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Primary Care Paramedic A&P
Everything you need to help study for the CS200 or Para100
609
Anatomy
Graduate
04/17/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Which organs are found I. The left upper quadrant?
Definition
-stomach
-spleen
-Lt kidney
-most of the pancreas
-portion of the liver
-portion of small bowel
-portion if the transverse colon
-portion of the descending colon
Term
What is the term used to describe the number of times a person breathes in one minute?
Definition
Respiratory Rate
Term
What are some common causes of decreased carbon dioxide elimination?
Definition
-respiratory depression by drugs
-airway obstruction
-impairment of the respiratory muscles
-obstructive diseases such as asthma & emphysema
Term
What are some common causes of increased carbon dioxide production?
Definition
-fever
-muscle exertion
-shivering
-metabolic processes resulting in the formation of metabolic acids
Term
What is the effect of hyperventilation on carbon dioxide levels?
Definition
-lowers Co2 levels and can be the result of an increased respiratory rate or deeper respiration
Term
What are 4 factors that affect the oxygen concentration in the blood?
Definition
-decreased hemoglobin concentration
-inadequate alveolar ventilation
-decreased diffusion across the pulmonary membrane
-ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs when a portion of the alveoli coal lapses, as in atelectasis
Term
What is hypercarbia?
Definition
Excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Term
What is the term used to describe. Blood clot that travels to the pulmonary circulation and hinders oxygenation of the blood?
Definition
Pulmonary embolism
Term
What is a hemothorax?
Definition
Accumulation of blood air fluid containing blood in the pleural cavity
Term
What is a pneumothorax?
Definition
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity
Term
What is hypo ventilation?
Definition
A reduction in the breathing rate and depth
Term
What is the term used to describe the movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
What is the term used to describe the pressure excreted by each component of a gas mixture?
Definition
Partial pressure
Term
What is the source of blood for the lung tissues?
Definition
Bronchial arteries that branch from the aorta
Term
What does PA stand for?
Definition
Alveolar partial pressure
Term
What is the term used to describe decreased blood oxygen level?
Definition
Hypoxemia
Term
What is the term used to describe the mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen climbs?
Definition
Hypoxic Drive
Term
What is the term used to describe the absence of breathing?
Definition
Apnea
Term
Describe the relationship between the frequency of impulses from the medulla and the respiratory rate
Definition
The main respiratory centre lies in the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. Various neurons within the medulla initiate impulses that result in respiration. A rise in frequency if these impulses increases the respiratory rate. Conversely, a decrease in there frequency decreases the respiratory rate
Term
What is the name if the nerve connecting the medulla and the respiratory muscles?
Definition
Vagus nerve
Term
What is the name of the centre that controls expiration?
Definition
Pneumo tactic centre
Term
Where are the chemoreceptors located that assist in regulating respiration?
Definition
Chemical receptors in the medulla and peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and in the area of the aorta
Term
What conditions stimulate these chemoreceptors?
Definition
-decreased PaO2
-increased PaCO2
-decreased pH
Term
What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?
Definition
12-20/min
Term
What is the normal respiratory rate for children?
Definition
18-24/min
Term
Wahhabis the normal respiration rate for infants?
Definition
40-60/min
Term
What effect does fever have on normal respiratory rate?
Definition
It increases
Term
What effect does emotion have on normal respiratory rates?
Definition
Increases it
Term
What effect does pain have on normal respiratory rates?
Definition
Increases it
Term
What effect does hypoxia have on normal respiratory rates?
Definition
Increases it
Term
What effect does acidosis have in normal respiratory rates?
Definition
Increases it
Term
What effects do stimulant drugs have on normal respiratory rates?
Definition
Increases it
Term
What effect do depressant drugs have on normal respiratory rates ?
Definition
Decreases it
Term
What effect does sleep have on normal respiratory rates?
Definition
Decreases it
Term
What is the term used to describe the average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled on one respiratory cycle?
Definition
Tidal volume
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount of gas in the tidal volume that remains on air passageways unavailable for gas exchange ?
Definition
Dead space volume
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount if gas I. The tidal volume that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange?
Definition
Alveolar volume
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount of gas inhaled and exhaled in one minute?
Definition
Minute volume
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount if gas that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange in one minute?
Definition
Alveolar minute volume
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount of air that can be maximally inhaled after a normal inspiration?
Definition
Inspiratory reserve volume
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount of air that can be maximally exhaled after a normal respiration?
Definition
Expiratory reserve volume
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount if air remaining in the lungs at the end if maximal expiration?
Definition
Residual volume
Term
What is the term used to describe the volume of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration?
Definition
Functional residual capacity
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount if air that can be maximally expired after maximum inspiration?
Definition
Forced Expiratory volume
Term
Describe the process of expiration
Definition
At the end of inspiration , the respiratory muscles relax , thus decreasing the size if the chest cavity and in turn increasing the intrathoracic pressure. The naturally elastic lungs recoil, forcing air out through the airway, until intrathoracic and atmospheric pressure are equal once again
Term
Explain the mechanism that prevents over expansion if the lungs
Definition
Pulmonary expansion stimulates microscopic stretch receptors in the bronchi and bronchioles. These receptors signal the respiratory centre by way of the vagus nerve to inhibit inspiration and the air influx stops
Term
What is the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air?
Definition
4%
Term
What is the concentration of Carbon dioxide in inspired air?
Definition
0.04%
Term
Wha is the concentration of nitrogen in expired air?
Definition
79.6%
Term
What is the concentration of nitrogen in inspired air?
Definition
79.01%
Term
What is the concentration of oxygen in expired air?
Definition
16.4%
Term
What a the concentration of oxygen In inspired air?
Definition
20.94%
Term
Identify the structures that compose the hip and pelvis
Definition
The h joint involves the head of the proximal femur (ball) and the acetabulum (socket) of the ischium
Term
Name the process through which stem cells differentiate into WBC's immature forms
Definition
Leukopoiesis
Term
The process in which WBC's engulf and destroy an invader is known as?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
List the number of lobes in the left and right lungs
Definition
Rt has 3
Lt has 2
Term
Describe the structure and function of the trachea
Definition
Hollow and cartilage supported respiratory pathway through which air moves in and out of the thorax and lungs
Term
What is the term used to describe the conversion if protein and fat to form glucose
Definition
Gluconeogenesis
Term
What term describes a substance that dissolves other substances forming a solution?
Definition
Solvent
Term
Describe the effect of changing intrathoracic pressure on blood pressure and pulse strength
Definition
Normally the systolic BP and pulse strength fall during inspiration and rise during expiration
Term
What system controls virtually all bodily functions and is the seat of intellect and personality?
Definition
Nervous system
Term
What system consists of the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, prostrate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens and penis?
Definition
Reproductive system
Term
What is the fatty secretion of the sebaceous gland that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof?
Definition
Sebum
Term
A form of osmotic pressure excreted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma is known as?
Definition
Oncotic force
Term
The total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space is called?
Definition
Net filtration
Term
What is the role of calcium in cardiac function ?
Definition
Takes part in myocardial depolarization and myocardial contraction. Hypercalcemia can result in increased contractility, whereas hypocalcemia is associated with decreased myocardial contractility and increased electrical irritability
Term
The sum of all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being is called an?
