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Principals of Animal Nutrition: Exam 3
Protein Supplements, Proteins, Forages, Vitamins
207
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
03/27/2013

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the minimal crude protein (CP) percentage required to be considered a protein supplement?
Definition
greater than or equal to 20% CP
Term
What are protein supplements derived from?
Definition
typically by-products of more profitable food/ feed (i.e. plant or animal)
Term
What is higher in plant-based protein than in animal-based protein?
Definition
higher crude fiber, higher palpability, and more available for purchase
Term
What is the purpose of protein supplements?
Definition
used to balance animal feeds to meet essential amino acid requirements
Term
What are 3 main plant-based protein supplements?
Definition
Soybean Meal, Cottonseed Meal, Peanut Meal
Term
What are 4 other oil seed meals?
Definition
linseed (flax), sunflower, safflower, rapeseed (canola)
Term
What are 3 other plant protein supplements?
Definition

corn glutten meal (dry milling corn)

distillers dried grain (most common)

brewers dried grains (beer)

Term
What is the difference between expeller and solvent methods of acquiring protein supplements?
Definition
solvent removes more oil than expeller does
Term
What is the most abundant and complete amino acid supplement source derived from plants?
Definition
soybean meal
Term
What is the most palatable amino acid supplement derived from plants? animals?
Definition
soybean meal; dried milk products
Term
Why is it important to heat soybean meal before feeding?
Definition
in order to inactivate trypsin growth inhibitors and urease enzymes
Term
How do you know whether or not you have overheated your soybean meal during processing?
Definition
If you have 0 urease activity you have overheated, however if you have too much ureas activity you have not inactivated trypsin.
Term
What protein supplements may meet 100% of the protein requirements of ruminants?
Definition
cottonseed meal or peanut meal
Term
Why can cottonseed meal and peanut meal not meet 100% of the protein requirements for non-ruminants?
Definition
they are lysine deficienct
Term
What must be done to cottonseed meal before it can be considered a viable protein supplement?
Definition
must degossypolize in order to get rid of phytotoxin, gossypol
Term
What are the 6 signs of gossypol toxicity?
Definition

pheumonia-like symptoms

diarrhea

fetal death

abortion

liver damage

male sterility

Term
Why is the use of peanut meal in non-ruminants limited?
Definition
lysine and methionine defficient
Term
What is a common fungus associated with the peanut meal?
Definition
mytoxin aspergillis spp
Term
What classification of NRC do protein supplements fall under?
Definition
#5
Term
What are 4 types of animal-based protein supplements?
Definition

dried milk products

fish meal

feather meal

meat, tankage, and blood meal

Term
Name the 3 types of dried milk products in order from 'contains the most crude protein' to 'contains the least crude protein'.
Definition

dried skim milk (CP = 33.4%)

dried buttermilk (CP = 3.7%)

dried whole milk (CP = 25.4%)

Term
What are the benefits and drawbacks to using dried milk products are a protein supplement?
Definition

Benefits: highly palpable, highly digestible, high biological value, excellent quality protein

 

Drawbacks: $$$

Term
At what stage of development are dried milk products most commonly used?
Definition
milk replacer during early weaning
Term
What is biological value (BV)?
Definition

1) measurement of how closely a source's amino acid composition matches the host's needs

2) an animal trial that measures protein quality

3) BV = (retained N/absorbed N) x 100%

Term
What does Meat, Tankage, and Blood Meal consit of?
Definition

consists of unusable animal tissues (bone, blood, gut, tendon, connective tissues, and fat)

 

