Term
| When was the Instrument of Government accepted? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who wrote the Instrument of Government? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the 7 provisions of the IofG? |
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Definition
1. The Lord Protector = head of state
2. Cromwell would control the army (with consent of Parliament)
3. The Lord Protector ruled with the advice of the Council of State
4. Triennial Parliaments, meeting for at least 5 months
5. The franchise - men over 21, with land £200+ would vote
6. £200,000/year to support government
7. Religious toleration for all, except Anglicans and Catholics |
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Term
| What was the date of the First Protectorate Parliament? |
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Definition
| September 1654 - January 1655 |
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Term
| What was the date of the Second Protectorate Parliament? |
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Definition
First session: January 1656 - June 1657
Second session: September 1657 - February 1658 |
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Term
| What was the date of the Third Protectorate Parliament? |
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Definition
| January 1659 - April 1659 |
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Term
| How many MPs were purged in the 1stPP? Why? |
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Definition
| 100 MPs, for refusing to sign the Recognition of Cromwell's Four Fundamentals |
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Term
| After how many months was the 1stPP dissolved? |
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Definition
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Term
| What had it failed to do? |
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Definition
| It had failed to ratify the IofG and the other 82 ordinances |
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Term
| What were Cromwell's Four Fundamentals? |
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Definition
1. Government by a single person and Parliament
2. No perpetual parliaments
3. Liberty of conscience
4. Neither Parliament nor Lord Protector should have exclusive control of army |
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Term
| In what 4 ways did MPs continue to defy Cromwell? |
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Definition
1. Voted to reduce the assessment
2. Voted for an established Church
3. The right of parliament to control the army
4. The right of parliament to define blasphemy and heresy |
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Term
| What did MPs voted in January 1655? |
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Definition
| The Militia Bill, with MPs voting for Parliament to control the army rather than Protector. |
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Term
| What threat occurred in May 1654? |
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Definition
| The John Gerard Plot - Royalist Gerard plotted to overthrow Cromwell and proclaim Charles king. He was beheaded. |
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Term
| What threat occurred in March 1655? |
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Definition
| The Penruddock Rising - easily put down because it failed to receive mass support, and communication was fractured. |
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Term
| How many times was Thomas Harrison imprisoned? |
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Definition
| 4 times - he was outraged by the monarchial features of Protectorate. |
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Term
| When were elections due, and when did Cromwell call the 2ndPP? Why? |
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Definition
| Elections were due in July 1657, but Cromwell called Parliament in September 1656 because of finances. |
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Term
| What did the Major Generals promise they could do? |
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Definition
| They promised that they could "manage" the elections |
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Term
| When did these elections take place? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most of the Major Generals, and also many opponents of the Protectorate. |
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Term
| Which Major Generals wrote letters of concern and disappointment to Thurloe? |
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Definition
| Kelsey, Haynes and Berry. |
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Term
| What did the Council of State do in response? |
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Definition
| They vetted the new MPs, and barred 93/400 ("ungodly") |
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Term
| What four threats did Cromwell discuss in his opening speech to the 2ndPP? |
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Definition
| Charles and his alliance with Spain, the Levellers, Republican Commonwealthsmen and Fifth Monarchists |
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Term
| What did Spain sign with Charles? |
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Definition
| The Treaty of Brussels (April 1656) which promised that they would invade England once Royalists had secured a port for their arrival. |
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Term
| Who was Sexby, and what did he do? |
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Definition
| He released a 1657 pamphlet "Killing No Murder" which encouraged plots to kill Cromwell |
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Term
| Who was Miles Sindercombe, and what did he do? |
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Definition
| He was a Leveller, who organised 5 unsuccessful plots to murder Cromwell (1656). |
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Term
| What did Sindercombe plan to do in January 1657? |
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Definition
| He plotted to burn down Whitehall and Cromwell, but this failed. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a Leveller who was said to be plotting with Spain to declare for Charles Stuart. |
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Term
| How did MPs react during the 2ndPP? |
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Definition
| They voted to support the exclusion of 93 MPs - to which 50 further MPs withdrew. |
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Term
| What did MPs vote in October 1656? |
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Definition
| They voted to approve the war with Spain (but not higher taxes to finance it) |
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Term
| What did MPs decide to do regarding Quaker James Naylor in November 1653? |
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Definition
| He was flogged, mutilated and imprisoned. |
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Term
| When did the rule of the Major Generals begin and finish? |
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Definition
| It began in October 1655 and ended in January 1657 |
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Term
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Definition
| It ended because MPs rejected Disbrowe's bill which called for the permanency of the Decimation Tax. |
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Term
| When was the Humble Petition and Remonstrance presented to Parliament? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did it controversially offer Cromwell? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many MPs voted to consider it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What financial problems did Richard inherit? |
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Definition
A national debt of £2.5 million
An annual shortfall of £300,000
Army pay arrears stood at £900,000 |
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Term
| What did the constitution (HP&A) prevent Richard from doing in the 3rdPP? |
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Definition
| It prevented him from purging parliament so many MPs who were hostile to the government sat. |
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Term
| What did Republican Heselrige do in the 3rdPP? |
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Definition
| He led a filibuster to delay discussion of the Act of Recognition - he hoped that this would compromise Richard's authority. |
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Term
| When was the Act of Recognition finally passed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the MPs also confirm? |
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Definition
| They confirmed the Protector's authority over the armed forces |
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Term
| What did the Republicans do? |
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Definition
| They spread dissatisfaction in the army by issuing tracts accusing the Protectorate of being a monarchial style of government, promoting religious intolerance and planning the disbandment of the army. |
