Term
| Which organs are found I. The left upper quadrant? |
|
Definition
-stomach
-spleen
-Lt kidney
-most of the pancreas
-portion of the liver
-portion of small bowel
-portion if the transverse colon
-portion of the descending colon |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the number of times a person breathes in one minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of decreased carbon dioxide elimination? |
|
Definition
-respiratory depression by drugs
-airway obstruction
-impairment of the respiratory muscles
-obstructive diseases such as asthma & emphysema |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of increased carbon dioxide production? |
|
Definition
-fever
-muscle exertion
-shivering
-metabolic processes resulting in the formation of metabolic acids |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of hyperventilation on carbon dioxide levels? |
|
Definition
| -lowers Co2 levels and can be the result of an increased respiratory rate or deeper respiration |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 factors that affect the oxygen concentration in the blood? |
|
Definition
-decreased hemoglobin concentration
-inadequate alveolar ventilation
-decreased diffusion across the pulmonary membrane
-ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs when a portion of the alveoli coal lapses, as in atelectasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe. Blood clot that travels to the pulmonary circulation and hinders oxygenation of the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of blood air fluid containing blood in the pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is hypo ventilation? |
|
Definition
| A reduction in the breathing rate and depth |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the pressure excreted by each component of a gas mixture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of blood for the lung tissues? |
|
Definition
| Bronchial arteries that branch from the aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alveolar partial pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe decreased blood oxygen level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen climbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the absence of breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship between the frequency of impulses from the medulla and the respiratory rate |
|
Definition
| The main respiratory centre lies in the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. Various neurons within the medulla initiate impulses that result in respiration. A rise in frequency if these impulses increases the respiratory rate. Conversely, a decrease in there frequency decreases the respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the name if the nerve connecting the medulla and the respiratory muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the centre that controls expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the chemoreceptors located that assist in regulating respiration? |
|
Definition
| Chemical receptors in the medulla and peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and in the area of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| What conditions stimulate these chemoreceptors? |
|
Definition
-decreased PaO2
-increased PaCO2
-decreased pH |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal respiratory rate for adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal respiratory rate for children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wahhabis the normal respiration rate for infants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does fever have on normal respiratory rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does emotion have on normal respiratory rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does pain have on normal respiratory rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does hypoxia have on normal respiratory rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does acidosis have in normal respiratory rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effects do stimulant drugs have on normal respiratory rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do depressant drugs have on normal respiratory rates ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does sleep have on normal respiratory rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled on one respiratory cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount of gas in the tidal volume that remains on air passageways unavailable for gas exchange ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount if gas I. The tidal volume that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount of gas inhaled and exhaled in one minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount if gas that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange in one minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount of air that can be maximally inhaled after a normal inspiration? |
|
Definition
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount of air that can be maximally exhaled after a normal respiration? |
|
Definition
| Expiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount if air remaining in the lungs at the end if maximal expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the volume of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration? |
|
Definition
| Functional residual capacity |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount if air that can be maximally expired after maximum inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of expiration |
|
Definition
| At the end of inspiration , the respiratory muscles relax , thus decreasing the size if the chest cavity and in turn increasing the intrathoracic pressure. The naturally elastic lungs recoil, forcing air out through the airway, until intrathoracic and atmospheric pressure are equal once again |
|
|
Term
| Explain the mechanism that prevents over expansion if the lungs |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary expansion stimulates microscopic stretch receptors in the bronchi and bronchioles. These receptors signal the respiratory centre by way of the vagus nerve to inhibit inspiration and the air influx stops |
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of Carbon dioxide in inspired air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wha is the concentration of nitrogen in expired air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of nitrogen in inspired air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of oxygen in expired air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What a the concentration of oxygen In inspired air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the structures that compose the hip and pelvis |
|
Definition
| The h joint involves the head of the proximal femur (ball) and the acetabulum (socket) of the ischium |
|
|
Term
| Name the process through which stem cells differentiate into WBC's immature forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process in which WBC's engulf and destroy an invader is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the number of lobes in the left and right lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure and function of the trachea |
|
Definition
| Hollow and cartilage supported respiratory pathway through which air moves in and out of the thorax and lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the conversion if protein and fat to form glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes a substance that dissolves other substances forming a solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the effect of changing intrathoracic pressure on blood pressure and pulse strength |
|
Definition
| Normally the systolic BP and pulse strength fall during inspiration and rise during expiration |
|
|
Term
| What system controls virtually all bodily functions and is the seat of intellect and personality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system consists of the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, prostrate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens and penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fatty secretion of the sebaceous gland that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A form of osmotic pressure excreted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of calcium in cardiac function ? |
|
Definition
| Takes part in myocardial depolarization and myocardial contraction. Hypercalcemia can result in increased contractility, whereas hypocalcemia is associated with decreased myocardial contractility and increased electrical irritability |
|
|
Term
| The sum of all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being is called an? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary carriers of oxygen in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin molecule of RBC's, which serve as the primary carriers of oxygen within the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| What system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood? In transports nutrients and other essential elements to all parts of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which system consists of the lungs and associated structures?