Note: connective tissue reduces BV

Term
In what 3 ways is Meat, Tankage, and Blood Meal prepared?
Definition

steam cooking

drying

grinding

Term
List component values (EE, CP, CF, and levels of Ca and P) of Meat, Tankage, and Blood Meals.
Definition
EE is variable, CP = 60%, CF < 1.0, high in Ca and P
Term
To be labeled as a 'Meat and Bone Meal' the product must contain what % P?
Definition
4.4% P
Term
Name a good rumen by-pass protein that high poor palatability.
Definition
blood meal
Term
What is blood meal commonly used for instead of as a protein supplement due to its poor palatability?
Definition
fertilizers
Term
Why is it necessary to limit Fish Meal in a finishing pig diet, and what specifically in the Fish Meal is the problem?
Definition
want to limit to <5% in order to avoid the meat product having a "fishy" odor/taste; fish oil
Term
What types of fish does Fish Meal normally consist of, and how are these fish prepared?
Definition
menhaden, anchovy, or herring; whole or cut up
Term
What is the primary reason why Fish Meal is not typically fed to ruminants?
Definition
$$$
Term
What are the components (any vitamins, EE, and CF) of Fish Meal?
Definition
high in B vitamins, variable EE (depends on extent of oil extraction) but typically >6%, low in CF
Term
What is higher in animal-based protein supplements than in plant-based protein supplements?
Definition
higher protein content, protein quality, nutrient availability, and phosphorus than plant protein, but is more expensive on a price/ton basis
Term
What percentage of CP does Feather Meal have? Why is feather meal not a standard animal-based protein supplement?
Definition
80% CP but low quality (low digestibility)
Term
What animal stages of development require the most protein?
Definition
young animals and non-ruminants require more protein than mature ruminants (only need Nitrogen source)
Term
What is the difference between protein and protein supplements on a chemical level?
Definition
Protein contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen whereas Protien Supplements contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, phosophorus, and sulfur
Term
Why is Non-Ptotein Nitrogen (NPN) fed, and to what group of animals is it fed to?
Definition

NPN is fed to mature/ acclimated ruminants (feedlot cattle) as a source of Nitogen and/or Phosophorus for the microbes 

 

Note: NPN is NOT an energy source, vitamin, or mineral

Term
In what ratio are Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN) and Sulfur fed?
Definition
10:1
Term
Name 3 types of Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN) in order from 'containing the most N' to 'containing the least N'.
Definition

Urea (N = 45%)

Biuret (N = 37%)

Monoammonium phosphate (N = 12%)

 

NOTE: NPN is fed as a source of Nitogen and/or Phosophorus for rumen microbes 

 

NOTE: Nitrogen is required in order for protein synthesis to occur

Term
Name the 4 steps in Protein Synthesis.
Definition
Transcription --> Initiation --> Elongation --> Termination
Term
What takes place during the Transcription phase of protein synthesis?
Definition
chromosomal DNA transcribes protein code to mRNA within the neucleus
Term
What takes place during the Initiation phase of protein synthesis?
Definition
mRNA leaves the neucleas and attaches to ribosomes
Term
What takes place during the Elongation phase of protein sythesis?
Definition
mRNA decoded; tRNA carries the amino acids and inserts them
Term
What takes place during the Termination phase of protein synthesis?
Definition
final amino acid placed; protein released from ribosomes
Term
What are 10 functions of proteins?
Definition

buffers

antibodies

enzymes

hormones

connective tissues

blood clotting (vitamin K)

visual pigments (vitamin A)

transporting agents

structual components

osmotic regulators

Term
What are the 5 chemical classifications of proteins?
Definition

basic (additional NH2)

acidic (additional COOH)

aromatic (ring structure)

branched chain (additional hydrocarbon chain)

sufur contianing

Term
What are two ways (aside from chemical classifications) in which protein can be classified?
Definition
conformation or composition
Term
What are 2 types of protein composition?
Definition

simple: when hydrolyzed yield only free amino acids

 

conjugated: when hydrolyzed yield free amino acids and prosthetic group 

Term
What are 2 types of protein conformation? Indicate whether each type is soluble in water or not.
Definition

fibrous: insoluble in water (low digestibility)

 

globular: soluble in water

Term
What are amino acids and what chemical groups do they contain?
Definition
amino acids are building blocks of proteins; contain an amino group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH)
Term
What are the 4 protein structures?
Definition

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaterinary

Term
What type of bond(s) do primary proteins have?
Definition
peptide
Term
What are the 3 sub-structures of secondary proteins, and what type of bond(s) is associated with each?
Definition

alpha-helix: hydrogen 

beta-pleated sheets: hydrogen 

triple helix: collagen and connective tissues 

Term
What type of bond(s) do tertiary proteins have?
Definition

hydrogen

disulfide

salt linkages

Term
What type of bond(s) to quaterinary proteins have?
Definition

similar to tertiary (hydrogen, disulfide, salt linkages)

