 

  • molecures move from areas of high pressure or concentration to area of low pressure / concentration.
  • movement of air in and out of the lungs = pressure differences b/w the pulmonry air and the atmostphere
Term

 

 

 

 

what is inspiration?

Definition



active process; where the idaphram descends and external intercostal muscles contract thus increasing the volume of the thorcic cavity.


  air molecules move through the respiratory tubes into the lungs from the atmosphere following the pressure gradient

 

they work @ the hardest when they produce a negative presure as great as -30mmHg below atmostphereic pressure in the alveoli

Term

 

 

 

 

what is expiration?

Definition

 

 

 

passive process at rest; secondary muscles like abdominal muscles become involved in exercise

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

what happens during forced expiration?

Definition

 

 

 

 

produces intra-alveolar pressure as great as 50 mmhg above atmostpheric pressure

Term

 

 

 

 

what happens during exercise / respiration

Definition

 

 

 

mouth breathing tends to replace nasal breathing -- less resistance to airflow

 

air enters the respiratory passage via the nose or mouth which is quickly saturated with water vapor adn warmed to body temp

Term

 

 

 

 

what is compliance?

Definition

 

 

 

 

it is the amount of volume change in the lung for a given change in alveolar pressure

Term

 

 

@ rest. normal values are?

 

minute ventilation

tidal volume

breathing frequency

expiratory reserve volume

inspiratory capacity

total lung capcity

Definition

 

VE - 6-8 L/min

VT - 500ml/ insiration and expiration

ERV - aprox 25% of vital capacity

FR - 12 -16breaths/ minute

IC - aprox 75% of VC

TLC- vital capacity plus reidual volume - theres always iar left in the lung

Term

 

 

 

 

what is alveolar ventilation?

 

Definition

 

 

 

volume of air that reaches that alveoli per minute. this value is very important because this is the only air that participates in gas exchange. with blood.

Term

 

 

 

 

what are the 2 reasons for most volumes and capacities decrease when a person lies down and increases when standing?

Definition

 

 

 

1. abdominal contents push up and against the diaphram

 

2. there is an increase in a trapulmonary bood volume in the horizontal position that decrease the space available for pumonary air.

Term

 

 

 

 

what are pulmonary function test normal usually based on?

Definition

 

 

 

 

sex, age, and height.

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

what are the two things important to know about the population used to construct the norm?

Definition

 

 

 

pop size and make up

Term

 

 

 

 

what are the problems with pulmonary function norms?

Definition

 

 

 

1. consider the "size" of the subject -- chest size

 

2.be better to use sitting height rather than standing height

Term

 

 

 

what are the two chronic pulmonary dysfunctions that can be divided into?

Definition

 

 

 

1. obstructive disorders

 

2. restrictive disorders

Term

 

 

 

 

explain obstructive disorders

 

Definition

 

blockage or narrowing of the aircause that cause increased airway resistance --- asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

 

-- result of inflammation and edema, smooth muscle constriction, bronchiolar secretion

 

air is difficult to move air rapidly in and out of lungs.

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

explain restrictive disorders

Definition

- no problem with the airway, but theres damage to the lung tissue.

 

loss of elasticity and compliance -- limited exansion of the lungs, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia

 

all lung volumes are reduced because lung tissue is stiff and cant expan really far.

Term

 

 

 

 

pulmonary function test must be interpreted in relation to what?

Definition

 

 

 

 

patients medical history, occupational history, smoking habits and chest X rays

Term

 

 

 

 

what is ventilatory threshold?

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

the point at whichminute ventilation incresae disproportionatel with O2 consumption during graded exercise

Term

 

 

 

 

what happens during exercise in relations to minute ventilation ?

Definition

 

 

minute ventilation increase linearly with increasing exercise intensity and o2 uptake until approx 60% of Vo2 max --

 

in untrained subjects and 75-80 % of Vo2 max in endurance athletes

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