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PTA Neuro
PTA Neuro
71
Anatomy
Graduate
05/21/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Where in the brain is pain perceived?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
What makes up the brainstem?
Definition

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Term
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Definition
Automatic respiration and heart rate
Term
What does the basal ganglia help with?
Definition
Coordination of motor movement
Term
Where does the spinal cord end?
Definition

L2 -- Conus Medullaris

 

Below this: cauda equina (nerve roots)

Term
In the spinal cord, the .1. mater is peripheral, and the .2. mater is central
Definition

1. White

2. Gray -- "H"/butterfly shaped

Term
T/F: The spinal cord is a direct continuation of the brainstem
Definition
True
Term

[image]

Label

Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
Where is cerebrospinal fluid created?
Definition

In the ventricles

 

To: provide cushion and shock absorption

 

Located: Ventricles

Subarachnoid Space

Spinal Cord

Term
What are the 3 meninges and where are they located?
Definition

Dura Mater

Arachnoid

(Subarachnoid Space)

Pia Mater

 

(thickest, most fibrous to thinnest, most delicate)

(outer to inner)

 

Located on the outside of the brain, continuous with the spinal cord

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Cerebellum

  • Muscle Coordination
  • Tone
  • Posture

2. Temporal

  • Behavior
  • Hearing
  • Language Reception/Understanding

3. Frontal

  • Personality
  • Motor Movement
  • Expressive Speech

4. Parietal

  • Gross Sensation (touch/pressure)
  • Fine Sensation (texture, weight, size, shape)
  • Reading Skills

5. Occipital

  • Vision
  • Recognition of size, shape, color
Term
[image]
Definition
Circle of Willis
Term
What is the anatomical significance of the circle of willis?
Definition
 If one part of the circle becomes blocked or narrowed (stenosed) or one of the arteries supplying the circle is blocked or narrowed, blood flow from the other blood vessels can often preserve the cerebral perfusion well enough to avoid the symptoms of ischemia
Term
[image]
Definition
  • Thalamus - decides where to send incoming sensory data (fromeyes, ears, mouth, skin)
  • Sensory cortex - interprets sensory data
  • Hippocampus - stores and retrieves conscious memories; processes sets of stimuli to establish context
  • Amygdala - decodes emotions; determines possible threat; stores fear memories
  • Hypothalamus - activates "fight or flight" response
Term
[image]
Definition
Term

[image]

Identify the differences between sensory and motor neurons (physiologically)...

Definition
Term
What occurs to a dermatome when injury occurs to more than 2 of its spinal nerves?
Definition

Only when 2+ spinal nerves are involved in the injury can complete anasthesia be possible.

 

Injury to 1 spinal nerve/level only leads to altered or decreased sensation

Term
What sets thoracic nerves apart?
Definition

They do not form a plexus (join with other nerves).

They maintain segmental relationship.

 

Anterior Rami: innervate the intercostals

Posterior Rami: innervate the back muscles

 

Term

Spinal nerves in the cervical region exit the spinal cord .1. the vertebrae, with the exception of .2., which exits .3. .4.

 

Beginning with .5., nerves come out below the same numbered vertebra.

Definition

1. Above

2. C8 nerve

3. Below

4. C7 vertebrae

5. T1 nerve/vertebrae

Term

What is Autonomic Dysreflexia?

 

- What lesion level is at most risk?

- What triggers it?

- What are the symptoms?

Definition

Potentially life threatening --> coma or death

 

- Injury at/above T10 is at risk, at/above T6 is most susceptible

- Noxious Stimulus below the injury triggers it (ex: distended bladder, bowel impaction)

- Symptoms: severe headache, sudden HTN, facial flush, sweating, gooseflesh

Term
What is the purpose of a neural plexus?
Definition

Provides muscles with innervation from more than one level.

 

In the even of a trauma or disease, perhaps not all levels of innervation will be involved.  Therefore, a muscle may be weakened but not completely paralyzed.

Term
What occurs when C3 nerve is injured/damaged?
Definition

C3 nerve -> Phrenic Nerve -> Diaphragm

 

When the function of the diaphragm is impacted, independent breathing isn't available.

 

*Requires assistance for breathing*

Term

Erb's Palsy

 

- injury to...

- cause 

- presentation

Definition

- injury to the brachial plexus

 

- caused by: 

  • The infant's head and neck pulling toward the side as the shoulders pass through the birth canal

  • Pulling on the infant's shoulders during a head-first delivery

  • Pressure on the baby's raised arms during a breech (feet-first) delivery

     

- presentation: 
[image]
Shoulder Extension and medial rotation
Elbow extended
Forearm pronated
Wrist flexed
"Waiters Tip Position"
Term

Burner/Stinger Syndrome

 

-cause

Definition

- caused by a stretch/compression injury to the brachial plexus from a blow to the head or shoulder

-common in football/wrestling

-typically short lived with no residual effects

Term
What causes scapular winging?
Definition
Injury to the long thoracic nerve which weakens or paralyzes the serratus anterior muscle --> medial border of the scapula to rise away from the rib cage
Term
What causes wrist drop?
Definition

wrist drop = loss of wrist extension

weakened ability to release objects 

 

result from high radial nerve injury

often a complication of a midhumeral fracture

Term
What is "ape hand" and what causes it?
Definition

Ape hand: loss of thumb opposition 

 

Caused by a median nerve injury

Term
What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
Definition
Compression of the median nerve at the wrist as it passes through the carpal tunnel
Term
What causes claw hand?
Definition

Results from a loss of the intrinic muscles due to ulnar nerve damage

 

[image]

Term
What is sciatica?
Definition
Pressure on the sciatic nerve causing pain that runs down the posterior thigh and leg.
Term
What causes foot drop?
Definition

Damage to the common peroneal nerve

 

Can be from cast pressure at the head of the fibula, where the nerve is quite superficial as it lies over the bony fibular head.