 

Note: extra AA found in cytoplasm and blood

Term
What is a first limiting amino acid?
Definition
the amino acid in the least amount in relation to the animal's needs
Term
What is the most common first limiting amino acid in mammals?
Definition
lysine
Term
What is first limiting amino acid in poultry?
Definition
methionine
Term
What is first limiting amino acid in felines?
Definition

taurine

 

NOTE: taurine is a derivative of the non-essential ammino acid cysteine

Term
In what 2 ways is protein quality measured?
Definition
Animal Trials and Wet Chemistry
Term
Name 6 types of Animal Trials used in measuring protein quality.
Definition

Biological Value (BV)

Nitrogen Balance

Protein Efficiency  Ratio (PER)

Slope Ratio Assay

Net Protein Utilization

Net Protein Ratio (NPR)

Term
What does MFN and EUN stand for?
Definition

MFN = metabolic fecal nitrogen

 

EUN = endogenous urinary nitrogen 

Term
What is the equation for Biological Value (BV)?
Definition

BV = (retained N/absorbed N) x 100%

= [NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)] / [NI-(FN-MFN)]

 

NOTE: MFN stands for 'metabolic fecal nitrogen' and EUN stands for 'endogenous urinary nitrogen'

Term
What is the equation for Nitrogen Balance?
Definition

Nitrogen Balance = NI-(UN+FN)

 

Note: this is the animal trial most commonly used for measuring protein quality 

Term
What 2 Animal Trials require that the animal be killed to measure whole body nitrogen in order to determine protein quality?
Definition
Net Protein Utilization and Net Protein Ratio (NPR)
Term
What Animal Trial compares a test protein to a reference protein in order to determine protein quality?
Definition
Slope Ratio Assay
Term
What Animal Trial looks at measure weight gain in order to determine protein quality?
Definition
Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)
Term
What are 2 Wet Chemistry trials that are used in measuring protein quality?
Definition
Chemical Score and Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI)
Term
How does the Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI) measure protein quality.
Definition
critizes chemical score geometric mean of all Essential Amino Acids and compares them to egg proteins
Term
List the 10 Essential Amino Acids, indicate what type of chemical classification each has, and whether it is glucogenic, ketogenic, or gluco and ketogenic (if known).
Definition

Phenylalanine - aromatic (gluco and ketogenic)

Valine - branched chain

Tryptophan - aromatic (ketogenic)

Threonine - neutral

Isolecuine - branched chain

Methionine - sulfur containing 

Histadine - basic

Arginine - basic 

Lysine - basic (ketogenic)

Leucine - branched chain (ketogenic)

Term
List the 10 Non-Essential Amino Acids and indicated what type of chemical classification each has (if any), and whether it is glucogenic, ketogenic, or gluco and ketogenic (if known).
Definition

PT GAGAGA CS

 

Proline

Tyrosine - aromatic (gluto and ketogenic)

Glutamic Acid - acidic

Aspartic Acid - acidic

Glycine

Alanine

Glutamine

Asparogine

Cysteine - sulfur containing

Serine

Term
What 2 amino acid derivatives are associated with cologen and connective tissues?
Definition

hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine

 

Note: would be considered congugated 

Term
What are the 3 gastric enzymes associated Non-Ruminant Protein Digestion?
Definition

Pepsinogen

Gelatinase

Rennin

Term
What molecule converts pesinogen into endopeptidase, pepsin?
Definition
HCl
Term
What does pepsin do in protein digestion?
Definition
makes smaller peptide bonds
Term
What does gastric enzyme, Gelatinase, do?
Definition
liquifies gelatin
Term
What does gastric enzyme, Rennin, do?
Definition
curdels milk protein to facilitate digestion
Term
Name 5 Pancreatic Enzymes that the non-ruminant secrets into the small intestine during protein digestion.
Definition