It provides oxygen to the body, while removing carbon dioxide and other waster products |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes the study of the functions of an organism; the chemical and physical processes of a living thing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do coronary arteries originate? |
|
Definition
| In the aorta, just above the leaflets if the aortic valve |
|
|
Term
| List the functions of the skeleton |
|
Definition
-gives the body structural form
-protects vital organs
-allows for efficient movement
-stores salts and other materials for metabolism
-produces RBC's |
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heart beat is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries |
|
|
Term
| List the 2 components of the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the function of the somatic nervous system |
|
Definition
| Controls voluntary bodily functions |
|
|
Term
| Define the function of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| Controlling involuntary bodily functions. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of testosterone? |
|
Definition
| Promotes the development and maintenance of secondary male sexual characteristics and as a role in the cell development of sperm |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the cell from which the various type of blood cells can form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous systems |
|
Definition
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Define the function if the sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| Prepares the body for stressful situations. Sympathetic nervous systems actions include increased heart rate and dilation if the bronchioles and pupils |
|
|
Term
| Name the neurotransmitter a that mediate actions of the SNS |
|
Definition
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Define the function of the PNS |
|
Definition
| Responsible for controlling vegetative functions. PNS actions include decreased heart rate and construction of the bronchioles and pupils |
|
|
Term
| Name the neurotransmitter that mediates actions of the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve cell; the fundamental component of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| The bones if the extremities, shoulder girdle and pelvis (except the sacrum) are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the structures that compose the wrist and hands |
|
Definition
| The radius and ulna articulate with he carpal bones and the wrist or radiocarpal joint |
|
|
Term
| Define Starlings Law of the heart |
|
Definition
| A law of physiology stating the the more the myocardium is stretched, up to a certain lint, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be |
|
|
Term
| Explain how muscles create movement across a joint |
|
Definition
| Muscles usually pair, one on each side of a joint. This configuration is essential because muscles can actively contract, not lengthen. One Muskie moves the extremity in one direction by contraction, while the opposing ( and relaxed) muscle stretches |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood; increased when the vessels constrict, decreased wen the vessels relax? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term cerebellum |
|
Definition
| Portion of the brain located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongata. Plays an important role in the fine control of voluntary muscular movements |
|
|
Term
| Identify the functions of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
| Is the main communication conduit of the CNS. It is responsible for transmitting messages from the brain to the body organs and tissues from the sensory nerves in the organs, skin and other tissues back to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the hormone secreted by the thymus gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pineal gland located? |
|
Definition
| In the roof of the thalamus in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain specializes in vision? |
|
Definition
| Occipital cortex of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pancreas located? |
|
Definition
| Upper retroperitoneum behind the stomach and between the duodenum and spleen |
|
|
Term
| Which two hormones are essential to the homeostasis of blood glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the components if the neuron |
|
Definition
-soma (cell body)
-dendrites
-axons |
|
|
Term
| Where does the left ventricle send it's blood? |
|
Definition
| Through the aortic valve to the aorta, which feed the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| Identify the bones that compose the elbow |
|
Definition
| Lateral and medial epicondyles of the distal humerus, the olecranon process of the proximal ulna and the proximal radius comprise the elbow joint |
|
|
Term
| A turning along the axis of a bone or joint is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The later if tissue producing the epidermis and housing the structures, blood vessels and nerves normally associated with the skin is called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| Primary function is to fight infection |
|
|
Term
| Where does the right ventricle pump blood to next? |
|
Definition
| Through the pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery and onto the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Where is the hypothalamus located? |
|
Definition
| Deep within the cerebrum of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems regulate the heart: |
|
Definition
| Work in direct opposition to one another to regulate the heart. In the hearts normal state, the two systems balance. In stressful situations, the sympathetic becomes dominant, while during sleep, the parasympathetic system dominates |
|
|
Term
| Where does blood flowing through the right atrium go next? |
|
Definition
| Through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Movement of a body part away from the midline is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue within the internal cavity of a bone responsible for manufacture of erythrocytes and other blood cells is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the venous system? |
|
Definition
| It transports blood from the peripheral tissues back to the heart under low pressure |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term tongue |
|
Definition
| A large mobile muscle covered by mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissue is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from? |
|
Definition
| Receives blood from the areas below the heart |
|
|
Term
| Lost the two control systems of the body |
|
Definition
-nervous system
-endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| The area where adjacent bones articulate is a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the 3 types of muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phenomenon in which a decrease PcO2/acidity causes an increase in the quantity of oxygen that binds with hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What is the intrinsic rate of the Purkinje system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intrinsic rate of the AV node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intrinsic rate if the SA node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the superior vena cabs receive blood from? |
|
Definition
| Receives deoxygenated blood for the head and upper extremities |
|
|
Term
| List two levels of effects of disease |
|
Definition
-local (at the sure of the illness or injury)
-systemic (throughout the body) |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| Occurs in the peripheral capillaries. It is the exchange if the respiratory gases between the RBC's and the various body tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is pulmonary respiration? |
|
Definition
| Occurs in the lungs when the respiratory gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the RBC's in the pulmonary capillaries through the capillary membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is pulmonary respiration? |
|
Definition
| Occurs in the lungs when the respiratory gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the RBC's in the pulmonary capillaries through the capillary membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are the structural differences in the pediatric thoracic cage? |
|
Definition
| Ribs and cartilage are softer and more pliable |
|
|
Term
| What are the structural differences in the pediatric larynx? |
|
Definition
| The pediatric larynx lies more superior and anterior in children and is funnel shaped because the cricoid cartilage is undeveloped. Before the age of 10, the cricoid cartilage is the narrowest part of the airway |
|
|
Term
| What are the structural differences in the pediatric pharynx? |
|
Definition
-jaw is smaller and tongue relatively larger, resulting in greater potential airway encroachment
-epiglottis is much floppies and rounder
-the dental ridge and teeth are softer and more fragile than an adults and potentially more subject to damage from airway maneuvers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pleura can become inflamed, causing significant pain with respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The potential space between the 2 layers of pleura |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of visceral and parietal pleura? |
|
Definition
-visceral pleura envelopes the lungs and does not contain nerve fibres
-parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity and does contain nerve fibres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membranous connective tissue covering the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What organs are found in the LLQ? |
|
Definition
-sigmoid colon
-portions of the urinary bladder, small bowel, descending colon, rectum and female genitalia |
|
|
Term
| Which organs are found in the RLQ? |
|
Definition
-appendix
-portions of the urinary bladder, small bowel, ascending colon, rectum and female genitalia |
|
|
Term
| What does the femoral nerve control? |
|
Definition
| -lower abdomen, gluteus and thighs |
|
|
Term
| Identify the function if the cervical portion of the spinal colum: |
|
Definition
| Skeletal support for both the head and neck. It is also an attachment point for the ligaments that hold the column together and give it's strength and for the tendons that support and love the head and shoulders |
|
|
Term
| A solution that is equal in concentration of solute molecules in another solution is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the testes located? |
|
Definition
| Outside of the abdominal cavity in the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| The glands working the dermis that secret sweat are the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the thymus located? |
|
Definition
| In the mediastinum just behind the sternum |
|
|
Term
| The glands within the dermis secreting sebum are the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect if progesterone? |
|
Definition
| Necessary for implantation if the fertilized egg and maintenance of the uterine lining throughout pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What does the phrenic nerve control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 most frequently occurring anions in the human body |
|
Definition
-chloride (Cl-)
- bicarbonate (HC03 -)
-phosphate (Hp04-) |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term semicircular canals |
|
Definition
| The 3 rings of the inner ear. They sense the motion of the head and provide positional sense for the body |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of nails; |
|
Definition
| Nails are made up of the nail plate, nail bed, the proximal nail fold and the nail root |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the follicle |
|
Definition
| Hair developed from the base of the hair follicle, where it is nourished by the papilla, a vast capillary network |
|
|
Term
| The opening in the vertebrae that accommodates the spinal cord is known as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood platelets are also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thick bony struts that connect the vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse processes and help make up the opening for the spinal canal are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior bones of a vertebra that help make up the foramen, or opening of the spinal canal is known as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bony outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachment and articulation with the ribs is known as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the term ascending tracts |
|
Definition
| Bundles of axons along the spinal cord that transmit signals from the body to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of axons? |
|
Definition
| Transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body |
|
|
Term
| What area if the brain specializes in personality? |
|
Definition
| Frontal lobes of cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the microscopic structure within the kidney that produces urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the movement of a substance from a nephron tubule back into the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the movement if a substance from the blood into a nephron tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the fluid produced in bowmans capsule by filtration of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the diffusion pattern of water in which molecules move to equalize concentrations on both sides of a membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the measure of a substance concentration in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe a solution that has a concentration of the substance greater than that if a second solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the 3 categories of WBC's |
