| bottom of the microscope |
| with the base, used to carry the microscope |
| holds the slide |
| transmit the magnified image |
| lenses that focus light into a cone |
| controls the angle and size of the cone of light |
| holds objective lenses |
| magnify & invert the image |
| formed when light rays converge at one point |
| larger knob used to focus on low power |
| smaller knob used to focus with high power and oil immersion |
| area seen through the microscope |
| the number of times an image is increased in size |
| determined by multiplying the power of the objective by the power of the ocular lens |
| ability to distinguish two points as distinct and separate |
| the amount light bends when it enters a new medium |
| when one lens is focused, all the other lenses will also be in focus |
| oil immersion |
| rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), spirals |
| increases |
| it has the same refractive index as glass (1.52) and the light does not bend between the slide and the objective lens |
| low power |
| when the middle of the field of view is in focus but the periphery is blurry. Light passing through the middle of the lens has a different focal point than light passing through the outside |
| many colors appear in the field. occurs when each wavelength of light has a different focal point |
| light that is transmitted through a specimen |
| kill |
| concentrates |
| bending |
|
real virtual |
| below or within |
|
total magnification =
magnification by the objective lens x magnification by the ocular lens |
| clarity of an image |
| an actual measurement of how far apart two points must be for the microscope to view them as being separate |
|
λ D=----------------------------------- NAcondenser +NAobjective |
| a measure of a lens's ability to "capture" light coming from the specimin and use it to make the image |
| increase |
|
brightly lit dark |
| "darks" |
|
dye ultraviolet
|
| two or more species |
| only a single species |
| isolate an individual species from a mixed sample |
| colonies |
| colony-forming unit |
| individual cells or pairs, chains, or clusters of cells |
| Organism can be found everywhere, could be isolated from soil, water, plants, and animals |
| capable of causing disease |
| capable of causing disease if introduced into a suitable part of the body |
| any area where a microbe resides and serves as a potential source of infection |
| organisms float on top and produce a surface membrane |
| organisms sink to bottom |
| evenly distributed throughout |
| suspended chunks |
|
Amoeba (Entamoeba histolytica causes dysnetery) Nematodes (Enterobius vermicularis - pinworm - intestines Ascaris lumbricoides - intestines Necator americanus - intestines Trichinella spirallis - muscles) Ciliates (Balantidium coli - intestines)
|
| arthropods |
| gram staining |
| crystal violet |
| crystal violet-iodine complex |
| gram negative |
| safranin |
| the alcohol extracts the lipid, making the gram negative cell wall more porus and unable to retain the crystal-iodine complex, decolorizing it |
| the thicker peptidoglycan traps the crystal violet-iodine complex more effectively, making them less susceptible to decolorization |
| reddish |
| dries to a faint haze on the slide |
| may decolorize and give a gram negative result |
| negative |
| acidic |
| repel |
| too delicate to withstand heat-fixing |
| mycolic acid |
| decolorization, acid |
|
Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) Kinyoun (K) |
| serum, slippery |
| carbolfuchsin, lipid |
| melt |
| methylene blue |
| reddish purple |
| blue |
| mucoid polysaccharides, polypeptides |
| Congo red, nigrosin |
| acidic |
| the cell |
| it causes the cells to shrink, leaving an artifactual white halo that may be interpreted as a capsure |
| serum |
| A dormant form of the bacteria that allows it to survive poor environmental conditions |
| keratin |
| malachite green |
| water |
| vegetative cells, spore mother cells |
| In the middle of the cell |
| at the end of the cell |
| between the end and the middle |
| spherical, elliptical (oval) |
| swollen |
| flagella are too thin to be observed with light microscope and ordinary stains |
| one flagellum at one end |
| flagella at both ends |
| tufts of flagella at one end |
| flagella all over the cell |
| As wavelength gets smaller, resolution gets smaller because wavelength is on the top of the equation |
| colony size, color, shape, margin, elevation, texture |
| round, irregular, punctiform |
| entire, undulate, lobate, filmentous, rhizoid |
| flat, raised, convex, pulvinate (very convex), umbonate (raised in center) |
| moist, mucoid, dry |
| opaque, translucent, shiny, dull |
| length of incubation, temperature of incubation, type of medium grown on, oxygen concentration during incubation |
| Bugs that grow on desks at 25 degree C are probably not human pathogens. Plates have many more bugs on them as well. |
| They probably came from humans. |
| To help them stick to the slide because they are slippery. |
| protection against phagocytocis and to stick to surfaces and each other forming a biofilm |
| Spores are formed in response to nutrient depletion, so the |
| Because they are too thin to be seen with regular stain. A mordant must be used to encrust the flagella so it is thick enough to be seen. |
| bright field microscopy |
| dark field microscopy |
| fluorescence microscopy |
| phase contrast microscopy |
| gram positive cocci |
| ovoid coccus (Lactococcus lactis) |
| gram positive bacilli (Bacillus) |
| gram positive staphylococci |
| gram positive streptobaccillus |
| gram positive spirilla |
| spirochetes |
| gram negative vibrio (Vibrio cholera) |
| gram negative diplococci (Nesseria gonorrhea) |
| tetrads (Micrococcus roseus) |
|
gram positive streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) |
|
gram positive bacilli, palisades arrangement (Corynebacterium) |
|
|
1- obligate aerobes (need oxygen) - growth at top 2 - faculative anaerobes - growth throughout, but more growth at top 3- microaerophiles 4 - anaerobes - growth at bottom, no growth at top where oxygen is present |
|
1 - heat fix emulsion 2 - cover smear with crystal violet stain for 30-60 sec 3 - rinse with distilled water 4 - cover smear with iodine for 30 - 60 sec 5 - rinse with distilled water 6 - decolorize with alcohol 7 - counterstain with safranin for 30 - 60 sec 8 - rinse with distilled water 9 - blot dry with bibulous paper |
|
gram positive - dark purple gram negative - pinkish red |
| Bacteria are unstained against dark background |
| in ZN stain, acid fast cells are reddish-purple (non acid fast cells are blue) |
| acid fast cells are reddish purple (non acid fast cells are blue) |
| acidic stain colorizes the background while the basic stain colorizes the cell, leaving the capsules as unstained white clearings around the cell |
| peritrichous flagella |
| monotrichous |
| amphitrichous |
| lophotrichous |
| terminal swollen |
| central |