Tyrpsin

Chymotrypsin

Elastase 

Carboxypeptidase A

Carboxypeptidase B

Term
In what form are pancreatic enzymes released?
Definition
released as inactive pro-enzymes
Term
Describe the process through which trypsin is activated.
Definition
Activation of trypsinogen via enterokinase creates trypsin. After trypsin is created, it can also activate trypsinogen to make more trypsin because it is autocatalytic.
Term
What does pancreatic enzyme, trypsin, do in protein digestion?
Definition

cleaves bonds in which basic amino acids donate the carboxyl group

 

Basic Amino Acids: Histadien, Arginine, Lysine

Term
What does pancreatic enzyme, chymotrypsin, do in protein digestion?
Definition

cleaves bonds in which the aromatic amino acid donates the carboxyl group

 

Aromatic Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine

Term
What does pancreatic enzyme, carboxypeptidase A, do in protein digestion?
Definition

cleaves aromatic amino acids from the c-terminal end

 

Aromatic Amino Acids: phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

Term
What does pancreatic enzyme, carboxypeptidase B, do in protein digestion?
Definition
cleaves lysine and arginine (both basic amino acids) from the c-terminal end
Term
What is pancreatic enzyme, elastase, specific for?
Definition
elastin fibers
Term
List 3 brush border enzymes released in the small intestine that aid in protein digestion.
Definition

aminopeptidases

dipeptidases

tripeptidases

Term
What does the brush border enzyme, aminopeptidase, do in protein digestion?
Definition
cleaves amino acids from N-terminal end
Term
What does the brush border enzyme, dipeptidase, do in protein digestion?
Definition
cleaves dipeptides
Term
What does the brush border enzyme, tripeptidase, do in protein digestion?
Definition
cleaves tripeptidases
Term
What are intracellular enzymes, where are they released, and what do they do?
Definition
peptidases released in the small intestine that cleave both the dipeptides and tripeptides that are absorbed
Term
What are the 2 sources of amino acids found in the Ruminant small intestine?
Definition
Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) and Microbial (Rumen Degradable Protein)
Term
Define Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) and describe how it is digested.
Definition
RUP is by-pass, or escape, dietary protein that is not utilized by the rumen microbes; it is digested similar to the way non-ruminants digest protein --> through the use of pancreatic and brush border enzymes
Term
Describe the role rumen microbes play in ruminant protein digestion.
Definition

The microbes themselves can serve as an excellent source of protein (providing 70%), or they can make protein to be utilized by the ruminant

 

NOTE: microbial activity takes place in the rumen, but the protein (whether it be made by the microbes or be from the microbes themselves) is digested in the small intestine 

Term
What is the importance of urea recyling in ruminant protein digestion?
Definition
it is an important source of nitrogen for the microbes. instead of the liver synthesizing urea, dumping it into the blood stream, and having the kidneys filter and excrete it, ruminants' saliva picks it up when chewing cud
Term
In what form and in what percentage is most protein absorbed within the body?
Definition

dipeptides and tripeptides; 70%

 

NOTE: dipeptidies, tripeptidies, and intracellular enzymes (secreted as peptidases in the small intestine) cleave the dipeptides and tripeptides that are absorbed

Term
What percentage of proteins are NOT absorbed as either dipeptidases or tripeptidases, and in what form are they instead absorbed as?
Definition
30%; free amino acids
Term
What are the 4 free amino acids absorption pathways that protein can be absorbed through?
Definition

acidic

basic

neutral

imino/ glycine

 

NOTE: all pathways require active absorption, ATP, and Na

Term
What is the specific function of methionine?
Definition
primary methyl donor
Term
What is the specific function of tryptophan?
Definition
serotonin (makes you sleepy), niacin
Term
What is the specific function of cysteine?
Definition

precursor for taurin and taurichloric acid

 

NOTE: taurine is the limitng amino acid in felines

Term
What is the specific function of tyrosine?
Definition

Melanin, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, T3 & T4

Term
What are 2 necessary components needed to make non-essential amino acids?
Definition

a carbon skeleton and a source of nitrogen


NOTE: amino acids contain an ammonia (NH3) group and a carboxylic acid group (COOH)?