|
Definition
-granulocytes
-monocytes
-lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe a solution that has a concentration of the substance lower than that of a second solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe a form if molecular diffusion in which a molecule specific carrier in a cell membrane speeds the molecules movement from a region if higher concentration to one of lower concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the movement of a molecule through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes the study of the structure of an organism or body structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List at least 3 causes of dehydration |
|
Definition
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-perspiration
-peritonitis
-malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| A function of cels of the intestines and kidneys which take in nutrients that pass through the body is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the formation and passage of a dilute urine, decreasing blood volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the formation and passage of a concentrated urine, preserving blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A function all cells perform as they breakdown nutrients and expel waste is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The action performed by glands that produce substances such as hormones, mucus, sweat and saliva is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the waste product caused by metabolism within muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the duct that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the muscular organ that stores urine before it's elimination from the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the duct that carries urine from the urinalysis bladder out of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organs belong to the female reproductive system? |
|
Definition
-ovaries
-Fallopian tubes
-uterus
-vagina |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures of the female external genitalia? |
|
Definition
-perineum
-mins pubis
-labia
-clitoris |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the tubes going from the trachea into the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the tube that connects the larynx to the 2 mainstream bronchi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the lower airway? |
|
Definition
-trachea
-bronchi
-alveoli
-lung parenchyma
-pleura |
|
|
Term
| What is the narrowest part of the adult trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 components of the larynx? |
|
Definition
-thyroid
-cricoid cartilage
-Glottic opening
-vocal cords
-arytenpid cartilage
-pyriform fossae
-cricothyroid membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 openings in the pharynx? |
|
Definition
-internal nares
- mouth
-larynx
-esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cricothyroid membrane? |
|
Definition
| Between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhaling foreign material such as vomitus into the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Describe Sellicks maneuver |
|
Definition
| Pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage that occluded the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the lip-like opening between the vocal cords? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the vocal cords? |
|
Definition
| Bands of cartilage that regulate the passage of air through the larynx and produce voice by contraction of laryngeal muscles |
|
|
Term
| What complex anatomical structure joins the pharynx with the trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the technique used to describe passing a tube into the trachea to protect and maintain the airway and to permit medication administration and deep suctioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the depression between the epiglottis and the base of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the mechanism that stimulates retching or striving to vomit, when the soft palate is touched? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
-cheeks
-hard and soft palates
-tongue |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics if inhaled air by the time it reaches the alveoli? |
|
Definition
-is at body temp (37c)
-100% humidified and free of airborne particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A slippery secretion that lubricates and protects airway surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What are mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
| Tissues lining body cavities that communicate with the air |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for nare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the narrow tube that carries years and debris into the nasal cavity that have drained from the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the air cavity that conducts fluids from the Eustachian tubes and tear ducts to and from the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the cartilage that separates the right and left nasal cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the upper airway? |
|
Definition
-nasal cavity
-oral cavity
-pharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose if the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Provides a passage for oxygen to enter the body and for carbon dioxide to exit |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the structural characteristics if the bronchi? |
|
Definition
| The right mainstream bronchus is almost straight, while the left angles more acutely to the left |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptor sites are found in the smooth muscles the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| The bronchioles are encircled with smooth muscle that contains beta 2 adrenergic receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of stimulating the receptors in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| When stimulated, these beta 2 receptors relax the bronchial smooth muscle, this increasing the airways diameter |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the inner portion of the adrenal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of the brain relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus and contains the involuntary somatic and viscreal motor centers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of the rain processes visual and auditory data, generates involuntary somatic motor responses and maintains consciousness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify function of the parasympathetic nervous system: |
|
Definition
Controls rest and regenerative functions and consists of the peripheral nerve roots branching from the sacral region and the cranial nerves.
Â
(Predominantly the vagus Nerve) |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 mechanisms of hydrogen removal: |
|
Definition
- Bicarbonate buffer system
- Respiration
- Kidney function |
|
|
Term
| Define the term White Matter: |
|
Definition
| Material that surrounds gray matter in the spinal cord; made up largely of axons |
|
|
Term
What term describes a low concentration of hydrogen ions?
Â
A Ph above 7.45? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the characteristics and function of the atlas (C1): |
|
Definition
- Supports the head
- Securely affixed to the occiput and permits nodding but does not accomodate any twisting or turning motion |
|
|
Term
| Identify the # of vertbrae in the Coccygeal division: |
|
Definition
| 3-5 fused vertebrae that represent the residual elements of a tail |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of tissue in the heart? |
|
Definition
- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Pericardium |
|
|
Term
| Identify the # of vertebrae in the Sacral Division: |
|
Definition
| 5 that fuse into the posterior plate of the pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Identify the # of vertebrae in the lumbar division: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the # of vertebrae in the thoracic division: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the process in which non-specific defense mechanism ward of damage from micro-organisms or trauma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the bones that compose the knee: |
|
Definition
The knee joint involves the:
Â
-Distal Femur
- Proximal Tibia
- Patella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Approx the size of a closed fist |
|
|
Term
| Where is the heart located? |
|
Definition
| Center of the chest in the mediastinum, anterior to the spine and posterior to the sternum. Â The bottom of the heart, or APEX, is just above the diaphragm, left of the midline. Â The top of the heart, or BASE, lies at approximately the level of the 2nd rib |
|
|
Term
| What is the average volume of blood in an adult weighing 75kg? |
|
Definition
6 litres
Â
(80-85 ML per KG) |
|
|
Term
| List the 8 major glands of the Endocrine system: |
|
Definition
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Bronchdilation
- Thymus
-Pancreas
- Adrenals
- Gonads
- Pineal |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| is the junction or connection between the CNS and the endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the charged particle; anatomy or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the major tasks of the PNS: |
|
Definition
| To slow the heart and increase digestive system activity; the system also plays a role in sexual stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Stuctures though which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of potassium in cardiac function? |
|
Definition
| Influences repolorization. Â Hyperkalemia decreases automaticity and conduction, wherea Hypokalemia increases irritability |
|
|
Term
| Small perforations of the long bone through which blood vessels and nerves travel into the bone itself are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 factors that affect stroke volume? |
|
Definition
- Preload
- Cardiac Contractility
- Afterload |
|
|
Term
| The hollow shaft found in long bones is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the body maintain a relatively constant blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| By employing compensatory mechanisms and negative feedback loops |
|
|
Term
| Where is the thoracic aorta located? |
|
Definition
| It curves inferiorly and goes through the chest (Thorax) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the location and characteristics of the arachnoid membrane: |
|
Definition
| Middle layer is a web-like structure of the meninges |
|
|
Term
| The movement of raising the foot is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 structures that form the meninges |
|
Definition
- Duramater
- Arachnoid Membrane
- Pia Matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system, often considered a part of the cardiovascular system consists of the spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic channels, thoracic duct and the lymph fluid itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane is called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the location at which the trachea divides into the left and right mainstream bronchi: |
|
Definition
| Enters through the thoracic inlet and divides in the Left and Right mainstream bronchi at the Carina |
|
|
Term
| The movement of WBC's in response to chemical signals is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of a body part toward the midline is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of the brain relays and processes sensory information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the types of sympathetic receptors: |
|
Definition
- Adrenergic
- Alpha 1
- Alpha 2
- Beta 1
- Beta 2
- Dopaminergic |
|
|
Term
| Outline the physiology of the SNS stimulation: |
|
Definition
| SNS stimulation also results in direct stimulation of the adrenal medulla, the inner portion of the adrenal gland. Â The adrenal medulla in turn releases the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine into the circulatory system. Â Approx 80% of the hormones released by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine, while norepinephrine constitutes the 20%. Â Once released, these hormones are carried throughout the body where they cause their intended effects by acting on hormone receptors |
|
|
Term
| Describe the srtucture and function of the pleura: |
|
Definition
| Smooth membrane that lines the exterior of the lungs. Â It folds over itself at the pulmonary hilum and then lines the inside of the thoracic cavity, becoming the parietal pleura |
|
|
Term
| The dual layer forms a potential space called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the post capillary sphincter? |
|
Definition
| Opens when blood is to be emptied into the venous system |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the type of bone which makes up the spinal colum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the bones that compose of the ankles and the feet: |
|
Definition
- The foot comprises seven tarsal bones, five metatarsal bones and 14 phalanges.