Definition
Organism
Term
What are the primary carriers of oxygen in the bloodstream?
Definition
Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin molecule of RBC's, which serve as the primary carriers of oxygen within the bloodstream
Term
What system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood? In transports nutrients and other essential elements to all parts of the body
Definition
Cardiovascular system
Term
Which system consists of the lungs and associated structures?
It provides oxygen to the body, while removing carbon dioxide and other waster products
Definition
Respiratory system
Term
What is the normal saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen?
Definition
95-100%
Term
What term describes the study of the functions of an organism; the chemical and physical processes of a living thing?
Definition
Physiology
Term
Where do coronary arteries originate?
Definition
In the aorta, just above the leaflets if the aortic valve
Term
List the functions of the skeleton
Definition
-gives the body structural form
-protects vital organs
-allows for efficient movement
-stores salts and other materials for metabolism
-produces RBC's
Term
Blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heart beat is called?
Definition
Hydrostatic pressure
Term
What is perfusion?
Definition
Is the supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries
Term
List the 2 components of the CNS
Definition
-brain
-spinal cord
Term
Define the function of the somatic nervous system
Definition
Controls voluntary bodily functions
Term
Define the function of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
Controlling involuntary bodily functions. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Term
What is the effect of testosterone?
Definition
Promotes the development and maintenance of secondary male sexual characteristics and as a role in the cell development of sperm
Term
What term describes the cell from which the various type of blood cells can form?
Definition
Pluripotent stem cell
Term
List the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous systems
Definition
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
Term
Define the function if the sympathetic nervous system
Definition
Prepares the body for stressful situations. Sympathetic nervous systems actions include increased heart rate and dilation if the bronchioles and pupils
Term
Name the neurotransmitter a that mediate actions of the SNS
Definition
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
Term
Define the function of the PNS
Definition
Responsible for controlling vegetative functions. PNS actions include decreased heart rate and construction of the bronchioles and pupils
Term
Name the neurotransmitter that mediates actions of the PNS
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
Define the term neuron
Definition
Nerve cell; the fundamental component of the nervous system
Term
The bones if the extremities, shoulder girdle and pelvis (except the sacrum) are called?
Definition
Appendicular skeleton
Term
Identify the structures that compose the wrist and hands
Definition
The radius and ulna articulate with he carpal bones and the wrist or radiocarpal joint
Term
Define Starlings Law of the heart
Definition
A law of physiology stating the the more the myocardium is stretched, up to a certain lint, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be
Term
Explain how muscles create movement across a joint
Definition
Muscles usually pair, one on each side of a joint. This configuration is essential because muscles can actively contract, not lengthen. One Muskie moves the extremity in one direction by contraction, while the opposing ( and relaxed) muscle stretches
Term
What is the term used to describe the resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood; increased when the vessels constrict, decreased wen the vessels relax?
Definition
Peripheral vascular resistance
Term
Define or describe the term cerebellum
Definition
Portion of the brain located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongata. Plays an important role in the fine control of voluntary muscular movements
Term
Identify the functions of the spinal cord
Definition
Is the main communication conduit of the CNS. It is responsible for transmitting messages from the brain to the body organs and tissues from the sensory nerves in the organs, skin and other tissues back to the brain
Term
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the thymus gland?
Definition
Thymosin
Term
Where is the pineal gland located?
Definition
In the roof of the thalamus in the brain
Term
What areas of the brain specializes in vision?
Definition
Occipital cortex of the cerebrum
Term
Where is the pancreas located?
Definition
Upper retroperitoneum behind the stomach and between the duodenum and spleen
Term
Which two hormones are essential to the homeostasis of blood glucose?
Definition
-glucagon
-insulin
Term
List the components if the neuron
Definition
-soma (cell body)
-dendrites
-axons
Term
Where does the left ventricle send it's blood?
Definition
Through the aortic valve to the aorta, which feed the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
Term
Identify the bones that compose the elbow
Definition
Lateral and medial epicondyles of the distal humerus, the olecranon process of the proximal ulna and the proximal radius comprise the elbow joint
Term
A turning along the axis of a bone or joint is called?
Definition
Rotation
Term
The later if tissue producing the epidermis and housing the structures, blood vessels and nerves normally associated with the skin is called the?
Definition
Dermis
Term
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Definition
Primary function is to fight infection
Term
Where does the right ventricle pump blood to next?
Definition
Through the pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery and onto the lungs
Term
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Definition
Deep within the cerebrum of the brain
Term
Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems regulate the heart:
Definition
Work in direct opposition to one another to regulate the heart. In the hearts normal state, the two systems balance. In stressful situations, the sympathetic becomes dominant, while during sleep, the parasympathetic system dominates
Term
Where does blood flowing through the right atrium go next?
Definition
Through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle
Term
Movement of a body part away from the midline is called?
Definition
Abduction
Term
Tissue within the internal cavity of a bone responsible for manufacture of erythrocytes and other blood cells is known as?
Definition
Red bone marrow
Term
What is the purpose of the venous system?
Definition
It transports blood from the peripheral tissues back to the heart under low pressure
Term
Define or describe the term tongue
Definition
A large mobile muscle covered by mucous membranes
Term
The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissue is known as?
Definition
Epithelial tissue
Term
Where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from?
Definition
Receives blood from the areas below the heart
Term
Lost the two control systems of the body
Definition
-nervous system
-endocrine system
Term
The area where adjacent bones articulate is a?
Definition
Joint
Term
Identify the 3 types of muscle
Definition
-cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal
Term
Describe the Bohr effect
Definition
The phenomenon in which a decrease PcO2/acidity causes an increase in the quantity of oxygen that binds with hemoglobin
Term
What is the intrinsic rate of the Purkinje system?
Definition
15-40 beats/min
Term
What is the intrinsic rate of the AV node?
Definition
40-6 beats/ min
Term
What is the intrinsic rate if the SA node?
Definition
60-100 beats/min
Term
Where does the superior vena cabs receive blood from?
Definition
Receives deoxygenated blood for the head and upper extremities
Term
List two levels of effects of disease
Definition
-local (at the sure of the illness or injury)
-systemic (throughout the body)
Term
What is the term used to describe the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs
Definition
Ventilation
Term
What is cellular respiration?
Definition
Occurs in the peripheral capillaries. It is the exchange if the respiratory gases between the RBC's and the various body tissues
Term
What is pulmonary respiration?
Definition
Occurs in the lungs when the respiratory gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the RBC's in the pulmonary capillaries through the capillary membranes
Term
What is pulmonary respiration?
Definition
Occurs in the lungs when the respiratory gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the RBC's in the pulmonary capillaries through the capillary membranes
Term
What are the structural differences in the pediatric thoracic cage?
Definition
Ribs and cartilage are softer and more pliable
Term
What are the structural differences in the pediatric larynx?
Definition
The pediatric larynx lies more superior and anterior in children and is funnel shaped because the cricoid cartilage is undeveloped. Before the age of 10, the cricoid cartilage is the narrowest part of the airway
Term
What are the structural differences in the pediatric pharynx?
Definition
-jaw is smaller and tongue relatively larger, resulting in greater potential airway encroachment