Term
List 3 amino acid reactions.
Definition

amination

transamination (movement of amino acid groups)

deamination 

Term
List 3 types of carbon skeletons used in the TCA cycle to generate enengy from amino acids.
Definition

glucogenic

ketogenic

gluco and ketogenic

Term
Describe a glucogenic amino acid carbon skeleton.
Definition
able to make glucose; most common carbon skeleton
Term
Describe a ketogenic amino acid carbon skeleton.
Definition

energy is stored directly as fat

 

examples: leucine, lysine, tryptophan

Term
Describe a gluco and ketogenic amino acid carbon skeleton.
Definition

carbon skeleton can either go on to make glucose or be stored directly as fat; usually goes the ketogenic pathway

 

examples: phenylaline and tyrosine 

Term
In what ways can nitrogen be excreted aside from as urea, ammonia, and uric acid?
Definition

amino acids

allantoin

protein

amino sugars

vitamins

creatinine 

Term
Most mammals excrete nitrogen in the form of what?
Definition
urea
Term
Aquatic species secrete nitrogin in the form of what?
Definition
ammonia
Term
Reptiles, birds, and the dalmation secrete nitrogen in the form of what?
Definition
uric acid
Term
What is the overall reaction for urea cycling?
Definition

2 NH3 + CO2 + 2 H2O + 3 ATP --> Urea + 2 ADP + 1 AMP + 2 Pi + 1 PPi

Term
Define what an amino acid disproportion is.
Definition
a non-ideal amino acid pattern
Term
List 3 types of amino acid disproportions.
Definition

toxicity

antagonism

imbalance

Term
What are 2 causes toxicity amino acid disproportion?
Definition

an ingestion of large qualities of an individual amino acid or inborn errors in metabolism

 

NOTE: cannot get by just ingesting protein; sulfur containing amino acids are the most toxic followed by basic and branched chain respectively 

Term
What is the cause of antagonism amino acid disproportion?
Definition

excessive amounts of one amino acid within the system that has a similar structure to another amino acid; causes growth depression

 

NOTE: this usually occurs with basic amino acids (i.e. arginine and lysine)

Term
What is the cause of imbalance amino acid disproportion?
Definition
additions or surplusses of essential amino acids that are not the first limiting; alway occurs
Term
What is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur within the cell?
Definition
the process of making glucose from carbon skeletons that are present; occurs within the cytoplasm
Term
What are the glucose substrates used in non-ruminants for gluconeogenesis? for ruminants?
Definition

non-ruminants: glucogentic amino acids

ruminants: volatile fatty acid (VFA), propionate


NOTE: there are 3 types of carbon skeletons (glucogenic, ketogenic, and gluco and ketogenic). remember that glucogenic carbon skeletons are the one used to make glucose 

Term
What are 3 differences between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
Definition

In gluconeogenesis, you cannot go directly from pyruvate to phosphonenolpyruvate. Therefore you need malate and oxaloacetate to act as a shunt

 

There is a different enzymes used between fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. gluconeogenesis uses hexose biphosphatase

 

A different enzyme catalyzes the step between glucose 6-phosphate and glucose. gluconeogenesis uses hexose phosphatase  

Term
When is the body undergoing protein acreation?
Definition
protein synthesis > protein breakdown; (+) nitrogen balance
Term
When is the body undergoing protein degradation?
Definition
protein synthesis < protein breakdown; (-) nitrogen balance
Term
List 6 reasons why protein turnover is necessary.
Definition

reconstructing (muscle tissue)

cell and tissue repair

enzyme and hormone production

antibodies

removal of harmful proteins 

replace transport proteins

Term
How much maintenance energy (%) does protein turnover require?
Definition
25-33%
Term
What contributes more amino acids to the metabolic pool: diet or protein breakdown?
Definition
protein breakdown contribute 4 times as many amino acids than diet does
Term
How do we measure protein turnover?
Definition
Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR)
Term
What does fractional synthesis rate represent?
Definition
measures protein turnover by figuring what percentage of a protein in an organ/ tissue is synthesized per day
Term
What tissues/ organs have the highest fractional synthesis rates (FSR)?
Definition

