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Indias first great king. Great warrior- creates massive empire.
First and last time india is unified under one empire.
After a great battle with many dead- he says this is not good and becomes buddhist. Makes all of india buddhist
creates dharma police
one of first to make veterinary haspitols
creates roads across india |
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Alexander the great builds empire that goes all the way from greece, across egypt, and into the indus river valley. His troops rebel and makes him go home, not making it to india.
Scares indians into unifying
Ashoka |
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Not as great as Ashoka empire
about the same strenght as ashoka. Territory was smaller but had what was important- resources and population
- though that buddhism was no the best religioun for government. - core belief for it is on yourself and preservatuon of state.
Began to persecute buddhists- shut down temples and bring hindu back
built temples that looked like mountains because gods lived there and wanted to bring gods to them.
created the metaphysical concept of "zero"
Created arabic numerals |
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violent period in indian histroy.
Fighting each other.
Fought so much they did not see the arabic empire rise. Dismissed the threat. Did not unify and were taken over. |
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When arabic empire went through india. Complete persecution of the buddhist
Hindu was persecuted as well. So many they could not get rid of. Created a growing divide between musluim rulers and population |
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Thought to be descendents of the mongols.
Ends persecution of hindus- puts them in local government
Takes over all of indian continent
while not persecuting himdus, they were the ones running the government and were the upper class.
Agra was capitol |
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Capitol of Mughals
made great structures
built all kinds of msqeus.
most famous builder was Muhal ruler
Taj Mahal/ Sha Jahan |
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Shah Jahan- Most famous mugal ruler an buiilder
gets all of the indian continent.
he was devoted to his wife, who followed him into the great battles. has 14 children and dies in child birth
he builds taj mahal as monument- mun taj
bankrupts india in the construction- son arrests him and is put under house arrest
to bring india out of debt- becomes ruthless. starts taxing more, when rebellion starts, he replaces hindu leaders with muslim ones.
increses divide between islams and hindus
mugal occupation replaced with the british. |
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part of the Qin dynasty.
king of one of the smaller states. good military startegist and ruthless warrior- killed all opposers
was buddhist
gave people chance to surrender, would burn them if they did not- people began to surrender
expands to both north and south of asia
with all the territory, he felt he was greater than a king and became "first empoerer" and literally changes his name.
wanted to unify china.- to do this he had to eliminate anything that was an identifier- could only call themselves chinese
Did not want to die- odered doctors to make him immortal. doctors afraid to tell him he could not live forever- created magic pills made of mercury- ends up dead
empire goes with him |
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| Standardization of measurements/ logograms |
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Definition
Money, language, and writing. All used to unite china.
getting rid of all the different identifiers.
King Jeng/ first emperor
logograms- symbol=entire word |
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King Jeng (first emperor)- wants to unite china- gets rid of all identifiers- standardization of measurements
The great wall of china- protects from northern nomadic people. keeps people in- protects for about 1300 years. 1 million died making it
Han dynasty--
comes up with meritocracy and confucianism
Inventions- paper/printing/horse collar/planting in rows/ china
silk road- developed silk- trade route- made everything outside could make and better.-- end han dynasty
Sui- legalism. grand canal: easy to transport stuff. Wheat and Rice: could feed all of china
Tang/Song Dyn- Ch'ang An large capitol. Night Soil. Printing (lit increase) Abacus/ paper money/ Water clock/ planetarium/ gun powder/trade/medicine
Yuan DYn- Mongols invade- black death happened. %20 china died, weakend mongols. Peasant rebellion kicked them out- black death did not hurt china as much: had so many people
Ming Dyn: Rice saved frm starvation- standing army (largest in world) Forbidden City. Cheng Ho (great fleet). Finds China is best. Stagnation- reached top. Let people buy their stuff. |
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Keeps out the northern nomadic poeple. protects china for about 1300 years
Keeps people from the north in.
takes slave labor to create.- over 1 million poeple died making it. |
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more peacful time. confucianism. set up universities so people could be educated
meritocracy
buddhism- through silk roads
silk road |
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| virtuious example and education |
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normally people were placed in government through birthright.