Â
- The ankle joint, the distal tibia (Medial Malleolus) and the distal fibula )lateral malleolus) articulate with the talus |
|
|
Term
| The trappoing of RBC's by an organ such as the spleen is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the condition in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strong tendon, which inserts on the calcaneus (heel), also helps maintain the ankles integrity is called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain specializes in balance and coordination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hormone responsible for RBC production is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bones are in the spinal colum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the characteristics and function of the axis (C2): |
|
Definition
- has a small bony tooth called the odontoid process or dens, that projects upward.
Â
This projection provides a pivotal point around which the atlas and head can rotate from side to side |
|
|
Term
| List the structures covered and protected by the spinal meninges: |
|
Definition
| The entire spinal cord and the peripheral nerve roots as they leave the spinal column |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the endocardium? |
|
Definition
| the innermost layer of the heart. Â It lines the hearts chambers and bathed in blood |
|
|
Term
| The combinned mechanism that works to prevent or control blood loss are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the 3 mechanisms of meostasis: |
|
Definition
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plugs
- Stable fibrin blood clots |
|
|
Term
| What do coronary arteries do? |
|
Definition
| The main coronary arteries lie on the surface of the heart and small penetrating arterioles supply the mycardial muscle |
|
|
Term
| The state of slight contaction of muscles that gives them firmness and keeps them ready to contract is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 2 functions of muscle tissue: |
|
Definition
- Body Movement
- Production of heat energy |
|
|
Term
| Describe characteristics and function of platelets: |
|
Definition
| Platelets function to form a plug at an initial bleeding site and also secrete factors important in clot formation, to few  platelets, a condition called thrombocytopenia, can lead to bleeding problems and blood loss |
|
|
Term
| Which ligaments provide side-to-side stability in the knee? |
|
Definition
| Medial and lateral collateral ligaments |
|
|
Term
| List 3 structures that cover the brain: |
|
Definition
- Scalp
- Cranium
- Meninges |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term scalp: |
|
Definition
| Strong and flexible mass of skin, fascia (bands of connective tissue) and muscular tissue that is able to withstand and absorb tremendous kinetic energy |
|
|
Term
| Explain how deoxygenated blood returns from the coronary circulation to the general circulation: |
|
Definition
| Blood drains from the left coronary system via the anterior great cardiac vein and the lateral marginal veins. Â These empty into the coronary sinus. Â The right coronary artery empties directly into the right atrium via smaller cardiac veins |
|
|
Term
| Define the term thrombocytosis: |
|
Definition
| Too many platelets, which may cause abnormal clotting, plugs in vessels and emboli that may travel to the extremities, heart, lungs or brain |
|
|
Term
| List the 2 structures that form the skull: |
|
Definition
- Facial bones that form the skeletal base for the face
- The vault for the brain, called the cranium |
|
|
Term
| List the bones of the cranium: |
|
Definition
- Anterior or frontal bone
- Parietal bones
- Occipital bones
- Temporal bones |
|
|
Term
| Define or descibe the term cranium: |
|
Definition
| Vault-like portion of the skull encasing the brain |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term sutures: |
|
Definition
| Pseudo-joints that join the various bones of the skull to form the cranium |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term hypothalamus: |
|
Definition
| Important for controlling certain metabolic activities including the regulation of body temperature |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the myocardium? |
|
Definition
| The myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart. Cells are unique in that they physically resemble skeletal muscle but have electrical prperties similar to smooth muscle. Â These cells also contain specialized structures that help to rapidly conduct electrical impulses from one muscle cell to another, enabling the heart to contract |
|
|
Term
| What is the major determinant of blood volume? |
|
Definition
- Red cell mass
- Plasma volume |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term intracranial pressure (ICP): |
|
Definition
| Pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term meninges: |
|
Definition
| 3 membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. Â They are the dura mater, pia mater and arachnoid membrane |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term pia mater: |
|
Definition
| Inner and most delicate layer of the meninges. Â It covers the convolutions of the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term arachnoid membrane: |
|
Definition
| Middle layer of the meninges |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of fluid shifts on plasma volume? |
|
Definition
| Fluid shifts help to preserve circulating blood volume in the event of acute hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain specializes in sensory? |
|
Definition
| Parietal lobes of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 compensatory mechanisms for dealing with decreased blood volume? |
|
Definition
- Vasocontriction
- Tachycardia
- Increased cardiac contractility to maintain adequate tissue perfusion until significant losses overwhelm these measures |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term cerebrospinal fluid: |
|
Definition
Fluid surrounding and bathing the brain and spinal cord
Â
(The elements of the CNS) |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 major structures of the brain: |
|
Definition
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term cerebrum: |
|
Definition
| Largest part of the brain. Consists of 2 hemispheres seperated by a deep longitudinal fissure. Â It is the seat of consciousness and the center of the high mental functions such as memory, learning, reasoning, judgment, intelligence and emotions |
|
|
Term
| What term describes a bone that forms a tendon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes the process of where a compound seperates or breaks down into its constituent parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the alternative name of smooth muscle: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do blood vessels regulate blood flow throughout the body? |
|
Definition
| Regulate blood flow to different areeas of the body by adjusting their size as well as by selectively rerouting blood through the microcirculation |
|
|
Term
| Define the term cranial nerves: |
|
Definition
| 12 pairs of nerves that extend from the lower surface of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Identify the alternative name of skeletal muscle: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of throxine? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli and the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
| The partial pressure of oxygen present in air in the alveoli of the lungs is greater that the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood within the pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| Can inactivate the chemical mediators of acute allergic reactions, thereby modulating the anaphlyactic response |
|
|
Term
| A function by which cells take in oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into energy is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cord-like remnant of a fetal vessel conneting the pulmonary artery to the aorta at the aortic isthmus is known as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the period of time from the end of the one cardiac contraction to the end of the next? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system is responsible for movement, posture and heat production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the characteristics of skeletal muscle: |
|
Definition
| is associated with the mobility of the extremities and the body in general |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| Acts within islets to inhibit secretion of glucagon and insulin. Â Somatostatin also retards nutrient absorption from the intestine, although its mechanisms of action in the gut are poorly understood |
|
|
Term
| Movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the term anterior medial fissure: |
|
Definition
| Deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord that divides the cord into right and left halves |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics and alternative name of the left semilunar valve? |
|
Definition
| Also called the aortic vavle. Â It connects the left ventricle to the aorta |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics and alternative name of the right semilunar valve? |
|
Definition
| Also called the pulmonic valve. Â Connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| Define the term posterior medial sulcus: |
|
Definition
| Shallow longitudinal groove along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the fluid within the circulatory system; blood plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of the brain controls emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of the brain releases hypothalamic hormones and secretes hormones regulating endocrine activity (under hypothalamic control)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the location and characteristics of the dura mater: |
|
Definition
| Durable, outermost layer of the meninges |
|
|
Term
| The short column of bone that forms the weight bearing portion of a vertebra is known as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term is used to describe the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of sodium in cardiac function? |
|
Definition
| Depolarizing the myocardium |
|
|
Term
| What is the bloods % of total body volume? |
|
Definition
| 6% of the total body weight |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe a law of physiolgy statin that blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel to the 4th power? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term reticular activating system: |
|
Definition
| (RAS) - a series of nervous tissues keeping the human system in a state of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term medulla oblongata: |
|
Definition
| Lower prtion of the brainstem containing the respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centers |
|
|
Term
| Define the term gray matter: |
|
Definition
| Areas in the CNS dominated by nerve cell bodies; the central portion of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Where are the ovaries located? |
|
Definition
| In the pelvis on either side of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| The central space within the thoracic cavity bounded laterally by the lungs, inferiorly by the diaphragm and superiorly by the thoracic outlet is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The large arteries and veins located in the mediastinum that enter and exit the heart; the aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins are know as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the adrenal glands located? |
|
Definition
| The paired adrenal glands are located on the superior surface of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Where is the abdominal aorta located? |
|
Definition
| Goes through the diaphragm and enters the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of triiodothyronine? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Identify 4 factors that cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right: |
|
Definition
- Decreased Ph
- Increased C02
- Increased temp
-Increased 2,3 DPG |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes that start to occur in bones after the age 40: |
|
Definition
| The body begins to lose the ability to maintain bone structure |
|
|
Term
| List the 2 hormones produced by the ovaries: |
|
Definition
- Estrogen
- Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 most common cations in the human body: |
|
Definition
- Sodium (Na+)
- Potassium (K+)
- Calcium (Ca++)
-Magnesium (Mg++) |
|
|
Term
| What system is important in fighting disease, in filtration and in removing waste products of cellular metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of oxytocin? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates uterine contraction and lactation in women who have just delivered a baby |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the retun of a cell to its pre-excitation resting state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 components of the circulatory system: |
|
Definition
- The pump (Heart)
- The fluid (blood)
- The container (blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the alpha receptors located? |
|
Definition
| In the peripheral blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of basophils? |
|
Definition
| Primarily function in allergic reasctions |
|
|
Term
| A solution having a lesser concentration of solute molecules than another solution is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A low neutrophil count is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term lacrimal fluid: |
|
Definition
| Liquid that lubricates the eye |
|
|
Term
| Identify the effects of stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system: |
|
Definition
- Pupillary constriction
- Secretion by digestive glands
- Reduction in HR and cardiac contractile force
- Broncho-constriction
- Increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive heart |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term thalamus: |
|
Definition
| Switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to cardiac contractile force |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term sclera: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain specializes in speech? |
|
Definition
| Temporal lobe of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic subpopulations of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the components of the spine: |
|
Definition
- Supporting skeletal structures
- Vertebral column
- Central nervous system pathway
- Spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Identify the function of the peripheral nerve roots: |
|
Definition
| Direct signals to and receives signals from the limbs, internal organs and sensory structures of the body |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation that describes cardiac output? |
|
Definition
| Stroke volume (Ml/B) X HR (BPM) = cardiac output (ml/min |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of stimulating the collateral ganglia located in the abdominal cavity? |
|
Definition
- Reduction of blood flow to abdominal organs
- Decreased digestive activity
- Relaxation of smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder
- Release glucose stores from the liver |
|
|
Term
| The surface of a bone that moves against another bone is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the obturator nerve control? |
|
Definition
| Abductor muscles medial thigh |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of stimulating post-ganglionic nerves? |
|
Definition
- Stimulation of secretion by sweat glands
- Constriction of blood vessels in the skin
- Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
- Increase in the HR and force of cardiac contractions
- Bronchodialation
- Stimulation of energy production |
|
|
Term
| What term describes a lattice-work structure, as in the spongy tissue of a bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What body system deals with the production and development of blood cells, consisting of the bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys and the blood itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the ulnar nerve control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the musculocutaneous nerve control? |
|
Definition
| Flexor muscles of the arm |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the growth zone of a bone, active during the development stages of youth? It is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term orbit: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the term post-ganglionic nerves: |
|
Definition
| Nerve fibres that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues |
|
|
Term
| What does the median nerve control? |
|
Definition
| Flexor muscles on the arm and forearm |
|
|
Term
| What does the axillary nerve control? |
|
Definition
| Deltoid/skin of the shoulder |
|
|
Term
| What 2 factors regulate blood flow through the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral vascular resistance and pressure within the system. Vessels with larger inside diameters offer less resistance while vessels with smaller inside diameters offer greater resistance |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the presence of retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system offers support, protection, movement and the production of various blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of the left atrioventricular valve and alternative name? |
|
Definition
| Also called the mitral valve. It has 2 leaflets |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the term epidural space: |