Small Intestine Mucose = 136%

Liver - 85%

Kidney = 48% 

Heart and Brain = 17%

Muscle = 13% (varries tremondously) 

Term
What is the general definition of forages?
Definition
vegetative portion of plants (aside from the grains) that are consumed by animals
Term
Of the dietary components, Forages have the most variation in _____?
Definition
nutritional value
Term
What falls under NRC Classification #1, and what % of DM must a vegetative portion contain in order to fall under this classification?
Definition
Dry Forage and Roughage; stored forage containing 70-92% DM
Term
Name 2 different types of dry forage.
Definition

hay and artifically dried forage

 

NOTE: artificially dried forage has 88-92 % DM. This helps preserve nutrients and pigments,  but is expensive to do

Term
Name 4 different types of roughage (or crop residue).
Definition

straw - left after grain

stover - left after corn grain

stalk - left after sugar removed 

hulls - whats removed before rice, cottonseed, soybean are processed

 

NOTE: crop residue is typically a by-product of grain or food crops (generally composed of mature stems)

Term
Describe the drying process for the forage known as hay. What are the positives and negatives to this process?
Definition

product of wilting cut grass in a field for 2-4 days and then storing it in dry conditions.

 

This process decreses moisture in order to decrease microbial activity and increase vitamin B. However, dryness also results in carotene losses

Term
What are 6 things affect hay quality?
Definition

species

drying conditions

drying duration

maturity stage at harvest

fertilization

nutrient losses on the field or in storage

Term
In what 2 ways can nutrient losses occur in hay?
Definition
field losses or storage losses
Term
List 3 things that result in hay nutrient loss on the field.
Definition

respiration loss (greater under humid conditions) --> 4-15%

leaf loss (greater in legumes than in grasses)

leaching (due to rain) --> 5-14%

Term
List 3 things that result in hay nutrient loss in storage. What do these problems typically result from?
Definition

spontaneous combustion (65% DM) --> packaging dicourages

 

Heat damage (70-80% DM) --> due to microbial activity

which can denature proteins and facilitates molding

 

putting up wet hay

Term
How can hay nutrient losses due to storage be minimized?
Definition

make sure forage maintains 85-90% DM

store inside

treat with propionic acid and anhydrogen ammonia (also increases quality)

 

NOTE: if forage is stored outside expect to have 10% exterior loss

Term
Describe roughage (or crop residue) from a digestive standpoint.
Definition
high in ligin, low in protein, low digestibility
Term
How can you improve the digestibility of roughages (or crop residue)?
Definition
treat with NaOH or other chemicals that will break down the lignin components
Term
List and describe 4 roughages (or crop residues).
Definition

straw - left after grain harvest

stalks - sugarcan and bagasse, left after sugar removed

stover - left after corn grain is harvested

hulls - rice, cottonseed, soybean

Term
What falls under NRC Classification #2, and what % of DM must a vegetative portion contain to fall under this classification?
Definition
fresh forages; 20-30% DM
Term
What falls under NRC Classification #3, and what % of DM must a vegetative portion contain in order to fall under this classification?
Definition
Silages; 20-40% DM
Term
List 2 types of fresh forage.
Definition
pasture/ range and green chop
Term
Describe the fresh forage, green chop.
Definition

undried forage harvested and fed immediately

high quality and a high yield

labor intinsive

often used in the dairy industry 

Term
List 5 types of silages.
Definition

ceareal silages

temerate grasses

tropical grasses

legumes

haylage 

Term
What is silage the product of?
Definition
anaerobic storage of high moisture forage where the storage process is either fermentation or ensiling
Term
What is the goal of fermenting or ensiling a forage?
Definition
to reduce the pH to around 4 in order to prevent the growth of yeast and molds that cause aerobic degradation
Term
During the fermentation or ensiling process, sugars are fermented into ______ by anaerobic microorganism?
Definition
lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acid
Term
Describe Cereal Silages.
Definition