Term
The spinal cord extends to about what vertebral level?
Definition
L2 - conus medullaris
Term
Name the bony, membranous, and fluid features that protect the brain from trauma.
Definition

Bony: Skull

 

Membranous: Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater

 

Fluid: Cerebrospinal fluid in the sub arachnoid space

Term
What are the differences between upper and lower motor neurons?
Definition

UMN: synapse above the anterior horn of the spinal cord
LMN: synapse at or below the anterior horn of the spinal cord

 

[image]

Term
Hyperreflexia can be indiciative of...
Definition
A lesion above the level of the spinal reflex pathways
Term
Hyporeflexia can be indiciative of...
Definition
Disease that inovles 1+ components of the reflex arc itself
Term
How do neuropathies typically present?
Definition

Sensory, motor, or mixed impairments

May affect all components of reflex arc

 

 

*Most common etiology around absent reflexes

Term
Reflex Grade: 0
Definition

No response

Always abnormal

Term
Reflex Grade 1+
Definition

diminished/depressed response

may or may not be normal

Term
Reflex Grade 2+
Definition

Active normal response

Normal

Term
Reflex Grade 3+
Definition

Brisk/exaggerated response

May or may not be normal

Term
Reflex Grade 4+
Definition

Very brisk/hyperactive; abnormal response

Always abnormal

Term
Reflex Grading Scale
Definition
0 to 4+
Term
What are some superficial sensations?
Definition

Temperature

Light touch

Pain

Term
What are some deep sensations?
Definition

Proprioception

Kinesthesia

Vibration

Term
What are some cortical sensations?
Definition

Bilateral simulataneous stimulation

stereognosis

2 point discrimination

barognosis

localization of touch

Term
Examples of UMN Lesions
Definition

Cerebral Palsy

Hydrocephalus

CVA

MS

Huntington's chorea

TBI

Term
Examples of LMN Lesions
Definition

Poliomyelitis

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Bell's Palsy

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Muscular Dystrophy

Term
What are Resting Tremors?
Definition

tremors are observable at rest and may or maynot disappear with movement

May increase with mental stress

 

Ex: Pill-rolling tremor (Parkinsons)

Term
What are postural tremors?
Definition

Tremors are observable during a voluntary contraction to maintain a posture

 

Ex: rapid tremor (hyperthyroidism, fatigue, anxiety, benign essential tremor)

Term
What is an intention tremor?
Definition

AKA kinetic tremor

Tremors are absent at rest, but observable with activity and typically increase as the target approaches

Likely inidcate lesion of the cerebellum

 

Ex: MS

Term
What are tics?
Definition

Sudden, brief, repetitive coordinated movements usually occurring at irregular intervals

 

Ex: Tourette Syndrome

Term
What is chorea?
Definition

A form of hyperkinesia

Presents with brief, irregular contractions that are rapid

Typically secondary to damage of the caudate nucleus

Often equated to "fidgeting"

 

Ex: Huntington's Disease

Term
What is dystonia?
Definition

syndrome of sustained muscle contractions that frequently causes twisting, abnormal postures, and repetitive movements.

 

Voluntary initiation may -> involuntary contractions

torsion spasms that are continual

patterened and twisting

 

ex: Parkinsons disease, cerebral palsy, encephalitis

Term
What is Athetosis?
Definition

Presents with slow, twisting, and writhing movements that are large in amplitude

Primarily in face, tongue, trunk, and extremities

 

Common in cerebral palsy secondary to basal ganglia pathology

Term
Akinesia
Definition

Inability to initiate movement

(Parkinsons)

Term
Asthenia
Definition

Generalized weakness

Typically secondary to cerebellar pathology

Term
Ataxia
Definition
Inability to perform coordinated movements
Term
Bradykinesia
Definition
Movement that is very slow
Term
Clonus
Definition

Characteristic of an UMN lesion

Involuntary alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex

Term
How can you challenge Somatosensory Input?
Definition

Change the surface they're standing on

 

Slopes

Uneven surfaces

Standing on Foam

Term
How can you challenege visual input?
(Balance) 
Definition

Eyes Open

Eyes Closed

Term
How can you challenge Vestibular Input for balance?
Definition

Vestibular provides CNS w/ feedback of position and mvmnt of head

 

Movement of head

Term
What are some Balance Tests and Measures?
Definition

Berg Balance Scale: score <45/56 = increased risk for falling

 

Functional Reach Test: Age related standard measurements for good balance

 

Fugl-Meyer Sensorimotor Assessment: Max score 14; 7 items

 

Timed Up and Go Test: 10 feet long. Independent if completes in <10s. >20s=increased risk for falls. >30s=high risk for fall

 

Tinetti: score <19=high risk for fall

Term
What is Aphasia?
Definition

An acquired neurological impairment of processing for receptive and/or expressive language

 

Fluent Aphasia: Functional speech/word output

Empty speech/jargon

Speech lacks substance; use of paraphasis

 

Non-fluent Aphasia: Poor word output

Impairment of rhythm/inflection of speech

Poor articulation/increased effort for speech

Term
Wernicke's Aphasia
Definition

Fluent aphasia

Aka Receptive Aphasia

Impaired comprehension

Impaired writing

Good articulation

Term
Broca's Aphasia
Definition

Non-Fluent Aphasia

Aka Expressive Aphasia

Most common form of aphasia

Intact auditory/reading comprehension

Frustration w language skill errors

Term
Global Aphasia
Definition

Non Fluent Aphasia

Comprehension severely impaired

May involuntarily verbalize -- w/o correct context

Nonverbal skills for comprehension

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