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Term
| When did hostility between army and parliament flare? |
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Definition
1. When MPs attempted to impeach Major General Boteler for actions 3 years previously.
2. When in April 1659 they discussed the reorganisation of the army and formation of a new militia. |
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Term
| What happened when Richard called on the army to rally to him in April 1659? |
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Definition
| They followed the officers Fleetwood and Disbrowe. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of government where political power resides with the military. |
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Term
| What was Cromwell's religious position? |
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Definition
| He was a staunch puritan but he believed in religious toleration. He saw the army as an expression of the will of God. |
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Term
| What was the John Biddle case (1654-5)? |
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Definition
| He was imprisoned by Parliament in December 1654 for his extreme religious views. When he was rearrested, Cromwell sent him to the Sicily Islands in October 1655 (did not want him executed for heresy). |
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Term
| What was the James Naylor case (1656)? |
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Definition
| James Naylor, a Quaker, was flogged, mutilated and imprisoned for riding into Bristol on a donkey. This was seen as blasphemous. |
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Term
| What do these two cases reveal about Cromwell? |
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Definition
| He was constantly torn between his duties as Protector, to preserve order and stability, and his more tolerant instincts as an Independent. |
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Term
| What did the traditional elites fear about toleration? |
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Definition
| That it was encouraging religious radicalism. |
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Term
| In what two ways did Cromwell reassure the propertied classes? |
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Definition
He set up the Committee of Triers (March 1654) and the Committee of Ejectors (August 1654) to improve the quality of preaching.
He also supported the tithe. |
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Term
| What was the Cony Case (November 1654)? |
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Definition
| It was a legal challenge launched by George Cony to the validity of the 84 ordinances issued by the Protector and Council of State. |
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Term
| What did those in the legal professions do? |
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Definition
| Chief Justice Rolle and 2 senior judges resigned from the Great Seal due to their unwillingness to enforce Protectorate laws. |
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Term
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Definition
He was director of the Commonwealth's intelligence network (July 1653)
He was appointed Postmaster General in May 1665
He managed to foil all plots against Cromwell |
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Term
| Give 4 of Thurloe's methods to reduce threats |
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Definition
1. He infiltrated Charles Stuart's court in exile and the Sealed Knot
2. He employed mathematicians John Wallis and Samuel Morland to break Royalist codes.
3. As Postmaster General he intercepted post of suspected conspirators (e.g. Sexby and Sindercombe).
4. From October 1655 he deployed rigorous censorship. |
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Term
| What was Sexby's relationship with Spain? |
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Definition
| Sexby did contact Spain, discussing ways to overthrow the Protectorate government. |
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Term
| What did Vane and Scot do? |
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Definition
| They incited opposition among the army rank and file after September 1657. |
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Term
| Why did the Royalist threat not become too serious? |
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Definition
| It had been demoralized, and the decimation tax posed financial difficulties. Also, the Sealed Knot was seen as too cautious. |
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Term
| What did Cromwell happened on Cromwell's death and Richard's ascension in September 1658? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Sealed Knot formed, and for what purpose? |
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Definition
| In 1653, to coordinate underground Royalist activity. |
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Term
| Which towns did Penruddock plan to seize? |
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Definition
| Salisbury, Newcastle, York and Winchester. |
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Term
| What happened in reality? |
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Definition
| The 400-men army marched through the south west, but very few Royalists rose to support them. |
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Term
| When did the Major Generals control England? |
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Definition
| October 1655 - January 1657 |
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Term
| Why did Cromwell establish the rule of the Major Generals? |
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Definition
1. Failure of the 1stPP to legitimise Cromwell's policies
2. Plots against the Protectorate (Penruddock, Leveller conspiracies, Harrison). |
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Term
| What were the 6 purposes of the Major Generals? |
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Definition
1. Regional security
2. Policing
3. Imposing a reformation of manners
4. Economic role
5. Healing and settling
6. Managing the August 1656 elections |
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Term
| Why did Cromwell agree to call elections in August 1656? |
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Definition
| The Major Generals persuaded him that they could "manage" the result. |
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Term
| Why were the Major Generals unpopular? |
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Definition
| They had not been approved and elected by Parliament, and they were of lower social class. |
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Term
| What was the Major General Haynes like? |
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Definition
He zealously imposed the decimation tax on Royalists - including his own brother Robert.