corn, wheat, sorghum

whole plant ensiled

palpable 

Term
Describe Temperate Grasses.
Definition

ryegrass, timothy

high NPN, sugar, and protein

low NDF

good ruminant feed

Term
Describe Topical Grasses.
Definition

bermuda, bahaigrass

low sugars, poor fermentation

high NDF

Term
Describe Legumes.
Definition

peas, beans, clover, alfalfa

high CP

difficult to ensile due to high buffering capacity 

Term
What can be added to aid in fermenation?
Definition
silage additive treatments
Term
Describe Haylage.
Definition

wet hay that has been put up (very beneficial in FL)

highest DM value of silage (40-60% DM)

difficult to pack 

Term
Name 3 types of forage processing.
Definition

chopping/ grinding

pelleting

cubbing 

Term
What are the benefits and drawbacks to chopping/ grinding a forage?
Definition

Benefits: provides uniform product which facilitates intake by minimizing selection, increasing density, and increasing surface area 

 

Drawbacks: increased rate of passage (due to increased rumen acidity), decreased digestibility, and increased dustiness 

Term
What 3 ways can dustiness be minimized in forage processing?
Definition

spraying fat

soaking in water

soaking in molasses (increases palatability)

Term
What are the benefits and drawbacks to pelleting a forage?
Definition

Benefits: increase intake, increase rate of passage , not dusty therefore better ground forage

 

Drawbacks: possible chocking hazard on large pellets and expensive due to the need to chop/ grind a forage before pelleting

Term
What are the benefits and drawbacks to cubbing a forage?
Definition

Benefits: easier to transport/ handle than bailed forage; increased homogeneity 

 

Drawbacks: causes a decrease in dairy cow salivation which results in a decrease in cellulose digestion due to high outflow rate which in turn results in decreased acetate production and milk fat 

Term
How is forage quality defined/ indicated?
Definition
indicated by the prodution rate of a 'producing' animal (growth of milk) when the forage is fed alone and free-choice (ad libitum)
Term
What are 2 things that forage quality depends on?
Definition
voluntary intake and nutritive value
Term
What are 3 ration factors affecting intake?
Definition

processing

diet components

palatability

 

Term
What are 8 animal factors affecting intake?
Definition

gut capacity

passage rate

age, sex, hierarchy 

physiological state/ production level

health

condition score

individual preference

appetite

 

NOTE: appetite is increased in young, growing andimal and pregnant or lactating animals 

Term
What are 6 management factors affecting intake?
Definition

stocking rate

feedbunk design

forage treatments

feeding frequency

water intake

cow comfort 

Term
What are 2 climate factors affecting intake?
Definition

temperature

humidity

 

NOTE: cold temperatures increase appetite while hot temperature decrease appetite

Term
What are 4 general factors affecting the intake of forage?
Definition

ration factors

animal factors

management factors

temperature factors

Term
What are 6 factors affecting nutritive value of a forage?
Definition

irrigation

fertilizer

maturity of forage

pre-harvest handling

species of forage

chemical and botanical composition 

Term
Chemical and Botanical Composition is a factor affecting the nutritive value of a forage. What 3 aspects of plants fall under this factor?
Definition

leaf:stem ratio

antinutritive factors (toxins, mold, etc.)

protein content, digestibility 

Term
Forage quality can be measured through forage testing programs. Name 3 different methods of testing for forage quality.
Definition

visual

chemical analysis

prediction equations 

Term
What council oversees the visual testing for forage quality, and what are some aspects that they look for?
Definition

American Forage Grasslands Council (AFGC)

 

leafy, green, good stem, maturity, smell, species (estimate nutrient content from species)

Term
What tool is used in chemical analysis and prediction equation testing for forage quality?
Definition
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Term
How does one determine the nutritional adequecy of a forage?
Definition
by comparing forage quality to an animal's requirements
Term
What are 5 general characteristics of vitamins?
Definition

