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Properties of Neurons
Overview
49
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2013

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Term
What three properties enable neurons to communicate with each other?
Definition
Excitability, conductivity, secretion
Term
Besides excitability and conductivity, what third property allows neurons to communicate with each other?
Definition
Secretion
Term
Besides excitability and secretion, what third property allows neurons to communicate with each other?
Definition
Conductivity
Term
Besides secretion and conductivity, what third property allows neurons to communicate with each other?
Definition
Excitability
Term
Does an afferent nerve fiber head towards or away from the CNS?
Definition
Towards
Term
Does and efferent nerve fiber head towards or away from the CNS?
Definition
Away from
Term
What are the three functional classes of neurons?
Definition
Sensory (afferent) neurons, interneurons, motor (effector) neurons
Term
Are sensory receptors neurons themselves, or is the receptor a separate cell that communicates directly with sensory neuron ?
Definition
Can be either
Term
In which area of the body do interneurons lie?
Definition
Entirely within the CNS
Term
What type of functions do interneurons carry out?
Definition
Integrative functions - process, store, retrieve info and “make decisions” that determine how the body responds to stimuli
Term
What percentage of our neurons are interneurons?
Definition
90%
Term
Motor neurons send signals predominantly to which types of cells in the body?
Definition
Muscle and gland cells
Term
What is the soma?
Definition
The control center of the neuron
Term
What are Nissl bodies?
Definition
Granules that are rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes, and are the site of protein synthesis - unique to neurons
Term
Soma gives rise to thick processes that branch into what?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
What area of a neuron is the primary site for receiving signals from other neurons?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
How many dendrites does one neuron have?
Definition
Some have one, some have thousands
Term
Where is the axon hillock found?
Definition
It is a mound on one side of the soma
Term
From where on a neuron does the axon originate?
Definition
The axon hillock
Term
What is the name given to the branches that may arise along the way of an axon?
Definition
Axon collaterals
Term
Most axons branch extensively from which of their ends?
Definition
The distal end
Term
What is the cytoplasm in an axon known as?
Definition
Axoplasm
Term
What is the membrane of an axon called?
Definition
The axolemma
Term
How many axons can a neuron have?
Definition
Only one
Term
What is the synaptic knob?
Definition
The bulbous end of an axon branch that forms a synapse with the next cell
Term
What is contained in a synaptic knob?
Definition
Vesicles full of neurotransmitter
Term
Where are vesicles full of neurotransmitter located?
Definition
In the Synaptic Knob
Term
Neurons are classified according the number of what?
Definition
The number of processes extending from the soma
Term
How many axons, and how many dendrites does a multipolar neuron have?
Definition
One axon, multiple dendrites
Term
What are the four different classifications of neurons?
Definition
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, axoaxonic
Term
How many axons and how many dendrites does a bipolar neuron have?
Definition
One axon, one dendrite
Term
How would you describe the physical appearance of a unipolar neuron?
Definition
One single process leading away from the soma
Term
What is the other name for unipolar neurons, and why?
Definition
Pseudounipolar - begin as unipolar in foetus, to processes fuse into one as neuron matures
Term
How many axons and how many dendrites does an axoaxonic neuron have?
Definition
Multiple dendrites, no axon
Term
How do axoaxonic neurons produce action potentials?
Definition
They do not produce them
Term
All proteins needed by the neuron are made in which location?
Definition
The soma
Term
What is axonal transport?
Definition
The two passage way between axon and soma - soma giving proteins to axon, axon transporting wastes back to be recycled
Term
What is anterograde transport?
Definition
Movement away from soma to axon
Term
What is retrograde transport?
Definition
Movement up the axon toward soma
Term
How do material travel between axon and soma?
Definition
Materials travel along microtubules of cytoskeleton - act like tracks
Term
Anterograde transport employs motor protein called what?
Definition
Kinesin
Term
Retrograde transport employs motor protein called what?
Definition
Dynein (same protein in cilia and flagella)
Term
What are the two types of axonal transport?
Definition
Fast and slow axonal transport
Term
What are the two forms of fast axonal transport?
Definition
Fast anterograde transport, and fast retrograde transport
Term
Fast anterograde transport moves organelles, emzymes etc to where?
Definition
Towards distal end of axon
Term
Fast retrograde transport returns used synaptic vesicles and other materials to where?
Definition
Soma
Term
Is slow axonal transport anterograde or retrograde?
Definition
Always anterograde
Term
What is the function of slow axonal transport?
Definition
Moves enzymes and cytoskeleton components down axon, renews worn-out axoplasmic components in mature neurons, supplies new axoplasm for developing or regenerating neurons
Term
Are damaged nerve fibers regenerate at a speed governed by slow or fast axonal transport?
Definition
Slow
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