Term
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Definition
| period of human history before human writing was developed |
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Term
| 3 major periods of prehistory |
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Definition
1. lower Paleolithic
2. upper Paleolithic
3. Neolithic |
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Term
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Definition
| period of prehistory where humans used crude tools |
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Term
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Definition
period of prehistory where:
-humans had a bigger variety of tools
-specialized tools
-definite social structure
-cave art |
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Term
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Definition
period of prehistory where:
-more complex social structures
-family, religion, government
-domesticated animals and crops
-houses
-fire |
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Term
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Definition
study of human culture and humans
-how they relate to each other
-similarities and difference between cultures |
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Term
| 3 divisions of anthropology |
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Definition
1. biological and cultural anthropology
2. archaeology
3. linguistics |
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Term
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Definition
| studies past human cultures by evaluating what they leave behind |
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Term
| According to archeologists, for how long have humans existed? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 phases of human development |
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Definition
1. lower Paleolithic/Stone Age
2. Upper Paleolithic/New Stone Age
3. Bronze Age
4. Iron Age |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of civilizations |
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Definition
1. use of metal to make weapons or tools
2. written language
3. defined territorial state
4. calendar |
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Term
| 4 earliest civilizations (locations) |
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Definition
1. Nile River Egypt
2. Mesopotamia
3. Indus River
4. Hwang Ho China |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tigris and Euphrates River valleys in Mesopotamia
2. Nile River valley in Egypt |
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Term
| Name of area where Tigris and Euphrates and Nile River civilizations emerged |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 Advantages that river valleys offered early civilizations |
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Definition
1. water for drinking and cultivating crops
2. a gathering place for wild animals that could be hunted
3. easily available water for domesticated animals
4. rich soil deposits as a result of regular flooding |
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Term
| Why was irrigation important to early civilizations? |
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Definition
| It directed water where it was most needed for herd and crops |
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Term
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Definition
| coined the term "Fertile Crescent" |
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Term
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Definition
| region where early civilizations rose in modern day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel/Palestine and Jordan |
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Term
| 8 characteristics of Egyptians |
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Definition
1. most advanced ancient cultures
2. great pyramids
3. hieroglyphs
4. developed/complex religion
5. preservation of bodies after death
6. invented decimal system
7. solar calendar
8. advanced knowledge of math and geometry |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of Sumerians |
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Definition
1. first to invent the wheel
2. cuneiform writing
3. irrigation systems
4. timekeeping |
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Term
| For what are Babylonians best known for? |
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Definition
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Term
| For what are the Assyrians best known for? |
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Definition
| horse drawn chariots and organized military |
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Term
| Who developed the monotheistic religion that eventually developed into modern Judaism and Christianity? |
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Definition
| Hebrew or ancient Israelite culture |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of Persians |
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Definition
1. conquered people allowed to keep own beliefs and customs
2. developed alphabet
3. practicing Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, Gnosticism
4. religions influenced modern religious practice |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of Minoans |
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Definition
1. syllabic writing system
2. large, colorful palaces
3. sewage systems, running water, bathtubs, and toilets
4. Linear Script A has not been deciphered |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of Mycenaeans |
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Definition
1. practiced religion that grew into the Greek pantheon
2. worshipped Zeus and other gods
3. Linear Script B, used to write an ancient form of classical Greek |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of Phoenicians |
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Definition
1. used stars to navigate their ships at night
2. developed purple dye that was in great demand in the ancient world
3. worked with glass and metals
4. phonetic alphabet
5. used symbols to represent sounds |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of Indus Valley civilization |
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Definition
1. concept of zero in math
2. practiced early form of Hindu
3. caste system: still present today
4. archaeologists still uncovering info on the civilization |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of ancient Chinese civilization |
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Definition
1. along Yangtze River
2. made silk
3. grew millet
4. made pottery |
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Term
| 6 major civilizations of Mesopotamia |
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Definition
