Term
|
Definition
Streptomycin
Spectinomycin
Neomycin
Gentamycin
Amikacin |
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
inhibits ribosomal 30S subunit
30S is the smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome of prokaryotes. It is a complex of ribosomal RNA and ribonucleoproteins that functions in mRNA translation
inhibits protein synthesis
penetrates bacteria in oxygen-dependent mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bactericidal
concentration dependent
post-antibiotic effect |
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides Spectrum of Action |
|
Definition
mainly gram -
only in aerobic conditions
less effective against Gram +
not effect against anaerobic bacteria or conditions |
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides Combinations |
|
Definition
additive effect and synergy with any wall/membrane disruptor
this increases AG penetration inside the cell
can't be mixed in a syringe with penicillin
antagonizes other protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides Pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
inactivated in acidic environment and in pus
parenteral use only
extracellular distribution
good penetration in fluids, poor in deep tissues
activity enhanced by inflammation
renal elimination
activity decreases in presence of divalent cations (Ca, Mg) |
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
most toxic antibacterial
ototoxic (deaf, ataxia esp. cats)
neprhotoxic
if use longer than 10 days, multiple doses/day, impaired renal function, volume depletion, electrolyte imbalance, other nephrotoxic drugs
long post antibiotic effect and saturable in renal/ear cells |
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides Dosing Protocol |
|
Definition
once daily to avoid toxic effects
avoid using with risk factors
fluid-therapy
add calcium or protein to diet
UA monitoring
drug monitoring |
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|
Term
| Aminoglycosides Clincal Usage |
|
Definition
| avoid using in food animals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Tetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Chlortetracycline
Doxycycline |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteriostatic
time dependent |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines Spectrum of Action |
|
Definition
4 quadrants and protozoa and beta lactamase +
extra and intracellular bacteria and mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines Combinations |
|
Definition
di and trivalent cations antagonize
antiacids, mineral or iron supplements |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines Pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
absorbed orally
decreased absorption with food or containing Ca, Mg, Al, Fe (like milk)
use orally on fasted animals
extra and intracellular distribution
enter most deep tissues
mixed liver and renal elimination
doxycycline is 100% liver elimination |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
GI upset, inflammation at injection site
alters GI flora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
erythromycin
spiramycin
tulathromycin
tylosin
tilmicosin |
|
|
Term
| Macrolides Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis via 50S ribosomal subunit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteriostatic
time dependent |
|
|
Term
| Macrolides Pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
inactivated by acid environment
GI prokinetic agent (esp. erythromycin)
extra and intracellular distribution
enter most deep tissue except CNS (unless inflamed)
liver metabolism
P450 inhibitor and easily affected by other P450 inducers/inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Macrolides Spectrum of Action |
|
Definition
aerobic Gram +
extra and intracellular bacteria
mycoplasma
anaerobes are resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antagonizes all other ribosome inhibitors
P450 inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Macrolides Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
development of resistance could create resistance for licosamides and streptogramins (MLSB resistance)
irritation at injection, GI upset
tilmicosin cardiotoxicity when used parenterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lincomycin
Clindamycin
Pirlimycin |
|
|
Term
| Lincosamides Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis via 50S ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteriostatic
time dependent |
|
|
Term
| Lincosamides Spectrum of Action |
|
Definition
Gram +
obligate anaerobes
intra and extracellular bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Lincosamides Combinations |
|
Definition
| antagonizes all other ribosome inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Lincosamides Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
MLSB resistance
GI upset
peripheral neuromuscular blockage
cardiac depression effect |
|
|
Term
| Lincosamides Pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
good oral absorption in monogastrics
decreased by food
extra and intracellular distribution
enter most deep tissues (except CNS unless inflamed)
liver metabolism
easily affected by P450 inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Lincosamides Clinical Usage |
|
Definition
Gram + and Anerobes like penciliins
not sensitive to Blactamase+
reaches deep tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chloramphenicol
florfenicol |
|
|
Term
| Phenicols Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis via 50S ribosomal subunit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteriostatic
time dependent |
|
|
Term
| Phenicols Spectrum of Action |
|
Definition
Gram + and Gram -
obligate anaerobes (4 quadrants)
extra and intracellular bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Phenicols Pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
good oral absorption in monogastrics
extra and intracellular distribution
enter most deep tissues and CNS
liver metabolism
P450 inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antagonizes other ribosome inhibitors
wide liver drug metabolism inhibotor |
|
|
Term
| Chloramphenicol Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
dose dependent adverse effects
bone marrow toxicity in cats if treat <10 days
BANNED in food animals |
|
|
Term
| Florfenicol Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
mild GI disturbance if only inject twice
not recommended for horses
okay for food animals |
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