Term
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Definition
War between Britain and France going on
Adams and Federalists backed British
Jefferson and Anti-Federalists backed France
Acts made it illegal to speak out against the existing government
Jefferson pardoned anyone convicted nad repealed the laws in 1800. |
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Term
| Why did political parties form? |
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Definition
differences of opinion between Jefferson and Hamilton Hamilton: strong central government Jefferson: more power to the states
Hamilton's backers: Federalist Party
Jefferson's backers: Democratic-Republicans |
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Term
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Definition
| from split in the Democratic Repub party backed John Adams and industry growth |
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Term
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Definition
| formed in opposition to the whigs. and their candidate Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828 |
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Term
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Definition
| formed in 1850 due to slavery issues. |
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Term
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Definition
John Adams final days in office appointed Federalist judges to the Supreme Court. Adams made a last minute appointment (midnight judge) William Marbury. Jefferson ordered James Madison to not deliver Marbury's commission. Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal.
Case set precedent that judges could nullify laws it found to be unconstitutional |
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Term
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Definition
| Maryland voted to tax any bank business dealing with banks outside the state, including federally charged bank. Andrew McCulloch, an employee of the Second Bank of the US, refused to pay the tax. John Marshall ruled that Congress was in its rights to charter a national bank and the state of Maryland did not have the power to tax a federal bank. |
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Term
| What were the effects of the Treaty of Paris on Native Americans? |
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Definition
1. granted land to U.S. that were occupied by Native Americans
2. government did not honor treaties in purchasing land from Native Americans
3. Native Americans were dislocated and forced to move farther and farther west as American expansion continued |
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Term
| Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
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Definition
| gave American govt power to form treaties with Native Americans. American could claim land east of the Mississippi in exchange for land west of the Mississippi, but tribal leaders were forced to sign these treaties and relocation was by force many times |
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Term
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Definition
treaty between U.S. government and Cherokee tribes in Georgia
Pres. Van Buren enforced the treaty by sending soldiers. Led to the more than 4,000 Cherokee Indians dying on the Trail of Tears |
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Term
| Early economic trends in Northeast |
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Definition
| NE: manufacturing, industry, and industrial development, rich business owners and industrial leaders and the poor who supported businesses |
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Term
| Early economic trends in South |
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Definition
| agriculture, large scale farming, plantations and slaves |
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Term
| Early economic trends in West |
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Definition
| land growing wild, agricultural communities, crops and livestock |
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Term
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Definition
| 1803: Napoleon sold Louisiana territory to Jefferson for 15 million dollars. Napoleon needed money for war efforts. Jefferson wanted just New Orleans bc US trade was vulnerable to Spain and France at the port |
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Term
| 3 Major Ideas of Early Foreign Policy |
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Definition
1. Isolationism: no creating colonies
2. No entangling alliances
3. Nationalism: patriotic feeling esp after war of 1812 and industrial revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Because of what Britain saw as an alliance between America and France, they determined to bring an end to trade between the two nations. Madison introduced acts to regulate international trade. If Britain or France removed restrictions, America would not trade with the other. Madison prohibited trade with England and war ensued between Britain and France. Also Britain impressed U.S. soldiers |
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Term
| Britain's two major objections to America trading with France |
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Definition
1. U.S. helping France in giving supplies and goods
2. U.S. was a competitor in taking money and trade away from Great Britain |
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Term
| Military events in the War of 1812 |
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Definition
1.Lake Erie and Lake Champlain kept the British from invading U.S. through Canada
2. American attempts to conquer Canadian land were not successful
3. Dolly Madison salvaged picture of George Washington form the fire
3. Andrew Jackson victory at the Battle of New Orleans |
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Term
| Significance of the War of 1812 |
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Definition
-upped American morale
-national pride and nationalism
-"Era of Good Feelings" |
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Term
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Definition
| Monroe's message to Congress where he said any attempts by European powers to establish colonies in North American would be considered interference in American politics. U.S. would stay out of European matters and expected vice versa for Europeans. America would not tolerate any new European colonies in the New World |
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Term
| Lewis and Clark Expedition |
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Definition
| 1803, purchased doubled size of America. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark when on an expedition in LA territory. They brought maps, journals, and information on the land they traversed. Opened up the west in the LA territory and beyond for further exploration and settlement. |
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Term
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Definition
America was destined by God to expand
-resulted in the Mexican American War and CA, TX, and Oregon county obtained after that war. Madison compromised with Britain establishing the 49th parallel |
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Term
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Definition
1846-1848
Mexico revolts against Spain in 1821
Texas declares its independence: Tyler readmitted Texas into the union where it bc a state in 1845
Mexico had debts to U.S. for its war for independence. War was declared in response to Mexican attack on American troops on south border of Texas. Other conflict: whether or not the territory acquired after the war should be for slavery |
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Term
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Definition
1854, giving more territory southwest as far as west coast, giving more territory for the railroad
what would bc NM, WY, CO, AZ
modern outline of the US nearly complete |
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Term
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Definition
set up tariffs to help protect American interests from competition from products overseas.