-epiglottis is much floppies and rounder

-the dental ridge and teeth are softer and more fragile than an adults and potentially more subject to damage from airway maneuvers
Term
What is pleurisy?
Definition
Pleura can become inflamed, causing significant pain with respiration
Term
What is pleural space?
Definition
The potential space between the 2 layers of pleura
Term
What are the characteristics of visceral and parietal pleura?
Definition
-visceral pleura envelopes the lungs and does not contain nerve fibres

-parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity and does contain nerve fibres
Term
What are pleura?
Definition
Membranous connective tissue covering the lungs
Term
What organs are found in the LLQ?
Definition
-sigmoid colon
-portions of the urinary bladder, small bowel, descending colon, rectum and female genitalia
Term
Which organs are found in the RLQ?
Definition
-appendix
-portions of the urinary bladder, small bowel, ascending colon, rectum and female genitalia
Term
What does the femoral nerve control?
Definition
-lower abdomen, gluteus and thighs
Term
Identify the function if the cervical portion of the spinal colum:
Definition
Skeletal support for both the head and neck. It is also an attachment point for the ligaments that hold the column together and give it's strength and for the tendons that support and love the head and shoulders
Term
A solution that is equal in concentration of solute molecules in another solution is called?
Definition
Isotonic
Term
Where are the testes located?
Definition
Outside of the abdominal cavity in the scrotum
Term
The glands working the dermis that secret sweat are the?
Definition
Sudoriferous glands
Term
Where is the thymus located?
Definition
In the mediastinum just behind the sternum
Term
The glands within the dermis secreting sebum are the?
Definition
Sebaceous glands
Term
What is the effect if progesterone?
Definition
Necessary for implantation if the fertilized egg and maintenance of the uterine lining throughout pregnancy
Term
What does the phrenic nerve control?
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
List the 3 most frequently occurring anions in the human body
Definition
-chloride (Cl-)
- bicarbonate (HC03 -)
-phosphate (Hp04-)
Term
Define or describe the term semicircular canals
Definition
The 3 rings of the inner ear. They sense the motion of the head and provide positional sense for the body
Term
Describe the structure of nails;
Definition
Nails are made up of the nail plate, nail bed, the proximal nail fold and the nail root
Term
Describe the structure of the follicle
Definition
Hair developed from the base of the hair follicle, where it is nourished by the papilla, a vast capillary network
Term
The opening in the vertebrae that accommodates the spinal cord is known as the?
Definition
Spinal canal
Term
Blood platelets are also known as?
Definition
Thrombocyte
Term
The thick bony struts that connect the vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse processes and help make up the opening for the spinal canal are known as?
Definition
Pedicles
Term
The posterior bones of a vertebra that help make up the foramen, or opening of the spinal canal is known as the?
Definition
Laminae
Term
The bony outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachment and articulation with the ribs is known as the?
Definition
Transverse process
Term
Define the term ascending tracts
Definition
Bundles of axons along the spinal cord that transmit signals from the body to the brain
Term
What is the function of axons?
Definition
Transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body
Term
What area if the brain specializes in personality?
Definition
Frontal lobes of cerebrum
Term
What is the name of the microscopic structure within the kidney that produces urine?
Definition
The nephron
Term
What is the term used to describe the movement of a substance from a nephron tubule back into the blood?
Definition
Reabsorption
Term
What is the term used to describe the movement if a substance from the blood into a nephron tubule?
Definition
Secretion
Term
What is the name of the fluid produced in bowmans capsule by filtration of blood?
Definition
The filtrate
Term
What is the term used to describe the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration?
Definition
Simple diffusion
Term
What is the term used to describe the diffusion pattern of water in which molecules move to equalize concentrations on both sides of a membrane?
Definition
Osmosis
Term
What is the term used to describe the measure of a substance concentration in water?
Definition
Osmolarity
Term
What is the term used to describe a solution that has a concentration of the substance greater than that if a second solution?
Definition
Hyperosmolar
Term
Identify the 3 categories of WBC's
Definition
-granulocytes
-monocytes
-lymphocytes
Term
What is the term used to describe a solution that has a concentration of the substance lower than that of a second solution?
Definition
Hypo-osmolar
Term
What is the term used to describe a form if molecular diffusion in which a molecule specific carrier in a cell membrane speeds the molecules movement from a region if higher concentration to one of lower concentration?
Definition
Facilitated diffusion
Term
What is the term used to describe the movement of a molecule through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration?
Definition
Active transport
Term
What term describes the study of the structure of an organism or body structure?
Definition
Anatomy
Term
List at least 3 causes of dehydration
Definition
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-perspiration
-peritonitis
-malnutrition
Term
A function of cels of the intestines and kidneys which take in nutrients that pass through the body is known as?
Definition
Metabolic absorption
Term
What is the term used to describe the formation and passage of a dilute urine, decreasing blood volume?
Definition
Diuresis
Term
What is the term used to describe the formation and passage of a concentrated urine, preserving blood flow?
Definition
Antidiuresis
Term
A function all cells perform as they breakdown nutrients and expel waste is known as?
Definition
Excretion
Term
The action performed by glands that produce substances such as hormones, mucus, sweat and saliva is known as?
Definition
Secretion
Term
What is the term used to describe the waste product caused by metabolism within muscle cells?
Definition
Creatine
Term
What is the name of the duct that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
Definition
Ureter
Term
What is the name of the muscular organ that stores urine before it's elimination from the body?
Definition
Urinary bladder
Term
What is the name of the duct that carries urine from the urinalysis bladder out of the body?
Definition
Urethra
Term
What organs belong to the female reproductive system?
Definition
-ovaries
-Fallopian tubes
-uterus
-vagina
Term
What are the structures of the female external genitalia?
Definition
-perineum
-mins pubis
-labia
-clitoris
Term
What is the name of the tubes going from the trachea into the lungs?
Definition
Bronchi
Term
What is the name of the tube that connects the larynx to the 2 mainstream bronchi?
Definition
Trachea
Term
What are the components of the lower airway?
Definition
-trachea
-bronchi
-alveoli
-lung parenchyma
-pleura
Term
What is the narrowest part of the adult trachea?
Definition
Glottic opening
Term
What are the 7 components of the larynx?
Definition
-thyroid
-cricoid cartilage
-Glottic opening
-vocal cords
-arytenpid cartilage
-pyriform fossae
-cricothyroid membrane
Term
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
Definition
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
Term
What are the 4 openings in the pharynx?
Definition
-internal nares
- mouth
-larynx
-esophagus
Term
Where is the cricothyroid membrane?
Definition
Between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx
Term
What is aspiration?
Definition
Inhaling foreign material such as vomitus into the lungs
Term
Describe Sellicks maneuver
Definition
Pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage that occluded the esophagus
Term
What is the name of the lip-like opening between the vocal cords?
Definition
The glottis
Term
What are the vocal cords?
Definition
Bands of cartilage that regulate the passage of air through the larynx and produce voice by contraction of laryngeal muscles
Term
What complex anatomical structure joins the pharynx with the trachea?
Definition
Larynx
Term
What is the name of the technique used to describe passing a tube into the trachea to protect and maintain the airway and to permit medication administration and deep suctioning?
Definition
Endotracheal intubation
Term
What is the term used to describe the depression between the epiglottis and the base of the tongue?
Definition
Vallecula
Term
What is the term used to describe the mechanism that stimulates retching or striving to vomit, when the soft palate is touched?
Definition
Gag reflex
Term
What is the name of the muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus?
Definition
Pharynx
Term
What are the components of the oral cavity?
Definition
-cheeks
-hard and soft palates
-tongue
Term
What are the characteristics if inhaled air by the time it reaches the alveoli?
Definition
-is at body temp (37c)
-100% humidified and free of airborne particles
Term
What is mucous?
Definition
A slippery secretion that lubricates and protects airway surfaces
Term
What are mucous membranes?
Definition
Tissues lining body cavities that communicate with the air
Term
What is another name for nare?
Definition
Nostril
Term
What is the name of the narrow tube that carries years and debris into the nasal cavity that have drained from the eye?
Definition
Dasolacrimal duct
Term
What is the name of the tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity?
Definition
Eustachian tube
Term
What is the name of the air cavity that conducts fluids from the Eustachian tubes and tear ducts to and from the nasopharynx?
Definition
The sinus
Term
What is the name of the cartilage that separates the right and left nasal cavities?
Definition
The nasal septum
Term
What are the components of the upper airway?
Definition
-nasal cavity
-oral cavity
-pharynx
Term
What is the purpose if the respiratory system?
Definition
Provides a passage for oxygen to enter the body and for carbon dioxide to exit
Term
What is the name of the microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place?
Definition
The alveoli
Term
What is atelactasis?
Definition
Alveolar collapse
Term
What are the structural characteristics if the bronchi?
Definition
The right mainstream bronchus is almost straight, while the left angles more acutely to the left
Term
What type of receptor sites are found in the smooth muscles the bronchioles?
Definition
The bronchioles are encircled with smooth muscle that contains beta 2 adrenergic receptors
Term
What is the effect of stimulating the receptors in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles?
Definition
When stimulated, these beta 2 receptors relax the bronchial smooth muscle, this increasing the airways diameter
Term
What is the name given to the inner portion of the adrenal gland?
Definition

Adrenal Medulla

 

Term
What component of the brain relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus and contains the involuntary somatic and viscreal motor centers?
Definition
Pons
Term
What component of the rain processes visual and auditory data, generates involuntary somatic motor responses and maintains consciousness?
Definition
Mid Brain
Term
Identify function of the parasympathetic nervous system:
Definition

Controls rest and regenerative functions and consists of the peripheral nerve roots branching from the sacral region and the cranial nerves.

 

(Predominantly the vagus Nerve)

Term
List the 3 mechanisms of hydrogen removal:
Definition

- Bicarbonate buffer system

- Respiration

- Kidney function

Term
Define the term White Matter:
Definition
Material that surrounds gray matter in the spinal cord; made up largely of axons
Term

What term describes a low concentration of hydrogen ions?

 

A Ph above 7.45?