1. Sumerians
2. Amorites
3. Hittites
4. Assyrians
5. Chaldeans
6. Persians |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of early civilizations' governments |
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Definition
1. single ruler head of government
2. ruler doubled as religious leader
3. tyrannical, militaristic rulers
4. controlled all aspects of life |
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Term
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Definition
southern part of Mesopotamia with a dozen city states
-each state had its own gods, and leader of each state served as high priest |
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Term
| 6 cultural legacies of Sumer |
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Definition
1. invention of writing
2. invention of the wheel
3. first library
4. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
5. first written laws
6. Epic of Gilgamesh: first epic story in history |
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Term
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Definition
| located south of Egypt, used to be the largest empire on the Nile, surpassing even Egypt |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of Neolithic Kush |
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Definition
1. lived in mud brick buildings
2. settled, rather than nomadic
3. hunted, fished, herded cattle
4. Kerma: capitol, center of trade |
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Term
| How did Kushites determine leadership? |
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Definition
through the matrilineal descent of their kings, like in Egypt
-heads of state were female |
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Term
| Who conquered Kush in 800 BCE? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 characteristics of Minoans |
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Definition
1. lived on Crete, off the coast of Greece
2. writing systems Linear A and B
3. name variation of King Minos
4. trade, way of life disrupted by earthquakes and volcanoes
5. fell to Greeks, supplanted with the Mycenaean civilization |
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Term
| 4 influences of early Indian civilizations |
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Definition
1. gave rise to Hinduism and Buddhism
2. yoga
3. literature: Vedas, Arthashastra, Bhagavad Gita, and Mahabharata
4. beginnings of Indo-European languages, including English |
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Term
| What civilization is the oldest uninterrupted civilization in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
| Timeline of early Chinese civilization |
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Definition
1. agriculture: 7,000 years ago
2. writing: 1,500 BCE
3. carvings: 6,000 years ago |
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Term
| What river served as the center for the earliest Chinese civilizations? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Confucius
2. Analects
3. Tao Te Ching
4. poetry |
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Term
| 3 lesser known early civilizations |
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Definition
1. Norte Chico: Peru
2. Anasazi: Ancient Puelo, SW U.S.
3. Maya: South Mexico and Central America |
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Term
| What civilization was the first major civilization in Europe? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 characteristics of the Mycenaean |
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Definition
1. relied more on conquest than trade
2. states: Sparta, Metropolis, and Corinth
3. Trojan War: recorded by Homer
4. Linear B script
5. destroyed either in a Dorian attack or Greek invaders from the north |
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Term
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Definition
theory to explain the end of the Mycenaean civilization and the growth of Classical Greece
-events referred to as the return of the Heracleidas (Sons of Hercules)
-believed that around 1200 BCE, Mycenaeans were conquered along with the Hittites
-Hittites speak of an attack by people of the Aegean Sea |
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Term
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Definition
located in Peloponnesus
-ruled by an oligarchic military state
-trade, disallowed trade for their citizens, and valued military arts and strict discipline
-emerged as strongest force in the area |
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Term
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Definition
centered in Attica
-descended from invaders who spoke Greek
-had democracy, created by Clisthenes of Athens in 510 BCE
-excelled in art, theater, and philosophy |
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Term
| Who fought each other in the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 cultural contributions of Athens Greece |
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Definition
1. Theater: groundwork for modern theatrical performances
2. Alphabet: Greek alphabet, developed into the Roman alphabet, and then into our modern-day alphabet
3. Geometry: Pythagoras and Euclid pioneered geometry
4. Historical writing: Herodotus and Thucydides
5. Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle |
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Term
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Definition
born to Philip II of Macedon
-tutored by Aristotle
-greatest conquerors in history
-conquered Egypt, Archaemenid/Persian Empire, and traveled as far as India |
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Term
| 3 effects of Alexander the Great's rule: |
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Definition
1. cultural diffusion
2. increased trade between east and west
3. Hellenistic traditions his conquest spread were prevalent in Byzantine culture until 15th century |
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Term
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Definition
empire ruled by Cyrus the Great
-from Black Sea to Afghanistan, beyond Central Asia
-Darius became king after Cyrus and during his reign, this empire reached its zenith (522 BCE) |
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Term
| 4 battles of the Persian Wars |
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Definition
1. Battle of Marathon
2. Battle of Thermopylae
3. Battle of Salamis
4. Battle of Plataea |
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Term
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Definition
| Persian war battle where heavily outnumbered Greek forces achieved victory |
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Term
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Definition
| Persian war battle: small band of Spartans held off a throng off Persian troops for several days |
