structural or functional abnormality/disturbance of a tissue

may be from direct from agent of disease

and/or

from host response

development of disease - includes reviewing relationship between:

1. aetiological agent & lesion
2. lesion & clinical sign

physical manifestation of disease

found upon clinical examination of animal

aetiological agent/agent of disease (AOD)

includes: infectious, physical & chemical agents

changes caused by (or causing) disease

visable to the naked eye

studying changes caused by (or causing) disease

at  microscopic cellular/tissue level

Name for a specific disease event - means the same thing to all vets.

May include reference to aetiological agent (aetiological diagnosis) OR

description of morphological changes evident (morphological diagnosis)

OR description of clinical signs

excess blood in blood vessels (BV) in a tissue

due to reduced venous outflow

LOCAL reduction of blood flow to a tissue

due to obstruction of inflow of arterial blood

OR

vasoconstriction

• complex syndrome
• blood supply to tissue becomes progressively inadequate
• leads to reversible, then irreversible cell injury

escaping blood from BV

can happen by diapedesis through intact BV walls

or by flow through ruptured BVs

something in the bloodstream,

e.g. part of a thrombus, bacteria/clumps of bacteria, fat, plaques, cancer cells

process of emoboli formation.

most derived from a thrombi =

thrombo-emboli AND/OR thrombo-embolism

localised necrosis from inadequate blood flow.

"infarction" is name of the process.

In non-human animals most often caused by obstruction of BV by thromboemboli.

hereditary disease

creating deficiencies in some clotting factors

characterised by haemorrhages

clotting disorder- micro-thrombi form in capillaries and venules in many body tissues.

multiple haemorrhages also develop because platelets & clotting factors are used up = "consumption coagulopathy'.

"The physiology of a disordered function"

1. Causation = pathogenesis

2.development = pathogenesis

3. morphologic changes = Description/morphological diagnosis

4. functional outcome (sequelae of morphologic changes) = Pathophysiology

accumulation of oedema fluid in peritoneal cavity.

Hydrothorax = accum. in thorax.

Hydropericardium = accum. in pericardium.

abnormal mass.

often used interchangeably with NEOPLASM

"New Growth"

any new & abnormal cell growth

cell multiplication = uncontrolled & progessive

has escaped the basement membrane and metasticised.

prognosis for recovery unfavourable most often leads to death

loss of differentiation of adult cells

irreversible reversion to lower level of differentiation (embryonic morphology)

not malignant

prognosis for recovery more favourable

transfer of disease from one place in the body to another not directly connected to it

usually via circulatory system or lymphatics

usally relates to neoplasia but can also be spread of infectious disease

variation in size & shape

eg some extremely large cells with large nuclei - others of same cell type small with small hyperchromatic nuclei

change in nuclear shape

prominent & multiple nucleoli

nuclear:cytoplasm ratio may approach 1:1 (normal 1:4)

premature, progressive loss of vitality of tissues or organs

results in disorders or loss of function

usually nervous system

defective development

or

complete absence of organ or tissue

congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening or tubular structure

e.g. atresia ani

present at birth

Congenital defects present at birth but not always immed. identified

vascular connection between L umbilical vein & caudal vena cava in embryo

should close within a few days of birth

deveopmental failure of neural paranchyma of cerebrum

creates enlarged lateral ventricle & thin layer of glial cells plus meninges

accumulation of excessive CSF in head

usually due to blockage of the drainage of CSF from ventricles

mesencephalic aquaduct common site for obstruction

aka porto-caval shunt

connection between portal vein & systemic circ allows blood from gut to bypass liver

usally caused by ductus venosus not regressing

failure of vertebral arch to form dorsally over vertebral foramen.