Definition
Alkalosis
Term
Explain the characteristics and function of the atlas (C1):
Definition

- Supports the head

- Securely affixed to the occiput and permits nodding but does not accomodate any twisting or turning motion

Term
Identify the # of vertbrae in the Coccygeal division:
Definition
3-5 fused vertebrae that represent the residual elements of a tail
Term
What are the 3 layers of tissue in the heart?
Definition

- Endocardium

- Myocardium

- Pericardium

Term
Identify the # of vertebrae in the Sacral Division:
Definition
5 that fuse into the posterior plate of the pelvis
Term
Identify the # of vertebrae in the lumbar division:
Definition
5
Term
Identify the # of vertebrae in the thoracic division:
Definition
12
Term
What is the name of the process in which non-specific defense mechanism ward of damage from micro-organisms or trauma?
Definition
Inflammatory Process
Term
Identify the bones that compose the knee:
Definition

The knee joint involves the:

 

-Distal Femur

- Proximal Tibia

- Patella

Term
How big is the heart?
Definition
Approx the size of a closed fist
Term
Where is the heart located?
Definition
Center of the chest in the mediastinum, anterior to the spine and posterior to the sternum.  The bottom of the heart, or APEX, is just above the diaphragm, left of the midline.  The top of the heart, or BASE, lies at approximately the level of the 2nd rib
Term
What is the average volume of blood in an adult weighing 75kg?
Definition

6 litres

 

(80-85 ML per KG)

Term
List the 8 major glands of the Endocrine system:
Definition

- Hypothalamus

- Pituitary

- Thyroid

- Parathyroid

- Bronchdilation

- Thymus

-Pancreas

- Adrenals

- Gonads

- Pineal

Term
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
Definition
is the junction or connection between the CNS and the endocrine system
Term
What is the name of the charged particle; anatomy or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons?
Definition
Ion
Term
Identify the major tasks of the PNS:
Definition
To slow the heart and increase digestive system activity; the system also plays a role in sexual stimulation
Term
Stuctures though which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft are known as?
Definition
Perforating Canals
Term
What is the role of potassium in cardiac function?
Definition
Influences repolorization.  Hyperkalemia decreases automaticity and conduction, wherea Hypokalemia increases irritability
Term
Small perforations of the long bone through which blood vessels and nerves travel into the bone itself are known as?
Definition
Haversian Canals
Term
What are the 3 factors that affect stroke volume?
Definition

- Preload

- Cardiac Contractility

- Afterload

Term
The hollow shaft found in long bones is the?
Definition
Diaphsysis
Term
How does the body maintain a relatively constant blood pressure?
Definition
By employing compensatory mechanisms and negative feedback loops
Term
Where is the thoracic aorta located?
Definition
It curves inferiorly and goes through the chest (Thorax)
Term
Describe the location and characteristics of the arachnoid membrane:
Definition
Middle layer is a web-like structure of the meninges
Term
The movement of raising the foot is called?
Definition
Doriflexion
Term
List the 3 structures that form the meninges
Definition

- Duramater

- Arachnoid Membrane

- Pia Matter

Term
What is Chronotropy?
Definition
Pertaining to HR
Term
What system, often considered a part of the cardiovascular system consists of the spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic channels, thoracic duct and the lymph fluid itself?
Definition
Lymphatic system
Term
The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane is called the?
Definition
Osmotic Gradient
Term
Identify the location at which the trachea divides into the left and right mainstream bronchi:
Definition
Enters through the thoracic inlet and divides in the Left and Right mainstream bronchi at the Carina
Term
The movement of WBC's in response to chemical signals is called?
Definition
Chemotaxis
Term
Movement of a body part toward the midline is called?
Definition
Adduction
Term
What component of the brain relays and processes sensory information?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
List the types of sympathetic receptors:
Definition

- Adrenergic

- Alpha 1

- Alpha 2

- Beta 1

- Beta 2

- Dopaminergic

Term
Outline the physiology of the SNS stimulation:
Definition
SNS stimulation also results in direct stimulation of the adrenal medulla, the inner portion of the adrenal gland.  The adrenal medulla in turn releases the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine into the circulatory system.  Approx 80% of the hormones released by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine, while norepinephrine constitutes the 20%.  Once released, these hormones are carried throughout the body where they cause their intended effects by acting on hormone receptors
Term
Describe the srtucture and function of the pleura:
Definition
Smooth membrane that lines the exterior of the lungs.  It folds over itself at the pulmonary hilum and then lines the inside of the thoracic cavity, becoming the parietal pleura
Term
The dual layer forms a potential space called the?
Definition
Pleural space
Term
What is the role of the post capillary sphincter?
Definition
Opens when blood is to be emptied into the venous system
Term
What is the name of the type of bone which makes up the spinal colum?
Definition
Vertebrae
Term
Identify the bones that compose of the ankles and the feet:
Definition

- The foot comprises seven tarsal bones, five metatarsal bones and 14 phalanges.

 

- The ankle joint, the distal tibia (Medial Malleolus) and the distal fibula )lateral malleolus) articulate with the talus

Term
The trappoing of RBC's by an organ such as the spleen is called?
Definition
Sequestration
Term
What is the condition in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissues?
Definition
Autoimmune Disease
Term
The strong tendon, which inserts on the calcaneus (heel), also helps maintain the ankles integrity is called the?
Definition
Achilles Tendon
Term
What areas of the brain specializes in balance and coordination?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
The hormone responsible for RBC production is called?
Definition
Erythropoietin
Term
How many bones are in the spinal colum?
Definition
33
Term
Explain the characteristics and function of the axis (C2):
Definition

- has a small bony tooth called the odontoid process or dens, that projects upward.

 

This projection provides a pivotal point around which the atlas and head can rotate from side to side

Term
List the structures covered and protected by the spinal meninges:
Definition
The entire spinal cord and the peripheral nerve roots as they leave the spinal column
Term
What are the characteristics of the endocardium?
Definition
the innermost layer of the heart.  It lines the hearts chambers and bathed in blood
Term
The combinned mechanism that works to prevent or control blood loss are known as?
Definition
Hemostasis
Term
Identify the 3 mechanisms of meostasis:
Definition

- Vascular spasms

- Platelet plugs

- Stable fibrin blood clots

Term
What do coronary arteries do?
Definition
The main coronary arteries lie on the surface of the heart and small penetrating arterioles supply the mycardial muscle
Term
The state of slight contaction of muscles that gives them firmness and keeps them ready to contract is known as?
Definition
Tone
Term
List 2 functions of muscle tissue:
Definition

- Body Movement

- Production of heat energy

Term
Describe characteristics and function of platelets:
Definition
Platelets function to form a plug at an initial bleeding site and also secrete factors important in clot formation, to few  platelets, a condition called thrombocytopenia, can lead to bleeding problems and blood loss
Term
Which ligaments provide side-to-side stability in the knee?
Definition
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Term
List 3 structures that cover the brain:
Definition

- Scalp

- Cranium

- Meninges

Term
Define or describe the term scalp:
Definition
Strong and flexible mass of skin, fascia (bands of connective tissue) and muscular tissue that is able to withstand and absorb tremendous kinetic energy
Term
Explain how deoxygenated blood returns from the coronary circulation to the general circulation:
Definition
Blood drains from the left coronary system via the anterior great cardiac vein and the lateral marginal veins.  These empty into the coronary sinus.  The right coronary artery empties directly into the right atrium via smaller cardiac veins
Term
Define the term thrombocytosis:
Definition
Too many platelets, which may cause abnormal clotting, plugs in vessels and emboli that may travel to the extremities, heart, lungs or brain
Term
List the 2 structures that form the skull:
Definition

- Facial bones that form the skeletal base for the face

- The vault for the brain, called the cranium

Term
List the bones of the cranium:
Definition

- Anterior or frontal bone

- Parietal bones

- Occipital bones

- Temporal bones

Term
Define or descibe the term cranium:
Definition
Vault-like portion of the skull encasing the brain
Term
Define or describe the term sutures:
Definition
Pseudo-joints that join the various bones of the skull to form the cranium
Term
Define or describe the term hypothalamus:
Definition
Important for controlling certain metabolic activities including the regulation of body temperature
Term
What are the characteristics of the myocardium?
Definition
The myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart. Cells are unique in that they physically resemble skeletal muscle but have electrical prperties similar to smooth muscle.  These cells also contain specialized structures that help to rapidly conduct electrical impulses from one muscle cell to another, enabling the heart to contract
Term
What is the major determinant of blood volume?
Definition

- Red cell mass

- Plasma volume

Term
Define or describe the term intracranial pressure (ICP):
Definition
Pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Define or describe the term meninges:
Definition
3 membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.  They are the dura mater, pia mater and arachnoid membrane
Term
Define or describe the term pia mater:
Definition
Inner and most delicate layer of the meninges.  It covers the convolutions of the brain and spinal cord
Term
Define or describe the term arachnoid membrane:
Definition
Middle layer of the meninges
Term
What are the effects of fluid shifts on plasma volume?
Definition
Fluid shifts help to preserve circulating blood volume in the event of acute hemorrhage
Term
What areas of the brain specializes in sensory?
Definition
Parietal lobes of the cerebrum
Term
What are the 3 compensatory mechanisms for dealing with decreased blood volume?
Definition

- Vasocontriction

- Tachycardia

- Increased cardiac contractility to maintain adequate tissue perfusion until significant losses overwhelm these measures

Term
Define or describe the term cerebrospinal fluid:
Definition

Fluid surrounding and bathing the brain and spinal cord

 

(The elements of the CNS)