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Term
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Definition
| Persian war battle: naval battle in which outnumbered Greeks won |
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Term
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Definition
| Persian war battle: Greeks won against outnumbered Persians |
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Term
| One effect of the Persian Wars |
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Definition
| Persian empire was discouraged from other attempts to invade Greece |
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Term
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Definition
large powerful empire in India
largest to ever rule in the Indian subcontinent
ruled by Chandragupta |
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Term
| 8 characteristics of the Mauryan empire |
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Definition
1. standardized economic system
2. waterworks
3. private exotic foods and spices
4. rise of Buddhism and Jainism
5. laws protect civil and social rights, and animals
6. largely peaceful time in Indian history
7. fell after succession of weak leaders
8. taken over by Demetrius: Greco-Bactrian king who conquered in 180 BCE |
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Term
| What Chinese dynasty is the most famous? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 accomplishments of the Chinese Empires |
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Definition
1. building the Great Wall of China
2. inventions: paper, paper money, printing, and gunpowder
3. high level of artistic development
4. silk production |
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Term
| Legend of the founding of Rome |
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Definition
two brothers, Romulus and Remus were raised by wolves
-Romulus killed Remus
-Romulus legacy grew into Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of Greek culture throughout the world |
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Term
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Definition
empire in early fourth century
-eastern portion of Rome split
-founded by Constantine
-Constantinople: center of this empire
-famous for art, architecture, and Code of Justinian |
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Term
| What were the advantages o the Byzantine empire? (2) |
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Definition
1. its position gave it an advantage over invaders
2. it protected the Western empire from invasion from the Persians and the Ottomans |
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Term
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Definition
developed by the Council of Nicaea in 325
-addressed Trinity and Christian beliefs
-Council of Chalcedon: 451: any rejection of the Trinity was blasphemy |
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Term
| 5 Germanic Tribes that controlled most of Europe |
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Definition
1. Visigoths
2. Ostrogoths
3. Vandals
4. Saxons
5. Franks |
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Term
| 5 causes of the Fall of the Western Roman empire |
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Definition
1. Rome's size made it hard to manage
2. dissatisfaction with the inefficient empire
3. tribes called heretics for refusing to follow Nicene Creed
4. Franks and other tribes wage war on Rome
5. Rome loses control of some of its empire leading to it becoming invaded |
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Term
| What did Emperor Leon III of the Byzantine empire do? (in regards to religion) |
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Definition
1. declared destruction of all religious icons
2. replaced images of Jesus with crosses
3. images of Jesus, Mary, and other religious figures considered to be blasphemy and idolatry
4. attempted to kidnap Pope Gregory II |
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Term
| What did Pope Gregory II do in response to Emperor Leon III's action? |
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Definition
1. declared that destroying religious images was heretical
2. strong disciplinary measure should result to those that took this step |
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Term
| Vikings (8 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. originated in Scandinavia
2. invaded North France in tenth century
3. accomplished seafarers
4. advanced knowledge of trade routes
5. invaded and colonized England through several waves
6. began to travel with the overpopulation of their lands
7. arrived in New World before Spain or Britain
8. traded with the Byzantine empire |
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Term
| Dark Ages (5 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. tenth century of Europe
2. Viking invasions disrupted societies
3. Vikings in France became Normans
4. China: wars raged
5. Chinese used gunpowder for the first century of warfare |
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Term
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Definition
-way of life where European rulers would have to quickly raise an army when necessary
-vassals swore loyalty and promised to provide military service for lords
-lords offered vassals a fief or parcel of land for their livelihoods
-vassals could work the land themselves or have it worked by peasants or serfs
-king promised to protect vassals from invasions and war |
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Term
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Definition
-feudal system was applied to a self-contained manor
-manors owned by lords who ran them
-same system of loyalty and promises of military service for feudalism |
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Term
| 5 influences of the Roman Catholic church |
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Definition
1. supplied education: no schools or universities
2. filled a power void left by various invasions
3. had a role that was far more political than religious
4. kings influenced by the Pope
5. churches controlled large amounts of land |
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Term
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Definition
bubonic plague brought by fleas carried on rats
1/3 of the population of Europe was wiped out |
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Term
| 3 effects of the Black Death |
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Definition
1. peasants and servants found different work as demand for skilled labor grew
2. nation states grew in power
3. many turned way from faith in God and toward ideals of ancient Greece and Rome for government and other beliefs |
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