can be covered by tissue (occult) or open

usally in caudal lumbar or sacral regions

neoplasm consisting of a number of types of different tissues

none of which would normally be found in area of  body  the neoplasm has formed in (eg. tooth in a teste)

all germinal layers represented

usually found in the ovary or testis

any substance which can elicit an immunological response (antibody or lymphocyte)

usually proteins and/or polysachharides

disease producing clinical signs

eg. vomiting, diarrhoea, jaundice

disease which has manifested so slightly that it is not noticable via clinical exam.

may be detected via lab based testing

may lead to clinical disease

parasites that have inoffensive relationship with host

usally no ill effects eg normal flora of skin

altered conditions/compromised host may lead to adverse effect on host

weakened or altered state of host

it becomes susceptible to agents of disease

disease which is readily communicable.

organism/disease can be transmitted:

directly (animal to animal)

indirectly via inanimate objects (fomites)

or intermediate hosts

group of eukaryotic organisms

no chlorophyll, a rigid cell wall

repro. by spores at some point in life cycle

small, usually non-protein molecule

MUST be attached to a carrier molecule

acts as an antigen

organic body (animal or plant)

which parasite lives in or upon

outcome of infection

microbe exists and replicates on host surface

may progress to invasion and produce disease

primarily applies to microbes assoc. with mucosal & skin surfaces

the potential for contact between host and pathogen

@ point of contact exposure=infection

attempt by host to resist and remove agent of disease

usually separated into innate & adaptive immunity

includes surface defences, inflammation & repair

direct contact between host & organism

+- manifestation of disease

replicating AOD

i.e. bacteria, fungi, viruses, prions, protzoans, metazoans

capacity of AOD to penetrate cells or tissues

may include their ability to multiple in tissues

organism persists in dormant state after invasion of host

sub-clin. or clin. disease occurs before latency is established

organism might emerge from latency to induce further disease

disease not progressive in latency

organism that lives on or in a host

obtains nourishment from host for part or all of life cycle

e.g. bacteria, protozoa, metazoans, algae, viruses

all parasites are potential pathogens

capacity of AOD to cause disease in host

low pathogenicity rarely = disease except in

compromised host

environmental microbe that lives on dead or decaying organic matter

may cause disease in approp. HPEI conditions

organisms with high liklihood of causing clinical disease

virulence usual means relative pathogenicity of strains within a species

protective response(often localised)to AOD or damaged tissue

dilutes, destroys, or walls off the AOD and injured tissue

humoral substances, esp. antibody,

enhances uptake of bacteria by phagocytes

over-reaction by the immune system to antigen(s)

leads to excessive tissue damage/disfunction

host response can't contain bacteraemia

characterised by fever & widespread tissue damage

micro-organisms ability to produce chemicals that damage or cause dysfunction of host cells/tissues.

cause disease & commonly referred to as 'toxins'

exotoxins - readily seperable from bacterial cell wall

endotoxins - lipid component in cell wall of gram neg. bacteria

presence of virus in blood

can be as free virus or cell assoc. viraemia

complete virus particle

extracellular

capable of surviving in metabolically inert state & then infecting living cells

class of infectious agent

small unable to replicate outside living host cell

unique mode of replication

simple structure

transmissable by direct or indirect contact;

communicable

= protection from risks posed by AOD to the economy, environment, health

by exclusion, eradication & control.

Transmissibility/

Communicability

ability to spread from infected to susceptible host

highly Vs lowly contatagious

denotes (in negative sense) a disease, or disorder

Ancient Greek

'resemblance to'

Greek

tumor, mass, collection

Greek

deficiency

Greek

formation, development

Greek

eg Achondroplasia

surgical repair,

reconstruction

Greek

paralysis

Greek

burst forth

Greek

rapid flow of blood

Greek

Destruction,

separation

Greek

academic study or practice of a certain field;

The study of

Ancient Greek

inflammation

eg. Tonsillitis

structure, tissue

eg. pericardium

Restriction

Greek

Eg. Ischemia

aden(o)-

aden(i)-

Of or relating to a gland

Ancient Greek

eg. Adenocarcinoma

blood condition Greek

eg. Anaemia