|
Definition
| The space outside the dura mater |
|
|
Term
| Define the term subdural space: |
|
Definition
| The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the spinal cord: |
|
Definition
| CNS pathway responsible for transmitting sensory input from the body to the brain and for conducting motor impulses from the brain to the body muscles and organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the thick, pale, yellow fluid that makes up the liquid part of the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the term subarachnoid space: |
|
Definition
| The space between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane |
|
|
Term
| Bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the 2 systems that supply blood flow to the brain: |
|
Definition
- Carotid system
- Vertebrobasilar system |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics and alternative name of the right atrioventricular valve? |
|
Definition
| Also called the tricuspid valve because it has 3 leaflets, or cusps |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the period of time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary perfusion occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of an increase in the WBC count? |
|
Definition
| Classic sign of a bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| In the coagulation cascade, what occurs in the intrinsic pathway? |
|
Definition
| Platelets release substances that lead to the formation of prothrombin activator |
|
|
Term
| The process by which cells enlarge, divide and reproduce themselves is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inadequate perfusion of body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 methods by which waste products are normally expelled from the body? |
|
Definition
- Carbon dioxide is ultimately eliminated by exhalation from the lungs
- Some cellular waste products are expelled into the interstitial fluid and picked up by the lymphatic system
- Other wastes are cleaned from the blood by the kidneys and excreted as urine
- Some cellular waste products are emptied into the gastrointestinal system and expelled in the feces |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of the esophagus: |
|
Definition
| Muscular tube that is contiguous with the posterior wall of the trachea and conducts food and drink from the oral pharynx to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the arterial system? |
|
Definition
| Carries oxygenated blood from the heart under high pressure |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term nasopharynx: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body to carry which type of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if, hypertonic, tends to "pull" water (cause osmosis) from the other side of the membrane is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes the fluid outside the body cells, comprised of intravascular and interstitial fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement at a synovial joint where the distal end of a bone describes a circle but the shaft does not rotate; movement through an arc of a circle is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the pre-capillary sphincter? |
|
Definition
| Responds to local tissue conditions, such as acidosis and hypoxia and opens as more arterial blood is needed |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for hypo perfusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the parathyroid glands located? |
|
Definition
| Normally, 4 parathyroid glands are located on the posterior lateral surfaces of the thyroid, one pair above the other. Sometimes there are more than four parathyroid glands, but only rarely are there fewer |
|
|
Term
| What term describes an ion with a negative charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the hormone glucagon produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the purkinje system? |
|
Definition
| Spreads the impulse across the myocardium |
|
|
Term
| The tissue that stores fat in semi-liquid from within the internal cavities of a bone is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of calcitonin? |
|
Definition
| Lowers blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of estrogen? |
|
Definition
| Promotes the development and maintenance of secondary female sexual characteristics. Also plays a role in the egg development that precedes ovulation during each menstrual cycle. Estrogen also serves to protect the female against heart disease |
|
|
Term
| What term describes an ion with a positive charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term conjuctiva: |
|
Definition
| Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term maxilla: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term cornea: |
|
Definition
| Thin delicate layer covering the pupil and iris |
|
|
Term
| Where does oxygenated blood flowing through the left atrium go next? |
|
Definition
| Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Which veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cartilaginous pad between vertebrae that serves as a shock absorber is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland located in the mediastinum, then migrate throughout the body and are responsible for developing cell-mediated immunity, also called cellular immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term lymphatic system: |
|
Definition
- A network of valveless vessels that drains fluid, called lymph, from the body tissues
- Lymph nodes help filter impurities enroute to the subclavian vein and then to the heart |
|
|
Term
| What component of the brain controls involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns, memory storage of learned motor patterns and adjusts output of other somatic motor centres in brain and spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is produced by the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term pupil: |
|
Definition
| Dark opening in the centre o the iris through which light enters the eye |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term iris: |
|
Definition
| Pigmented portion. It is the muscular area that contracts or dilates to change the size of the pupil |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the nervous system: |
|
Definition
| The bodes principal control system. This network of cells, tissues and organs regulates nearly all bodily functions via electrical impulses transmitted through nerves, all of which are highly susceptible to hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| What does the sciatic nerve control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the function of the spinal cord: |
|
Definition
| The critical conduit for nervous signals between the brain and the body |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal value range for adult hematocrit? |
|
Definition
| 40-52% with females running a few % lower |
|
|
Term
| The attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move (or experiences the least movement) when the muscle contracts is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term cerebral perfusion pressure: |
|
Definition
| (CPP) - the pressure moving blood through the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal value range for RBC count? |
|
Definition
| Varies with age and sex but in general, it runs between 4.2 and 6.0 million/mm3 |
|
|
Term
| The prominence at the posterior part of a vertebra is known as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the location and characteristics of the pia mater: |
|
Definition
| Innermost layer of the meninges, directly overlying the CNS |
|
|
Term
| List 3 factors that govern peripheral vascular resistance: |
|
Definition
- Length of the vessel
- Diameter of the vessel
- Blood viscosity |
|
|
Term
| The packed cell volume of RBC's per unit of blood is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the divisions of the vertebral column: |
|
Definition
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal |
|
|
Term
| The movement of lowering the foot is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A solution having a greater concentration of solute molecules than another solution is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a normal value range for hemoglobin for a man and a woman? |
|
Definition
Men- 12.0-15.0 g/dl
Women- 10.5-14.0 g/dl |
|
|
Term
| Identify the alternative names or structure of cardiac muscle: |
|
Definition
| Cardiac muscle can also be classified according to its structure, which combines characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscle and thus called SMOOTH STRIATED |
|
|
Term
What component of the brain relays sensory information to the thalamus and contains the autonomic centres for regulation of visceral function?
(Cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive system activities?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the characteristics of smooth muscle: |
|
Definition
| Not under conscious control, but functions at the direction of the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| By what age do a persons bones reach maximal strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range of WBC's per micrometer of blood in healthy people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the term dermatome: |
|
Definition
| Topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root |
|
|
Term
| Pairing of muscles that permits extension and flexion of limbs is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The specialized bands of connective tissue that accomplish the attachment of muscle to bone at the insertion and in some cases at the origin are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the number of vertebrae in the cervical division: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the 3 systems that are primarily involved in maintaining perfusion: |
|
Definition
- Circulatory system
- Respiratory system
- Gastrointestinal system |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary cells involved in the body's immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the SNS prepare the body for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term vitreous humour: |
|
Definition
| Clear watery fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye. Responsible for giving the eye its spherical shape |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major functions of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
- Maintaining blood volume with the proper balance of water, electrolytes and pH
- Retaining key compounds such as glucose while excreting wastes such as urea
- Controlling arterial blood pressure
- Regulate erthrocyte development |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 processes involved in the formation of urine? |
|
Definition
- Glomerular filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the major structures of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
- Digestive tract
- Accessory organs of digestion
- Spleen
- Structures and organs of urinary system
- Female reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the fine fibrous tissue surrounding the interior of most of the abdominal cavity and covering of the small bowel and some of the abdominal organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the double fold of peritoneum that supports the major portion of the small bowel, suspending it from the posterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the structures of the abdomen that are not covered by the peritoneum: |
|
Definition
- Kidneys
- Duodenum
- Pancreas
- Urinary Bladder
- Posterior portions of the ascending and descending colon
- Rectum |
|
|
Term
| What is the range of the diaphragm during inhalation? |
|
Definition
| With deep expiration, the central portion of the diaphragm moves as far upward as the 4th intercostal space anteriorly (nipple line), and the 7th intercostal space posteriorly (inferior tips of scapula) |
|
|
Term
| What is the range of the diaphragm during expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the digestive system?q |
|
Definition
- Digestive tract
- Accessory organs of digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the internal passageway that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus, also called the alimentary canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the semifluid mixture of ingested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the wavelike muscular motion of the esophagus and bowel that moves food through the digestive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the abdominal components of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
- Stomach
- Small bowel (duodenum, jejunum and ileum)
- Large bowel (colon)
- Rectum
- Anus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the digestive process that occur in the small intestine: |
|
Definition
| As chyme enters the next two segments of the small bowel (jejunum and ileum), the mixing decreases and nutrients, released by the physical and chemical digestion processes are absorbed, directed to the liver for detoxification and then released into the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| Describe the digestive process that occur in the large intestine: |
|
Definition
| Food arrives at the large bowel where masses of bacteria assist in releasing vitamins and fluid from the digesting food while the large bowel absorbs most of the remaining fluid content |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
- Removes damaged or aged erythrocytes
- Stores glycogen and other important agents for body metabolism
- Assists in the osmotic regulation of fluids in the blood
- Plays a role in the clotting process
- Detoxifies materials absorbed by the digestive system
- Stores or releases nutrients to assure the body's metabolic needs are met |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
| Receives bile from the liver and stores it until it is needed during digestion of fatty foods |
|
|
Term
| Which system does the spleen belong too? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the spleen? |
|
Definition
| Performs some immunological functions and also stores a large volume of blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major structures of the urinary system? |
|
Definition
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the organ that produces urine and performs other functions related to the urinary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term that is best defined as the basic structural unit of all plants and animals. A membrane enclosing a thick fluid and a nucleus. Cells are specialized to carry out all of the body's basic functions: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main elements of the cell |
|
Definition
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Organelles |
|
|
Term
| Which ligaments give the knee front to back stability? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments |
|
|
Term
| The plate area of the metaphysics where cartilage is generated during bone growth in childhood; growth plate is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cavity within a bone that contains the marrow is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term is best defined as the outer covering of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term is best defined as a structure that is able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the components of blood: |
|
Definition
- Plasma
- Formed elements
- RBC's
- WBC's
- Platelets |
|
|
Term
| What term is best defined as the thick fluid or protoplasm, that fills a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain specializes in motor function? |
|
Definition
| Frontal lobes of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain contains the reticular activating system (RAS)? |
|
Definition
| Operates in the lateral portion of the medulla, pons and especially the midbrain. The RAS sends impulses to and receives impulses from the cerebral cortex. It is a diffuse system of interlacing nerve cells responsible for maintaining consciousness and the ability to respond to stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics if the pericardium? |
|
Definition
| The pericardium is a protective sac surrounding the heart. Consists of 2 layers, visceral and parietal. The visceral pericardium also called the epicardium is the inner layer, in contact with the heart muscle itself. The parietal pericardium is the outer, fibrous layer. In the pericardial cavity, between these two layers, is about 25mm of pericardial fluid, a straw-colored lubricant that reduces friction as the heart beats and changes position |
|
|
Term
| How much air is typically taken in during respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of ribs make-up the thoracic skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of thoracic ribs join the sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the thoracic cavity able to increase its volume? |
|
Definition
| When the diaphragm contracts, it draws downward, away from the thoracic cavity, thus enlarging it. When the intercostals contract, they draw the ribcage upward and outward, away from the thoracic cavity, further increasing the volume |
|
|
Term
| Identify the characteristics of cardiac muscle: |
|
Definition
| Contracts rhythmically on its own; emitting an electrical impulse in the process and passing that impulse along to the other cells of the myocardium |
|
|
Term
| What does the term anastomosis mean? |
|
Definition
| Communication between 2 or more vessels |
|
|
Term
| Outline the 4 steps in the coagulation cascade: |
|
Definition
- Intrinsic pathway
- Extrinsic pathway
- Common pathway
- Thrombin |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of thoracic ribs are joined to each other by cartilage and then to the sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bone forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the impact of infection on the amount of WBC's per micro litre of blood? |
|
Definition
| An infection can increase that number to more than 16,000 |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of thoracic ribs have no anterior attachment and are known as "floating ribs"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the components and characteristics of the sternum: |
|
Definition
- The sternum completes the anterior bony structure of the thorax and is made up of three sections:
- Manubrium
- The body
- Xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the atria? |
|
Definition
| Atria receive incoming blood. The right and left atria are separated by the interatrial septum |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the ventricles? |
|
Definition
| Pump blood out of the heart and are separated by the inter ventricle septum |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the importance of the sternal angle: |
|
Definition
AKA the angle of Louis is the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum,
The site of attachment of the 2nd rib and quickly allows the paramedic to identify the 2nd intercostal space |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 imaginary lines used to indicate position on the external thorax: |
|
Definition
- Midclavicular
- Anterior axillary line
- Mid axillary line
- Posterior axillary line |
|
|
Term
| Define the term intercostal space: |
|
Definition
| The space just inferior to each rib |
|
|
Term
| Define the term xiphisternal joint: |
|
Definition
| Union between xiphoid process and the body of the sternum |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of stimulating the parasympathetic receptors in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| Cause the bronchial smooth muscles to contract, thus reducing the diameter of the bronchiole |
|
|
Term
| How many divisions of bronchioles are in the lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organs are found in the RUQ? |
|
Definition
- Gallbladder
- Right Kidney
- Most of the liver
- Some small bowel
- Portion of ascending and transverse colon
- Small portion of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What system consist of the pituitary gland, pineal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, thyroid gland and parathyroid glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the total surface area of all the alveoli in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical that decreases surface tension and makes it easier for the lungs to expand |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the normal tension in a cell; the resistance of the skin to deformation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 2 components of the CNS: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the term spinal cord: |
|
Definition
| The spinal cord is housed inside and is protected by the "spinal canal" formed by the vertebrae of the spinal column |
|
|
Term
| List the bones that compose the cranium: |
|
Definition
Two single bones:
- Frontal
- Occipital
Series of paired bones:
- Parietals
- Temporals
- Sphenoids
- Ethmoids |
|
|
Term
| What type of joint has relatively free movement? |
|
Definition
| Diarthroses ( Synovial joints) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the diaphragm: |
|
Definition
| Muscular, dome like structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of sympathetic nervous innervation of the heart: |
|
Definition
| The chemical neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system, and thus for the cardiac plexus, is norepinephrine,. It's release increases heart rate and cardia contractile force, primarily through its actions of beta receptors |
|
|
Term
| A substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid- base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions is known as a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the unique cell that , after their initial phase of maturation, are released into the circulation and can remain there as circulating monocytes or migrate to distant sites to further mature into free or fixed tissue macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are intercalated discs and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Specialized bands of tissue inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate in which the action potential spread from cell to cell |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Alpha 2 |
