1. Bible distribution.
2. Abuses of power in the Church.
3. Nationalistic sentiments.

1. Luther's Revolt.
2. Calvinism.
3. Henry VIII (English Reform).

• The Church became caught up in worldly affairs (clashes between kings and popes).
• Many Popes/Clergy lived lavish lifestyles.
• The Church increased fees for religious services to pay for Church projects.
• The Church sold indulgences (pardons for sins).
• Many Christians protested these practices.

• A German monk and Theology professor.
• Opposed the corruption of the Church.
• Viewed the selling of indulgences as the final insult.
• Drafted his 95 Theses, a list of arguments against indulgences.
• Argued that the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory.
• Said that Christians could only be saved through faith alone.
• The Church tried to get Luther to give up his views.
• Luther refused.

• Bible was sole source of religious truth.
• Salvation achieved by faith alone.
• All Christians had equal access to God; rejected the Pope.
• Argued for vernacular translation of the Bible.
• Translated it to German.
• Rejected many Catholic Church sacrements.
• Banned indulgences.

• Born in France.
• Trained as a priest and a lawyer.
• Published Institutes on the Christian Religion, which set forth his ideas on how to run a Protestant church.

• Salvation gained through faith alone.
• Bible is sole source of religious truth.
• God is all-powerful and humans are sinful by nature.
• God alone decides whether to grant eternal life.
• Predestination: God long ago determines who would obtain salvation.
• World was divided into saints and sinners.
• Tried to live like saints.
• Only those who were saved could live truly Christian lives.

• King Henry VIII was refused an annulment from his wife of eighteen years, Catherine, by the current Pope.
• He wanted this because she did not bear him a son.
• To annul means to cancel a marriage.
• The Pope did not want to offend Catherine's nephew, the powerful Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.

• He grew angry and passed laws to place the English Church under his control.
• 1534 Act of Supremacy made Henry the only supreme head of the Church of England.
• He appointed Thomas Crammer as archbishop, who later annuled Henry's marriage.
• Henry married five more times.
• Used a new English Bible, but kept many of the Church's practices and customs.

• His son Edward VI inherited the throne.
• He pushed for Calvinist reforms, while archbishop Thomas Crammer drafted Book of Common Prayer, which imposed a moderate Protestant service.
• Edward died in his teens and Mary Tudor (BLOODY MARY) inherited the throne.
• Tried to restore Catholicism.
• Hundreds of Protestants died at the stake.

• England was reunited politically under Protestantism.
• Opposition to Elizabeth was firmly dealt with.
• Policy of religious compromise with Catholics on Church rituals.
• English replaced Latin.
• The hierarchy of clerygy/bishops were kept.
• Book of Common Prayer restored.

A direct response to Protestantism.

Goals:

• To end corrupt Church practices.
• To stop/reverse spread of Protestantism.
• Pope Paul III was the leader.

• Reaffirmed Catholic Teachings.
• Salvation comes through faith and good works.
• The Bible is not the only source of religious truth.
• Imposed harsh penalties on clergy that engaged in corrupt practices.
• Established new schools.

• Originally used to root out church heresies.
• Used secret testimony, torture and exectution to stamp out heresey.
• Prepared List of Forebidden Books.