Term
List the 3 major structures of the brain:
Definition

- Cerebrum

- Cerebellum

- Brainstem

Term
Define or describe the term cerebrum:
Definition
Largest part of the brain. Consists of 2 hemispheres seperated by a deep longitudinal fissure.  It is the seat of consciousness and the center of the high mental functions such as memory, learning, reasoning, judgment, intelligence and emotions
Term
What term describes a bone that forms a tendon?
Definition
Sesamoid bone
Term
What term describes the process of where a compound seperates or breaks down into its constituent parts?
Definition
Dissociate
Term
Identify the alternative name of smooth muscle:
Definition
Involuntary Muscle
Term
How do blood vessels regulate blood flow throughout the body?
Definition
Regulate blood flow to different areeas of the body by adjusting their size as well as by selectively rerouting blood through the microcirculation
Term
Define the term cranial nerves:
Definition
12 pairs of nerves that extend from the lower surface of the brain
Term
Identify the alternative name of skeletal muscle:
Definition
Striated or Voluntary
Term
What is the effect of throxine?
Definition
Stimulates cell metabolism
Term
What is the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli and the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary circulation?
Definition
The partial pressure of oxygen present in air in the alveoli of the lungs is greater that the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood within the pulmonary circulation
Term
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
Definition
Can inactivate the chemical mediators of acute allergic reactions, thereby modulating the anaphlyactic response
Term
A function by which cells take in oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into energy is known as?
Definition
Respiration
Term
The cord-like remnant of a fetal vessel conneting the pulmonary artery to the aorta at the aortic isthmus is known as the?
Definition
Ligamentum Arteriosum
Term
What is the term used to describe the period of time from the end of the one cardiac contraction to the end of the next?
Definition
Cardiac cycle
Term
What system is responsible for movement, posture and heat production?
Definition
Muscular system
Term
Identify the characteristics of skeletal muscle:
Definition
is associated with the mobility of the extremities and the body in general
Term
What is the function of somatostatin?
Definition
Acts within islets to inhibit secretion of glucagon and insulin.  Somatostatin also retards nutrient absorption from the intestine, although its mechanisms of action in the gut are poorly understood
Term
Movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space is known as?
Definition
Filtration
Term
Define the term anterior medial fissure:
Definition
Deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord that divides the cord into right and left halves
Term
What are the characteristics and alternative name of the left semilunar valve?
Definition
Also called the aortic vavle.  It connects the left ventricle to the aorta
Term
What are the characteristics and alternative name of the right semilunar valve?
Definition
Also called the pulmonic valve.  Connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Term
Define the term posterior medial sulcus:
Definition
Shallow longitudinal groove along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord
Term
What term describes the fluid within the circulatory system; blood plasma?
Definition
Intravascular fluid
Term
What component of the brain controls emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What component of the brain releases hypothalamic hormones and secretes hormones regulating endocrine activity (under hypothalamic control)?
Definition
Pituitary gland
Term
Describe the location and characteristics of the dura mater:
Definition
Durable, outermost layer of the meninges
Term
The short column of bone that forms the weight bearing portion of a vertebra is known as the?
Definition
Vertebral body
Term
What term is used to describe the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute?
Definition
Cardiac output
Term
What is the role of sodium in cardiac function?
Definition
Depolarizing the myocardium
Term
What is the bloods % of total body volume?
Definition
6% of the total body weight
Term
What is the term used to describe a law of physiolgy statin that blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel to the 4th power?
Definition
Poiseuille's Law
Term
Define or describe the term reticular activating system:
Definition
(RAS) - a series of nervous tissues keeping the human system in a state of consciousness
Term
Define or describe the term medulla oblongata:
Definition
Lower prtion of the brainstem containing the respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centers
Term
Define the term gray matter:
Definition
Areas in the CNS dominated by nerve cell bodies; the central portion of the spinal cord
Term
Where are the ovaries located?
Definition
In the pelvis on either side of the uterus
Term
The central space within the thoracic cavity bounded laterally by the lungs, inferiorly by the diaphragm and superiorly by the thoracic outlet is known as?
Definition
Medistinum
Term
The large arteries and veins located in the mediastinum that enter and exit the heart; the aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins are know as the?
Definition
Great vessels
Term
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Definition
The paired adrenal glands are located on the superior surface of the kidneys
Term
Where is the abdominal aorta located?
Definition
Goes through the diaphragm and enters the abdomen
Term
What is the effect of triiodothyronine?
Definition
Stimulates cell metabolism
Term
Identify 4 factors that cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right:
Definition

- Decreased Ph

- Increased C02

- Increased temp

-Increased 2,3 DPG

Term
Describe the changes that start to occur in bones after the age 40:
Definition
The body begins to lose the ability to maintain bone structure
Term
List the 2 hormones produced by the ovaries:
Definition

- Estrogen

- Progesterone

Term
List the 4 most common cations in the human body:
Definition

- Sodium (Na+)

- Potassium (K+)

- Calcium (Ca++)

-Magnesium (Mg++)