China says this is a bad idea, a places poeple in power based on their merit. |
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| inventions of Han Dynasty |
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Definition
o Paper
o Printing
o Horse collar
o Planting in rows
o Porcelin/china |
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Han Dynasty
china developed silk-- made its way to the up the arabian peninsula and into the roman empire
silk road=trade route
china could produce everything that could be made and better
all they wanted from rome and the outside was money |
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fall of han dynasty
succession of many rulers |
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adopts legalism- harsh treatment of people. subdued all other powers in china
Grand Canal- canal dug between the yellow and yangtzee river
Extended all the way north to bejing and south to zhemeah. was built by slave labor
was made because the sea next to them was rough and sunk ships
wheat: 12-50 sq/km
rice- 500 sq/km |
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made from human excrement: fertilizer.
instead of only using half the lad to let nutrients grow back, could grow on land all year |
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Chang An- capitol: worlds largest planned city. was able to expand because of rice- feed large population
Night Soil
Hang Chou- made city. looked like village. divided into 6 sub cities. each sub city was larger than any city in mediterranean
increase in tea and agriculture |
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Term
| inventions of Tang and Song dynasty |
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Definition
Literacy rates growing- because of printing invention. no longer had to carve entire page. was cheaper to make and buy- more people bought it- literacy rates went up. Highest lit rates at the time.
Made abacus (calculator thing)
paper money (metals were put to better use).
water clock (accurate time)
Planetarium: attatched water clock (could tell position of stars)
Developed gun powder and weaponized it.
Medicine was far ahead of east
China had rough seas- forced them to make really good ships- expanded trade |
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Great Wall fails china- Mongols went over it and invade. Massive territory- only time most of asia is under one government
Made Beijing capitol
Black death went across china. %20 of china died, weaken mongolian empire.
Had a peasant rebellion |
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China population borering on starvation. introduced new crops, but rice saved them
Had standing army (always wready) largest in the world.
Forbidden City- was palace complex, with complexes surrounding it. emperor lived in it. only females lived there (no males) Only castrated men could serve. (did not want them to produce an heir)
Cheng Ho- command ships
Stagnation- reached the top/ Had best of everything. no need to improve. had huge population, did not need labor saving machines (slowed down industry) |
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Ming Dyn
Court Unit- emperor commands to make fleet of ships. go out and let poeple know he was emperor of the world. . wanted people to come to china and give gifts as recognition.
stuff that was brought back waas not as good as chinese stuff. nothing that was worth the expedition. China let poeple buy stuff from them. they did not trade, nobody had anything they wanted. |
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Saharan Caravan routes
Slaves for mining- Salt and gold were the shit.
Matrilineal system (ruler is passed down through the female line)
Bronze- had a great understanding of engineering and artwork |
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Big agriculture and population
gold and salt middlemen
Mansa Musa-
most famous king in africa. first king to convert to islam. Goes on Haff to mecca.
8 million people
Timbktu - capitol (means out in the middle of nowhere)- being sawllowed up by the sahara. Greatest center of commerce in africa
greatest center of Islamic learning in africa |
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exists where it was becuase of gold- funds the trade routes of indian ocean.
was originally nomadic (settles after finding gold). Used gold to grow food (because nomadic) that they could grow themselves. Disappeared because gold in area runs out
Swahili- big role in indian ocean trade. trade items as far away as china.
Shona- descendents of great zimbabwes. moved to another place, drain resources, then left. became semi-nomadic again. |
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Pachacuti- leave area in high platoe
Topa Inca- massive state in andes moutians
Road system and bridges- Paved rods up and down mountain and bridges. created speed of movement. To control empire, they needed info to move quickly. Could know anything that happened in empire in around 12 days
Quipu- form of communication- tie knots into strings
Machu Pichu- Mountain resort. where they went for winter. warmer at lower altitude. had earthquake proof architecture. |
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Looking for way into china. Inca were just finishing civil war when he shows up.
Atahualpa (inca brother who won civil war) goes to meeting with pizzaro. has 1000 men unarmed. pizzaro has 100 men armed. Takes Atahualpa hostage. makes him pay gold. puts line on wall of room and says fill it up. incas succeed but spanish want more, and kills Atahualpa for witchcraft. |
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city state in valley of mexico
divided on grid patter
disappeard because they liked bright colors- coated all buildings in plaster- needed to heat limestone- chopped down all the trees. deforested valley around them. resulted in reduction of rainfall and rise in temp. civil war broke out- fire destroyed everything.
temple of quetzalcoatl
pyramids of sun and moon
obsidian- volcanic glass rock- very sharp |
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Classic period- age that sees development of them into large conglomerate city state. did not make it past city state status
Long distance trade- city developed near rainforest (no good development). became center of trade- became middlemen and very wealthy
built road network
created wheel because of roughness of terrain
Had skills with metal, but no metal weapons (used obsidian blade)
Pyramids (not tombs). made as platforms for temples. Believed in sacrifice (all societies in this area did human sacrifice).