|
Definition
| Found on the presynaptic surfaces of sympathetic neuro-effector junctions. These receptors serve too prevent over-release of noraepinephrine in the synapse. When the level of noraepinepherine in synapse gets high enough, the alpha 2 receptors are simulated and noraepinephrine release is inhibited. |
|
|
Term
| What component of the brain maintains conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory storage and involuntary regulation of somatic motor patterns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Beta 1 |
|
Definition
| Cause increases in HR, cardiac contractile force and cardia automaticity and conduction |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Beta 2 |
|
Definition
| Cause vasodilation and bronchodilation. Dopaminergic receptors although not fully understood, eventually cause dilation of the renal, coronary and cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the resistance against which the heart must pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term brain stem: |
|
Definition
| Connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. Comprised of the medulla oblongata, the pons and the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe the term midbrain: |
|
Definition
| Connecting the pons and the cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| List the components of the hematopoietic system: |
|
Definition
- Bone marrow
- Liver
- Spleen
- Kidneys
- Blood |
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Term
| A group of organs that work together is known a(n): |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle is mostly under voluntary, or conscious control? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does oxygen move from the alveoli to the bloodstream? |
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Definition
| Partial pressure of oxygen resent in air in the alveoli of the lungs is greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood within the pulmonary circulation. For this reason, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane and into the bloodstream- from the area of greater partial pressure to the area of lower partial pressure |
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Term
| The type of muscle that surrounds blood vessels, causing them to dilate or constrict is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The outer most layer of the skin is comprised of dead or dying cells is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells produce somatostatin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term describes a substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the role of the diaphragm during inspiration: |
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Definition
| Contracts and flattens to further increase the volume of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| Explain the role of the intercostal muscles during inspiration: |
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Definition
| Contract to further elevate the ribs and increase the anterior - posterior dimension of the thorax |
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Term
| What are the components of blood? |
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Definition
- Plasma
- RBC's
- WBC's
- Platelets |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle is capable of spontaneous or self-excited contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| A high energy compound present in all cells, especially muscles cells; when split by enzyme action it yields energy known as: |
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Definition
| (ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate |
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Term
| Which hormone s produced by the beta cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of muscle that moves limbs known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the muscles of respiration: |
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Definition
- Intercostal Muscles
- Diaphragm
- Steinocleidomastoid muscles |
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Term
| The muscle tissue found within the intestines, surrounding blood vessels is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Loss f blood vessels from a body part is know as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify te 3 layers of skin: |
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Definition
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous Tissue |
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Term
| Bending motion that increases the angle between articulating elements is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bending motion that reduces the angle between articulating elements is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the concentration of oxygen in alveolar air? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term used to describe the breakdown of glycogen to glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of muscle cells to contract, or shorten |
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Term
| What term is best defined as the organelle within a cell that contains the DNA or genetic material? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of glucagon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Structures that perform specific functions within a cell are known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Androgenic hormones have the same effect as those secreted by which organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system consist of the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, rectum and anus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of muscle that has the ability to generate its own electrical impulse is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of muscle that moves food and waste through the digestive tract is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term describes the fluid tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 hormones produced by the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin |
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Term
| Sacs containing synovial fluid that cushion adjacent structures are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define or describe the term mandible: |
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Definition
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Term
| Define or describe the term laryngopharynx: |
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Definition
| Just above the epiglottis |
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Term
| What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? |
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Definition
| Causes the kidneys to increase water absorption |
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Term
| What substance lubricates synovial joints? |
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Definition
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Term
| Destruction of RBC's is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue that connects bone to bone and holds joints together is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the abbreviation for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the abbreviation for the partial pressure of oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of producing RBC's is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term describes the fluid inside the body cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| The body layer beneath the dermis is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| A synovial joint is also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| A joint that permits a limited amount of independent motion is called a/an? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define or describe the term oropharynx: |
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Definition
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Term
| Define or describe the term zygoma: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is peritoneal space? |
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Definition
| The division of the abdominal cavity containing those organs or portions of organs covered by the peritoneum |
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Term
| What is retroperitoneal space? |
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Definition
| The division of the abdominal cavity containing those organs posterior to the peritoneal lining |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the abdominal cavity containing those organs located within the pelvis |
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Term
| Why does oxygen infuse from the RBC's into the cells and tissues of the body? |
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Definition
| Since the partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the bloodstream than in cells oxygen will diffuse from the RBC's across the capillary wall-cell membrane barrier, into the cells and tissues |
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Term
| Identify 3 types of blood vessels: |
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Definition
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins |
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Term
| What does blood transport? |
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Definition
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide
- Nutrients
- Hormones
- Metabolic waste
- Heat |
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Term
What term describes a high concentration of hydrogen ions?
a pH below 7.35? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term describes the oxygen-bearing molecule in the RBC's? |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of joint has very limited movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of the pituitary gland: |
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Definition
| Divided into posterior and anterior lobes |
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Term
| Abbreviation for potential of hydrogen, a measure of relative acidity of alkalinity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the characteristics and functions of the cerebrospinal fluid: |
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Definition
| Both the brain and spinal cord are bathed in it, a watery clear fluid that acts as a cushion to protect these organs from physical impact |
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Term
| Diffusion of a substance such as glucose though a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper", or carrier protein is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| A small bundle of muscle fibres is knows as a? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the parathyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| Increases blood calcium levels |
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Term
| What term describes the maintenance of a relatively constant volume and distribution of water in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of joint is immovable? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 3 types of joints: |
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Definition
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses |
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Term
| The tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term describes the total amount of water in the body at a given time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for? |
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Definition
| Unconscious control of many body functions, including those governed by the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and the glands |
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Term
| What is the function of beta 1 receptors? |
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Definition
| Increase the HR and contractility |
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Term
| What is the equation that describes blood pressure? |
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Definition
| BP= cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
| What term describes excessive loss of body fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define or describe the term nares? |
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Definition
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Term
| The bones of the head, thorax, spine are called the? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Alpha 1 |
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Definition
| Cause peripheral vasoconstriction, mild bronchconstriction and stimulation of metabolism |
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