Term
What system is important in fighting disease, in filtration and in removing waste products of cellular metabolism?
Definition
Lymphatic system
Term
What is the effect of oxytocin?
Definition
Stimulates uterine contraction and lactation in women who have just delivered a baby
Term
What is the term used to describe the retun of a cell to its pre-excitation resting state?
Definition
Repolorization
Term
List the 3 components of the circulatory system:
Definition
- The pump (Heart)
- The fluid (blood)
- The container (blood vessels)
Term
Where are the alpha receptors located?
Definition
In the peripheral blood vessels
Term
What is the primary function of basophils?
Definition
Primarily function in allergic reasctions
Term
A solution having a lesser concentration of solute molecules than another solution is called?
Definition
Hypotonic
Term
A low neutrophil count is known as?
Definition
Neutropenia
Term
Define or describe the term lacrimal fluid:
Definition
Liquid that lubricates the eye
Term
Identify the effects of stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system:
Definition
- Pupillary constriction
- Secretion by digestive glands
- Reduction in HR and cardiac contractile force
- Broncho-constriction
- Increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive heart
Term
Define or describe the term thalamus:
Definition
Switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain
Term
What is inotropy?
Definition
Pertaining to cardiac contractile force
Term
Define or describe the term sclera:
Definition
The white of the eye
Term
What areas of the brain specializes in speech?
Definition
Temporal lobe of the cerebrum
Term
What are the two basic subpopulations of lymphocytes?
Definition
- T cells
- B cells
Term
Identify the components of the spine:
Definition
- Supporting skeletal structures
- Vertebral column
- Central nervous system pathway
- Spinal cord
Term
Identify the function of the peripheral nerve roots:
Definition
Direct signals to and receives signals from the limbs, internal organs and sensory structures of the body
Term
What is the equation that describes cardiac output?
Definition
Stroke volume (Ml/B) X HR (BPM) = cardiac output (ml/min
Term
What are the effects of stimulating the collateral ganglia located in the abdominal cavity?
Definition
- Reduction of blood flow to abdominal organs
- Decreased digestive activity
- Relaxation of smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder
- Release glucose stores from the liver
Term
The surface of a bone that moves against another bone is the?
Definition
Articular surface
Term
What does the obturator nerve control?
Definition
Abductor muscles medial thigh
Term
What are the effects of stimulating post-ganglionic nerves?
Definition
- Stimulation of secretion by sweat glands
- Constriction of blood vessels in the skin
- Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
- Increase in the HR and force of cardiac contractions
- Bronchodialation
- Stimulation of energy production
Term
What term describes a lattice-work structure, as in the spongy tissue of a bone?
Definition
Cancellous
Term
What body system deals with the production and development of blood cells, consisting of the bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys and the blood itself?
Definition
Hematopoietic system
Term
What does the ulnar nerve control?
Definition
Wrist/hand
Term
What does the musculocutaneous nerve control?
Definition
Flexor muscles of the arm
Term
What term describes the growth zone of a bone, active during the development stages of youth? It is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.
Definition
Metaphysis
Term
Define or describe the term orbit:
Definition
Eye socket
Term
Define the term post-ganglionic nerves:
Definition
Nerve fibres that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues
Term
What does the median nerve control?
Definition
Flexor muscles on the arm and forearm
Term
What does the axillary nerve control?
Definition
Deltoid/skin of the shoulder
Term
What 2 factors regulate blood flow through the blood vessels?
Definition
Peripheral vascular resistance and pressure within the system. Vessels with larger inside diameters offer less resistance while vessels with smaller inside diameters offer greater resistance
Term
What term describes the presence of retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid?
Definition
Over hydration
Term
What system offers support, protection, movement and the production of various blood cells?
Definition
Skeletal system
Term
what are the characteristics of the left atrioventricular valve and alternative name?
Definition
Also called the mitral valve. It has 2 leaflets
Term
What term describes the RBC?
Definition
Erthrocyte
Term
Define the term epidural space:
Definition
The space outside the dura mater
Term
Define the term subdural space:
Definition
The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
Term
Describe the function of the spinal cord:
Definition
CNS pathway responsible for transmitting sensory input from the body to the brain and for conducting motor impulses from the brain to the body muscles and organs
Term
What is the thick, pale, yellow fluid that makes up the liquid part of the blood?
Definition
Plasma
Term
Define the term subarachnoid space:
Definition
The space between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane
Term
Bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone are known as?
Definition
Osteoclast
Term
Cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair are known as?
Definition
Osteoblast
Term
Identify the 2 systems that supply blood flow to the brain:
Definition
- Carotid system
- Vertebrobasilar system
Term
What are the characteristics and alternative name of the right atrioventricular valve?
Definition
Also called the tricuspid valve because it has 3 leaflets, or cusps
Term
What is the term used to describe the period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting?
Definition
Systole
Term
What is the term used to describe the period of time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary perfusion occur?
Definition
Diastole
Term
What is the significance of an increase in the WBC count?
Definition
Classic sign of a bacterial infection
Term
In the coagulation cascade, what occurs in the intrinsic pathway?
Definition
Platelets release substances that lead to the formation of prothrombin activator
Term
The process by which cells enlarge, divide and reproduce themselves is known as?
Definition
Reproduction
Term
What is hyper perfusion?
Definition
The inadequate perfusion of body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
Term
What are the 4 methods by which waste products are normally expelled from the body?
Definition
- Carbon dioxide is ultimately eliminated by exhalation from the lungs
- Some cellular waste products are expelled into the interstitial fluid and picked up by the lymphatic system
- Other wastes are cleaned from the blood by the kidneys and excreted as urine
- Some cellular waste products are emptied into the gastrointestinal system and expelled in the feces
Term
Describe the characteristics of the esophagus:
Definition
Muscular tube that is contiguous with the posterior wall of the trachea and conducts food and drink from the oral pharynx to the stomach
Term
Tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated is known as?
Definition
Muscle tissue
Term
What is the purpose of the arterial system?
Definition
Carries oxygenated blood from the heart under high pressure
Term
Define or describe the term nasopharynx:
Definition
Behind the nasal cavity
Term
The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body to carry which type of blood?
Definition
Deoxygenated blood
Term
The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if, hypertonic, tends to "pull" water (cause osmosis) from the other side of the membrane is called?
Definition
Osmotic Pressure
Term
What term describes the fluid outside the body cells, comprised of intravascular and interstitial fluids?
Definition
Extracellular fluid
Term
Movement at a synovial joint where the distal end of a bone describes a circle but the shaft does not rotate; movement through an arc of a circle is called?
Definition
Circumduction
Term
What is the role of the pre-capillary sphincter?
Definition
Responds to local tissue conditions, such as acidosis and hypoxia and opens as more arterial blood is needed
Term
What is another name for hypo perfusion?
Definition
Shock
Term
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Definition
Normally, 4 parathyroid glands are located on the posterior lateral surfaces of the thyroid, one pair above the other. Sometimes there are more than four parathyroid glands, but only rarely are there fewer
Term
What term describes an ion with a negative charge?
Definition
Anion
Term
Where is the hormone glucagon produced?
Definition
In the alpha cells
Term
What is the role of the purkinje system?
Definition
Spreads the impulse across the myocardium
Term
The tissue that stores fat in semi-liquid from within the internal cavities of a bone is called?
Definition
Yellow bone marrow
Term
What is the effect of calcitonin?
Definition
Lowers blood calcium levels
Term
What is the effect of estrogen?
Definition
Promotes the development and maintenance of secondary female sexual characteristics. Also plays a role in the egg development that precedes ovulation during each menstrual cycle. Estrogen also serves to protect the female against heart disease
Term
What term describes an ion with a positive charge?
Definition
Cation
Term
Define or describe the term conjuctiva:
Definition
Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids
Term
Define or describe the term maxilla:
Definition
Bone of the upper jaw
Term
Define or describe the term cornea:
Definition
Thin delicate layer covering the pupil and iris
Term
Where does oxygenated blood flowing through the left atrium go next?
Definition
Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
Term
Which veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium?
Definition
Pulmonary veins
Term
The cartilaginous pad between vertebrae that serves as a shock absorber is known as?
Definition
Intevertebral disk
Term
What type of lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland located in the mediastinum, then migrate throughout the body and are responsible for developing cell-mediated immunity, also called cellular immunity?
Definition
T cells
Term
Define or describe the term lymphatic system:
Definition
- A network of valveless vessels that drains fluid, called lymph, from the body tissues
- Lymph nodes help filter impurities enroute to the subclavian vein and then to the heart
Term
What component of the brain controls involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns, memory storage of learned motor patterns and adjusts output of other somatic motor centres in brain and spinal cord?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
Which hormone is produced by the testes?
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Define or describe the term pupil:
Definition
Dark opening in the centre o the iris through which light enters the eye
Term
Define or describe the term iris:
Definition
Pigmented portion. It is the muscular area that contracts or dilates to change the size of the pupil
Term
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands?
Definition
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Term
Describe the function of the nervous system:
Definition
The bodes principal control system. This network of cells, tissues and organs regulates nearly all bodily functions via electrical impulses transmitted through nerves, all of which are highly susceptible to hypoxia
Term
What does the sciatic nerve control?
Definition
Lower extremities
Term
Identify the function of the spinal cord:
Definition
The critical conduit for nervous signals between the brain and the body
Term
What is a normal value range for adult hematocrit?
Definition
40-52% with females running a few % lower
Term
The attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move (or experiences the least movement) when the muscle contracts is known as?
Definition
Origin
Term
Define or describe the term cerebral perfusion pressure:
Definition
(CPP) - the pressure moving blood through the brain
Term
What is a normal value range for RBC count?
Definition
Varies with age and sex but in general, it runs between 4.2 and 6.0 million/mm3
Term
The prominence at the posterior part of a vertebra is known as the?
Definition
Spinous process
Term
Describe the location and characteristics of the pia mater:
Definition
Innermost layer of the meninges, directly overlying the CNS
Term
List 3 factors that govern peripheral vascular resistance:
Definition
- Length of the vessel
- Diameter of the vessel
- Blood viscosity
Term
The packed cell volume of RBC's per unit of blood is known as?
Definition
Hematocrit
Term
Identify the divisions of the vertebral column:
Definition
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
Term
The movement of lowering the foot is called?
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
A solution having a greater concentration of solute molecules than another solution is called?
Definition
Hypertonic
Term
What is a normal value range for hemoglobin for a man and a woman?
Definition
Men- 12.0-15.0 g/dl
Women- 10.5-14.0 g/dl
Term
Identify the alternative names or structure of cardiac muscle:
Definition
Cardiac muscle can also be classified according to its structure, which combines characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscle and thus called SMOOTH STRIATED
Term
What component of the brain relays sensory information to the thalamus and contains the autonomic centres for regulation of visceral function?

(Cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive system activities?)
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Identify the characteristics of smooth muscle:
Definition
Not under conscious control, but functions at the direction of the autonomic nervous system
Term
By what age do a persons bones reach maximal strength?
Definition
18-20 years of age
Term
What is the normal range of WBC's per micrometer of blood in healthy people?
Definition
5,000-9,000 WBC's/ml
Term
Define the term dermatome:
Definition
Topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root
Term
Pairing of muscles that permits extension and flexion of limbs is know as?
Definition
Opposition
Term
The specialized bands of connective tissue that accomplish the attachment of muscle to bone at the insertion and in some cases at the origin are known as?
Definition
Tendons
Term
Identify the number of vertebrae in the cervical division:
Definition
7 (C1-C&7)
Term
Identify the 3 systems that are primarily involved in maintaining perfusion:
Definition
- Circulatory system
- Respiratory system
- Gastrointestinal system
Term
What are the primary cells involved in the body's immune response?
Definition
Lymphocytes
Term
What does the SNS prepare the body for?
Definition
Stressful situations
Term
Define or describe the term vitreous humour:
Definition
Clear watery fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye. Responsible for giving the eye its spherical shape
Term
What are the 4 major functions of the kidneys?
Definition
- Maintaining blood volume with the proper balance of water, electrolytes and pH
- Retaining key compounds such as glucose while excreting wastes such as urea
- Controlling arterial blood pressure
- Regulate erthrocyte development
Term
What are the 3 processes involved in the formation of urine?
Definition
- Glomerular filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
Term
What are the major structures of the abdomen?
Definition
- Digestive tract
- Accessory organs of digestion
- Spleen
- Structures and organs of urinary system
- Female reproductive organs
Term
What is the name of the fine fibrous tissue surrounding the interior of most of the abdominal cavity and covering of the small bowel and some of the abdominal organs?
Definition
Peritoneum
Term
What is the name of the double fold of peritoneum that supports the major portion of the small bowel, suspending it from the posterior abdominal wall?
Definition
Mesentery
Term
List the structures of the abdomen that are not covered by the peritoneum:
Definition
- Kidneys
- Duodenum
- Pancreas
- Urinary Bladder
- Posterior portions of the ascending and descending colon
- Rectum
Term
What is the range of the diaphragm during inhalation?
Definition
With deep expiration, the central portion of the diaphragm moves as far upward as the 4th intercostal space anteriorly (nipple line), and the 7th intercostal space posteriorly (inferior tips of scapula)
Term
What is the range of the diaphragm during expiration?
Definition
3" inferiorly
Term
What are the components of the digestive system?q
Definition
- Digestive tract
- Accessory organs of digestion
Term
What is the term used to describe the internal passageway that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus, also called the alimentary canal?
Definition
Digestive tract
Term
What is the term used to describe the semifluid mixture of ingested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine?
Definition
Chyme
Term
What is the term used to describe the wavelike muscular motion of the esophagus and bowel that moves food through the digestive system?
Definition
Peristalsis
Term
What are the abdominal components of the digestive tract?
Definition
- Stomach
- Small bowel (duodenum, jejunum and ileum)
- Large bowel (colon)
- Rectum
- Anus
Term
Describe the digestive process that occur in the small intestine:
Definition
As chyme enters the next two segments of the small bowel (jejunum and ileum), the mixing decreases and nutrients, released by the physical and chemical digestion processes are absorbed, directed to the liver for detoxification and then released into the circulatory system
Term
Describe the digestive process that occur in the large intestine:
Definition
Food arrives at the large bowel where masses of bacteria assist in releasing vitamins and fluid from the digesting food while the large bowel absorbs most of the remaining fluid content
Term
What are the functions of the liver?
Definition
- Removes damaged or aged erythrocytes
- Stores glycogen and other important agents for body metabolism
- Assists in the osmotic regulation of fluids in the blood
- Plays a role in the clotting process
- Detoxifies materials absorbed by the digestive system
- Stores or releases nutrients to assure the body's metabolic needs are met
Term
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Definition
Receives bile from the liver and stores it until it is needed during digestion of fatty foods
Term
Which system does the spleen belong too?
Definition
Immune system
Term
What are the functions of the spleen?
Definition
Performs some immunological functions and also stores a large volume of blood
Term
What are the 4 major structures of the urinary system?
Definition
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Term
What is the name of the organ that produces urine and performs other functions related to the urinary system?
Definition
Kidney
Term
What is the term that is best defined as the basic structural unit of all plants and animals. A membrane enclosing a thick fluid and a nucleus. Cells are specialized to carry out all of the body's basic functions:
Definition
The cell
Term
3 main elements of the cell
Definition
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Organelles
Term
Which ligaments give the knee front to back stability?
Definition
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
Term
The plate area of the metaphysics where cartilage is generated during bone growth in childhood; growth plate is known as?
Definition
Epiphyseal
Term
The cavity within a bone that contains the marrow is known as?
Definition
Medullary canal
Term
What is the term used to describe the ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole?
Definition
Ejected fraction
Term
What term is best defined as the outer covering of a cell?
Definition
Cell membrane
Term
What is the term used to describe the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction?
Definition
Stroke volume
Term
What term is best defined as a structure that is able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through?
Definition
Semi-permiable membrane
Term
List the components of blood:
Definition
- Plasma
- Formed elements
- RBC's
- WBC's
- Platelets
Term
What term is best defined as the thick fluid or protoplasm, that fills a cell?
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
What areas of the brain specializes in motor function?
Definition
Frontal lobes of the cerebrum
Term
What areas of the brain contains the reticular activating system (RAS)?
Definition
Operates in the lateral portion of the medulla, pons and especially the midbrain. The RAS sends impulses to and receives impulses from the cerebral cortex. It is a diffuse system of interlacing nerve cells responsible for maintaining consciousness and the ability to respond to stimuli
Term
What are the characteristics if the pericardium?
Definition
The pericardium is a protective sac surrounding the heart. Consists of 2 layers, visceral and parietal. The visceral pericardium also called the epicardium is the inner layer, in contact with the heart muscle itself. The parietal pericardium is the outer, fibrous layer. In the pericardial cavity, between these two layers, is about 25mm of pericardial fluid, a straw-colored lubricant that reduces friction as the heart beats and changes position
Term
How much air is typically taken in during respiration?
Definition
Approx 500-800ml
Term
How many pairs of ribs make-up the thoracic skeleton?
Definition
12 pairs
Term
How many pairs of thoracic ribs join the sternum?
Definition
7 pairs
Term
How is the thoracic cavity able to increase its volume?
Definition
When the diaphragm contracts, it draws downward, away from the thoracic cavity, thus enlarging it. When the intercostals contract, they draw the ribcage upward and outward, away from the thoracic cavity, further increasing the volume
Term
Identify the characteristics of cardiac muscle:
Definition
Contracts rhythmically on its own; emitting an electrical impulse in the process and passing that impulse along to the other cells of the myocardium
Term
What does the term anastomosis mean?
Definition
Communication between 2 or more vessels
Term
Outline the 4 steps in the coagulation cascade:
Definition
- Intrinsic pathway
- Extrinsic pathway
- Common pathway
- Thrombin
Term
How many pairs of thoracic ribs are joined to each other by cartilage and then to the sternum?
Definition
3 pairs
Term
Bone forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone are known as?
Definition
Osteocyte
Term
What is the impact of infection on the amount of WBC's per micro litre of blood?
Definition
An infection can increase that number to more than 16,000
Term
How many pairs of thoracic ribs have no anterior attachment and are known as "floating ribs"?
Definition
2 pairs
Term
Describe the components and characteristics of the sternum:
Definition
- The sternum completes the anterior bony structure of the thorax and is made up of three sections:

- Manubrium
- The body
- Xiphoid process
Term
What are the characteristics of the atria?
Definition
Atria receive incoming blood. The right and left atria are separated by the interatrial septum
Term
What are the characteristics of the ventricles?
Definition
Pump blood out of the heart and are separated by the inter ventricle septum
Term
Define or describe the importance of the sternal angle:
Definition
AKA the angle of Louis is the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum,

The site of attachment of the 2nd rib and quickly allows the paramedic to identify the 2nd intercostal space
Term
Name the 2 imaginary lines used to indicate position on the external thorax:
Definition
- Midclavicular
- Anterior axillary line
- Mid axillary line
- Posterior axillary line
Term
Define the term intercostal space:
Definition
The space just inferior to each rib
Term
Define the term xiphisternal joint:
Definition
Union between xiphoid process and the body of the sternum
Term
What is the effect of stimulating the parasympathetic receptors in smooth muscle?
Definition
Cause the bronchial smooth muscles to contract, thus reducing the diameter of the bronchiole
Term
How many divisions of bronchioles are in the lung?
Definition
22 divisions
Term
Which organs are found in the RUQ?
Definition
- Gallbladder
- Right Kidney
- Most of the liver
- Some small bowel
- Portion of ascending and transverse colon
- Small portion of pancreas
Term
What system consist of the pituitary gland, pineal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, thyroid gland and parathyroid glands?
Definition
Endocrine system
Term
What is the total surface area of all the alveoli in the body?
Definition
More than 40 sq/meters
Term
What is surfactant?
Definition
A chemical that decreases surface tension and makes it easier for the lungs to expand
Term
What term describes the normal tension in a cell; the resistance of the skin to deformation?
Definition
Turgor
Term
List the 2 components of the CNS:
Definition
- Brain
- Spinal cord
Term
Define the term spinal cord:
Definition
The spinal cord is housed inside and is protected by the "spinal canal" formed by the vertebrae of the spinal column
Term
List the bones that compose the cranium:
Definition
Two single bones:

- Frontal
- Occipital

Series of paired bones:

- Parietals
- Temporals
- Sphenoids
- Ethmoids
Term
What type of joint has relatively free movement?
Definition
Diarthroses ( Synovial joints)
Term
Describe the structure of the diaphragm:
Definition
Muscular, dome like structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
Term
Describe the function of sympathetic nervous innervation of the heart:
Definition
The chemical neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system, and thus for the cardiac plexus, is norepinephrine,. It's release increases heart rate and cardia contractile force, primarily through its actions of beta receptors
Term
A substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid- base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions is known as a?
Definition
Buffer
Term
What is the name of the unique cell that , after their initial phase of maturation, are released into the circulation and can remain there as circulating monocytes or migrate to distant sites to further mature into free or fixed tissue macrophages?
Definition
Monocytes
Term
What are intercalated discs and what do they do?
Definition
Specialized bands of tissue inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate in which the action potential spread from cell to cell
Term
Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Alpha 2
Definition
Found on the presynaptic surfaces of sympathetic neuro-effector junctions. These receptors serve too prevent over-release of noraepinephrine in the synapse. When the level of noraepinepherine in synapse gets high enough, the alpha 2 receptors are simulated and noraepinephrine release is inhibited.
Term
What component of the brain maintains conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory storage and involuntary regulation of somatic motor patterns?
Definition
Cerebrum
Term
Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Beta 1
Definition
Cause increases in HR, cardiac contractile force and cardia automaticity and conduction
Term
Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Beta 2
Definition
Cause vasodilation and bronchodilation. Dopaminergic receptors although not fully understood, eventually cause dilation of the renal, coronary and cerebral arteries
Term
What is the term used to describe the resistance against which the heart must pump?
Definition
After load
Term
Define or describe the term brain stem:
Definition
Connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. Comprised of the medulla oblongata, the pons and the midbrain
Term
Define or describe the term midbrain:
Definition
Connecting the pons and the cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres
Term
List the components of the hematopoietic system:
Definition
- Bone marrow
- Liver
- Spleen
- Kidneys
- Blood
Term
A group of organs that work together is known a(n):
Definition
Organ system
Term
What type of muscle is mostly under voluntary, or conscious control?
Definition
Skeletal muscle tissue
Term
Why does oxygen move from the alveoli to the bloodstream?
Definition
Partial pressure of oxygen resent in air in the alveoli of the lungs is greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood within the pulmonary circulation. For this reason, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane and into the bloodstream- from the area of greater partial pressure to the area of lower partial pressure
Term
The type of muscle that surrounds blood vessels, causing them to dilate or constrict is known as?
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
The outer most layer of the skin is comprised of dead or dying cells is known as?
Definition
Epidermis
Term
Which cells produce somatostatin?
Definition
Delta cells
Term
What term describes a substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles?
Definition
Electrolyte
Term
Explain the role of the diaphragm during inspiration:
Definition
Contracts and flattens to further increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
Term
Explain the role of the intercostal muscles during inspiration:
Definition
Contract to further elevate the ribs and increase the anterior - posterior dimension of the thorax
Term
What are the components of blood?
Definition
- Plasma
- RBC's
- WBC's
- Platelets
Term
WBC's are known as?
Definition
Leukocytes
Term
What type of muscle is capable of spontaneous or self-excited contraction?
Definition
Cardiac Muscle
Term
A high energy compound present in all cells, especially muscles cells; when split by enzyme action it yields energy known as:
Definition
(ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate
Term
Which hormone s produced by the beta cells?
Definition
Insulin
Term
The type of muscle that moves limbs known as?
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
List the muscles of respiration:
Definition
- Intercostal Muscles
- Diaphragm
- Steinocleidomastoid muscles
Term
The muscle tissue found within the intestines, surrounding blood vessels is known as?
Definition
Smooth muscles tissue
Term
Loss f blood vessels from a body part is know as?
Definition
Devascularization
Term
Identify te 3 layers of skin:
Definition
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous Tissue
Term
Bending motion that increases the angle between articulating elements is called?
Definition
Extension
Term
Bending motion that reduces the angle between articulating elements is called?
Definition
Flexion
Term
What is the concentration of oxygen in alveolar air?
Definition
13.6%
Term
What is the term used to describe the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?
Definition
Glycogenolysis
Term
What is contractility?
Definition
The ability of muscle cells to contract, or shorten
Term
What term is best defined as the organelle within a cell that contains the DNA or genetic material?
Definition
Nucleus
Term
What is the effect of insulin?
Definition
Decreases blood glucose
Term
What is the effect of glucagon?
Definition
Increases blood glucose
Term
Structures that perform specific functions within a cell are known as?
Definition
Organelles
Term
Androgenic hormones have the same effect as those secreted by which organs?
Definition
Gonads
Term
What system consist of the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, rectum and anus?
Definition
Gastrointestinal System
Term
The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment is known as?
Definition
Homeostasis
Term
The type of muscle that has the ability to generate its own electrical impulse is known as?
Definition
Cardiac Muscle
Term
The type of muscle that moves food and waste through the digestive tract is known as?
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
What term describes the fluid tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system?
Definition
Interstitial fluid
Term
What are 3 hormones produced by the thyroid gland?
Definition
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin
Term
Sacs containing synovial fluid that cushion adjacent structures are called?
Definition
Bursae
Term
Define or describe the term mandible:
Definition
Jawbone
Term
Define or describe the term laryngopharynx:
Definition
Just above the epiglottis
Term
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Definition
Causes the kidneys to increase water absorption
Term
What substance lubricates synovial joints?
Definition
Synovial fluid
Term
Destruction of RBC's is called?
Definition
Hemolysis
Term
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone and holds joints together is known as?
Definition
Ligament
Term
The passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane is called?
Definition
Osmosis
Term
What is the abbreviation for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide?
Definition
pCO2
Term
What is the abbreviation for the partial pressure of oxygen?
Definition
pO2
Term
The process of producing RBC's is called?
Definition
Erythropoiesis
Term
What term describes the fluid inside the body cells?
Definition
Intracellular fluid
Term
The body layer beneath the dermis is known as?
Definition
Subcutaneous Tissue
Term
A synovial joint is also known as?
Definition
Diarthrosis
Term
A joint that permits a limited amount of independent motion is called a/an?
Definition
Amphiarthrosis
Term
Define or describe the term oropharynx:
Definition
Back of the throat
Term
Define or describe the term zygoma:
Definition
Cheek bone
Term
What is peritoneal space?
Definition
The division of the abdominal cavity containing those organs or portions of organs covered by the peritoneum
Term
What is retroperitoneal space?
Definition
The division of the abdominal cavity containing those organs posterior to the peritoneal lining
Term
What is pelvic space?
Definition
The division of the abdominal cavity containing those organs located within the pelvis
Term
Why does oxygen infuse from the RBC's into the cells and tissues of the body?
Definition
Since the partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the bloodstream than in cells oxygen will diffuse from the RBC's across the capillary wall-cell membrane barrier, into the cells and tissues
Term
Identify 3 types of blood vessels:
Definition
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
Term
What does blood transport?
Definition
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide
- Nutrients
- Hormones
- Metabolic waste
- Heat
Term
What term describes a high concentration of hydrogen ions?

a pH below 7.35?
Definition
Acidosis
Term
What term describes the oxygen-bearing molecule in the RBC's?
Definition
Hemoglobin
Term
The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration is known as?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
Which type of joint has very limited movement?
Definition
Amphiarthroses
Term
Describe the structure of the pituitary gland:
Definition
Divided into posterior and anterior lobes
Term
Abbreviation for potential of hydrogen, a measure of relative acidity of alkalinity?
Definition
pH
Term
Describe the characteristics and functions of the cerebrospinal fluid:
Definition
Both the brain and spinal cord are bathed in it, a watery clear fluid that acts as a cushion to protect these organs from physical impact
Term
Diffusion of a substance such as glucose though a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper", or carrier protein is known as?
Definition
Facilitated diffusion
Term
A small bundle of muscle fibres is knows as a?
Definition
Fasciculus
Term
What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
Definition
Increases blood calcium levels
Term
What term describes the maintenance of a relatively constant volume and distribution of water in the body?
Definition
Hydration
Term
Which type of joint is immovable?
Definition
Synarthroses
Term
List the 3 types of joints:
Definition
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses
Term
The tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body is known as?
Definition
Nerve tissue
Term
What term describes the total amount of water in the body at a given time?
Definition
Total body water
Term
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
Definition
Unconscious control of many body functions, including those governed by the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and the glands
Term
What is the function of beta 1 receptors?
Definition
Increase the HR and contractility
Term
What is the equation that describes blood pressure?
Definition
BP= cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance
Term
What term describes excessive loss of body fluid?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
Define or describe the term nares?
Definition
Opening of the nostrils
Term
The bones of the head, thorax, spine are called the?
Definition
Axial skeleton
Term
Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Alpha 1
Definition
Cause peripheral vasoconstriction, mild bronchconstriction and stimulation of metabolism
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