Hieroglyphic writing |
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| was combination of several calendars |
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grew into empire.
Tenochtitlan- capitol city in lake texoco. created artifcial island
Empire expands beyond valley
More human sacrifice than any other people.
Cortez |
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finds out about wealth of aztecs. Aztecs thought he was god (showed when calendar said god would). found he was not god and wanted nothing to do with him.
creates coalition army and takes over aztec empire. Won because brought germs with them (small pox) |
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| Aztec social classes and religion |
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social classes
1. Feudal lords 2. warriors. 3. free people. 4 serfs and slaves
Religion
1. codices 2. sun god 3. human sacrifice |
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| portuguese intiate muslim cruade. push them back into north africa |
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The navigator
The reason exploration takes off:
His brother was king of portugal and great advantage of exploration
suggests king fund exploration. Radical because state had never funded exploration before
reasons for exploration: 1. measure muslim power 2. contact prester john 3. contact disciple of St. Thomas 4. cut muslims out of gold and salt trade. |
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West african and portuguese gold- They trade over in africa. Start minting their own gold-- makes them very rich
Diaz- cape of good hope- find their way around africa because of cape of good hope (tip of africa)
Vasco Da Gama- India: sails all the way around africa and back up the other side into india, showing they can sail around muslim empire
Spice Trade- Europe desired spice the most (spice poor country), made lots of money trading spice %152 profit) |
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Columbus wants quick route to asia. His idea is to travel west.
Magellan first to make make it around the tip of south africa. make it into the pacific and go west to meet asia- proves what columbus says. |
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| northwest passage to the West |
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Definition
| does not exist, sea ice blocks passage |
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Native population wiped out because of disease. workforce is weakened. needed slaves who were trained to mine. Took slaves from africa.
Portugese needed reason to make trips over to americas
"white gold" sugar
sugar was rare in Europe. Honey was traditional sweetener. Found they could grow sugar in americas. Ends up making more money off of slaves for sugar in america, than trips to africa. |
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Spiraling inflaton- influx of gold and silver coming from Europe and Americas
Rising population- had black death, now rising back to population from before and more. (black death saved population overload). Was met with scarcity of food
Little Ice age- EU had rising tempature. It began to cool off. did not have time to grow crops, no food
Politically fragmented- small and weak states, started consolidation of power, began warfare
religious turmoil |
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origins-
1. Printing- books cost a lot. not available to common people. now cheap and offered to everyone
2. exploration
Copernicus: earth revolved around us.
Helicentric: everything revolves around the sun.
Galileo.
Newton- Natural law- people though things moving were divine and angels were doing it- it was nature and gravity. Dualism- two different worlds god has impact on- god does not affect anything in physical world- rules in the mind |
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idea god is the clock maker
created everything then let it go. god is just creator |
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leviathan
comes up with one of the first ideas of the government of humanities "humans are governed by natural law" |
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| we give up our natural existence so that we can be governed by a state |
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we entered into a contract for protection.
government is protecting us, because we have taken "divine out of the equation"
best way to get rights is through monarchy |
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| monarchy makes it so they can do anything. dont need nobles to let them do things |
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two treatise on government
social contract- everyone in the world is born with certain rights-
life, liberty, and property
we all freely give up those rights when entering a social contract. - give them up so that government can give them back.
it is limited to protect people- it is a contract. if we violate it, it can be revoked |
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| "wealth of nations" came up with lissez faire la nature- let nature take its course |
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glorious revolution- without bloodshed, made new king agree they were under law. constitutional monarchy
American Revolution- colonies rise against england, felt they were being used, not part of the contract
French revolution
Haitian Revolution- slave rebellion
Bolivars Wars- Issue of useing the americas, taking all the resources and not giving any back. |
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| developed slowly throughout europe. Gov does not rule people. people rule Gov. Gov serves the poeple. Some represention of people in government |
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| Industrial revolution- technology on a much larger scale to produce large quantitie of material |
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makes the cotton gin
makes production of cotton easy and cheap
people could have more than one set of clothing
people start printing things on cotton |
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Steam
Watt did not invent steam engine, just made it useable
machine power was now portable
cities were built near water source, now could build a factory anywhere |
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| Industrial revolution things |
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Definition
portable power- population center able to grow further away from cities
steamships and railroads- allow huge amounts of cargo to be transported
internal combustion- steam engine, but produces more power and is light
electricity and oil
cars and planes- world becomes smaller, able to travel great distances |
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belief that a common cultural bond uniting a society though shared language , race ,religion, history, traditions, etc.
GOAL- self determination
language and sports are good identifiers |
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