- yield no energy

- never polorized

- effective in small amounts 

- deficiency affects other nutriend utilization

- effects of supplementation following a defieciency are practically immediate 

Term
What is the definition for a vitamin?
Definition
organic compound required for normal growth and maintenance (more so during growth)
Term
What does an inadequate intake of vitamin lead to?
Definition
vitmain deficiences
Term
What are vitamin deficiencies reffered to as in regards to animal? to humans?
Definition
referred to as 'signs' in animals and 'symptoms' in humans
Term
Vitamin are supplemented to animal diets to avoid deficiences and to _____? (list 4 things)
Definition

maximize growth

maximize reproductive potential 

minimize production costs

enhance the health and well being of the animal 

Term
List 4 factors that would affect the vitamin content of a foodstuff.
Definition

drought

forced production

antimetabolites

refinement/ processing

Term
What 5 things need to be added back into a foodstuff after refinement/ processing?
Definition
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, mineral: iron
Term
What 5 factors afftect the vitamin content of a vitamin premix?
Definition

paricle size (finner the size, the less potency)

pH (desire a more acidic pH)

carriers (commonly rice hauls)

vitamin/ mineral premixes

environmental conditions

Term
What are 4 environmental conditions that affect the vitamin content of a vitamin premix?
Definition

temperature

storage time

humidity

light 

Term
In what form are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Definition
passive
Term
In what form are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Definition
active (Na driven ATPase system)
Term
What are some fat-soluble vitamins?
Definition

vitamin A

vitamin D

vitamin E

vitamin K

Term
What are some water-soluble vitamins?
Definition

vitamin C

vitamin B complex (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12)

Term
How are fat-soluble vitamins transported throughout the body?
Definition
absorbed through the lymph and carried through the blood on specific binding proteins (RBP) or within lipoproteins
Term
How are water-soluble vitamins trasported throughout the body?
Definition
absorbed into the blood and carried on albumin or other globulins
Term
Identify both fat- and water-soluble vitamins as being either hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
Definition

fat-soluble vitamin = hydrophobic

water-soluble vitamin = hydrophilic 

Term
Are there any provitamins that go on to produce fat-soluble vitamins? If so, provide examples.
Definition
yes; beta-carotene converted into citamin A and ergostol converted into vitamin D
Term
Are there any provitamins that go on to produce water-soluble vitamins? If so, provide examples.
Definition
typically, no
Term
Are fat-soluble vitamins stored within the body? If so, where are they stored?
Definition
yes; stored within adipocytes or the liver
Term
Are water-soluble vitamins stored within the body? If so, where are they stored?
Definition

little to no storage

 

NOTE: vitamin B12 is stored within the bofy for a few weeks

Term
How are both fat- and water-soluble vitamins excreted from the body?
Definition

fat-soluble vitamins excreted as feces

water-soluble vitamin excreted as urine

Term
Is toxicity possible with fat-soluble vitamins? with water-soluble vitamins? Explain.
Definition

fat-soluble vitamins: possible because stored within the body for extended periods of time

 

water-soluble vitamins: unlikely becuse do not remain in the body for very long 

Term
Is fat-soluble vitamins or water-soluble vitamins more distributed throughout the body?
Definition
water-soluble vitamins are universally distributed thoughout the body but found mostly in active parts of the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are not present in all tissues
Term
List 4 things that fat-soluble vitamins assist in on a metabolic level.
Definition

regulator

antioxidant

immune system (both passive and active)

vision

Term
List 4 things that water-soluble vitamins assist in on a metabolic level.
Definition

energy transfer

antioxidant

protein synthesis (vitamin B6 necessary for amination, transamination, and deamination)

important as co-enzymes

Term
What 4 water-soluble vitamins are used in energy transfer?
Definition

thiamin

riboflavin

niacin

pantethoic acid 

Term
What do proteins with a simple composition yield when hydrolized?
Definition

yield only free amino acids

 

 

Term
What do proteins with a conjugated composition yield when hydrolized?
Definition
yield free amino acids plus a prosthetic group
Term
What Animal Trial measures an animal's weight in order to determine protein quality?
Definition
Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)
Term
What do all the free amino acid absorption pathways (acidic, basic, neutral, or glycine) require in order to absorb protein?
Definition
all pathways require active absorption, ATP, and Na
Term
What are the CF and NDF percentages a vegetative portion of a plant must contain in order to be considered a forage?
Definition
>18 % CF and 35% NDF
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