He was deeply hostile to Quakers and Fifth Monarchists, imprisoned large numbers after December 1655. |
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Term
| What was Major General Howard like? |
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Definition
| He was not godly - he used his rule to further the interests of his career and family. |
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Term
| What was Major General Worsley like? |
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Definition
| He zealously persecuted Royalists, imprisoned people who he found "suspicious" and closed down 200 unlicensed alehouses. |
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Term
| What was Major General Whalley like? |
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Definition
| He was practical, conservative and moderate. |
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Term
| What was Major General Boteler like? |
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Definition
| He was aggressive in his persecution of Royalists. He was reprimanded by the Council of State for unlawfully imprisoning the Earl of Northampton for failing to pay his taxes. |
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Term
| When was the Humble Petition and Remonstrance presented to Parliament? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many voted to consider the proposal further, and who opposed it? |
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Definition
| 144-54 voted to consider it; Fleetwood, Disbrowe and Lambert opposed it. |
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Term
| When was the Humble Petition and Advice offered to Cromwell? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did Cromwell reject the HP&A? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was he reinvested as Lord Protector? |
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Definition
| June 1657 - in a coronation which was rather similar to a royal coronation. |
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Term
| For which 3 reasons was the constitution offered? |
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Definition
1. The rejection of Disbrowe's Militia Bill left a gap in the rule of the Major Generals.
2. The Naylor case highlighted disagreement over the authority of parliament.
3. The Sindercombe Plot exposed the fragility of the Protectorate regime. |
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Term
| Why did Cromwell reject the Crown? |
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Definition
1. Traditionalist view - he did not want to antagonise the army and radicals.
2. Revisionist view - accepting the crown would be flying in the face of God's judgement. |
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Term
| When did Oliver Cromwell die? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did Richard Cromwell become Lord Protector? |
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Definition
| He had been nominated by Cromwell, because his older brothers both died. |
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Term
| What political roles did Richard play before Lord Protector? |
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Definition
| He played minor roles in local government, an MP for Hampshire and only joined the Council of State a year before he became Lord Protector. |
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Term
| Had he ever fought in the army? |
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Definition
| No - so he was not a military man. |
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Term
| When the 3rdPP was summoned, what did the army fear? |
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Definition
| That a majority in Commons would shrink the army's size and chip away at religious toleration. |
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Term
| What did Parliament refuse to do? |
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Definition
| They refused to vote for higher taxation that would support the army at its current size, and declined to release imprisoned Quakers. |
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Term
| What was Richard's relation to Fleetwood? |
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Definition
| He was his brother in law |
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Term
| What was Richard's relation to Disbrowe? |
|
Definition
| He was his uncle by marriage |
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Term
| In what ways was the Protectorate a failure? |
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Definition
1. It lasted less than 6 years
2. It barely survived the transfer of power from Oliver to Richard
3. It was in debt (£2.5 million in 1659)
4. It had active opponents
5. It had powerful enemies abroad
6. It neither healed nor settled |
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Term
| What ordinance did the Council of State issue in January 1654? |
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Definition
| An ordinance declaring that criticism of the Protectorate may be considered treasonous. |
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Term
| What ordinance was proclaimed in Edinburgh, May 1654? |
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Definition
| Ordinance of Pardo & Grace - an amnesty offered to Scottish insurgents who lay down their arms within 20 days. A reward of £200 offered for Middleton, dead or alive. |
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Term
| What did Republican MPs criticise about Cromwell's opening address to the 1stPP? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Parliament affirm in January 1655? |
|
Definition
| Its right to define what is to be regarded as heretical and blasphemous, without consent of Protector. |
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Term
| What does Cromwell reluctantly do in February 1655? |
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Definition
| Orders the imprisonment of Fifth Monarchist leader Harrison, after he refuses to live peacefully. |
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Term
| What does Cromwell order in February 1655? |
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Definition
| The release of Quaker George Fox after interviewing him at Whitehall |
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Term
| When does Chief Justice Rolle resign? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Council confirm in July 1655? |
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Definition
| The proposal for reducing the army |
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Term
| What does Cromwell additionally announce in October 1655? |
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Definition
| Those Royalists who show a change of heart and forsake their former allegiance will be exempt from the decimation tax |
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Term
| What was formed in February 1656? |
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Definition
| An elite lifeguard of 160 army veterans, to protect Cromwell |
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Term
| How long were discussions in May 1656 about the financial situation? |
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Definition
| A month, between Cromwell, the Council of State and Major Generals. |
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Term
| What Act does Parliament pass in October 1656? |
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Definition
| An act making it treason to plot the death of Protector |
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Term
| When is Cromwell reinstalled as Protector, under the HP&A? |
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Definition
| June 1656 - in a ceremony reminiscent of a royal coronation |
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