Grew employment and increase in American industry
Congress chartered federal bank and the Second Bank of the US was set up to regulate the US money supply |
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Term
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Definition
a shift from politics favoring the wealthy to politics favoring the common man
-All white males given right to vote
-laissez faire econ, relocation of tribes |
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Term
| What did Andrew Jackson's democracy do? |
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Definition
-vetoed a bill to renew Second Bank of the US charter
-South Carolina claimed it could ignore or nullify fed law it considered unconstitutional so Jackson sent troops to enforce the tariff laws |
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Term
| Conflict between North and South |
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Definition
South: farmers worked on farm with little to no slave labor. Huge plantations needed slaves or servants. Slave pop growing wit the cotton pop
North: more diverse agriculture, industry made slaves rarer, abolitionist growing with Harriet Breecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin |
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Term
| 5 Anti-Slavery Organizations |
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Definition
1. American Colonization Society: protestant churches for sending slaves back to Africa
2. American Anti-Slavery Society: William Lloyd Garrison
3. Female Anti-Slavery Society: Margaretta Forten, women not allowed in the Anti one
4. Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women
5. Female Vigilant Society: raised funds for the underground railroad |
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Term
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Definition
| felt that public schooling could help children become better citizens and keep them out of crimes and poverty. Wrote the Common School Journal on these ideas. |
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Term
| Attitudes toward education |
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Definition
| Increased literacy led to awareness of current events, western expansion, and other developments. Interest in the literature and arts increased. By the end of the 19th c, all children had access to public education |
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Term
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Definition
new tech for growing country
Transcontinental Railroad
Canals and Steamboats that simplified water travel and made shipping less expensive and easier. Erie Canal connected Great Lakes with the Hudson River.
Wagon trails: Oregon Trail, CA Trail, and the Santa Fe Trail |
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Term
| 18th century industry inventions |
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Definition
factories making more goods and many immigrants found work there
Cotton gin invented: decreased the processing time of cotton and rapid expansion of cotton in the south |
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Term
| Labor movements in the 1880s (3) |
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Definition
1. 1751 bakers' protest
2. 1830s-40s workers want better conditions and les hours
3. 1844 Lowell Mill girls fought to reduce their workday to ten hours |
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Term
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Definition
led by Protestant evangelical leaders, between 1800 and 1830.
-focused on personal responsibility as an individ and in response to injustice and suffering
American Bible Society and the American Tract Society |
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Term
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Definition
part of the second great awakening
ending the production and use of alcohol
Society for the Promotion of Temperance in 1826 Boston |
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Term
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Definition
| began in 1840s with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Ernestine Rose, and Lucretia Mott. 1869: National Women's Suffrage Association created |
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Term
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Definition
1848 first women's rights convention and brought to the issue of whether or not women could vote
-wrote a Declaration of Sentiments which outlined what rights they deserved |
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Term
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Definition
1819 US was balancing slave and free states. If MO entered slave, it would tip the balance. Compromise: north part would be northern part of mass would be Maine: a free state. MO would be a slave state. Remaining portion of LA purchase north of 36 30 line would be free states.
-Problem: outlawed free blacks going to Missouri. But, Henry Clay said that the U.S. Constitution overruled MO. |
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Term
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Definition
| third group felt that each state should decide whether to be slave or free |
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Term
California Compromise
(Compromise of 1850) |
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Definition
California attempted to be state in 1849. Compromise of 1850 introduced group of laws:
1. California would be free state
2. Slave trade in DC would be outlawed
3. Increase in efforts to capture escaped slaves
4. NM and UT territories would decide individually whether to be slave or free |
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Term
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Definition
| Congress allowed pop sovereignty in territories, but slavery opponents said the MO compromise made slavery illegal. Kansas: two govts: one pro slavery and one anti slavery led to violence |
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Term
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Definition
| Scott was taken by his owner from MO to Illinois (a free state). Abolitionists took his case to court saying that he was free because he had lived in a free state. BUT the SC said Scott was not a US citizen and could not sue and that the MO Compromise was unconstitutional. |
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Term
| Harper's Ferry and John Brown |
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Definition
| John Brown, abolitionist, was involved in anti-slavery action. This included killing five pro slavery men. In 1859, he seized Harper's Ferry and guns and and ammunition. Robert E Lee captures him and his 22 followers who were tried and hanged. The Northerners saw it as an indication the government supported slavery. The south saw the north supporting Brown, and saw it an indication they were anti-slavery. |
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Term
| 1860 election candidates (4) |
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Definition
1. John Breckenridge: pro slavery
2. Abraham Lincoln: anti slavery
3. Stephen Douglas: issue should be state by state.
4. John Bell: promised to keep the union intact. |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed to control freed slaves and they would not be allowed to bear arms, assemble, serve on juries, or testify against whites, segregated schools, and unemployed blacks would be forced to work or arrested |
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Term
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Definition
| countered the black codes and provided much wider rights to freed slaves |
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Term
| Why was Andrew Johnson impeached? |
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Definition
| He was for the Black Codes and vetoes the Civil Rights Bill. Congress overrode his veto and impeached him |
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Term
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Definition
| prohibited slavery in the US (1865) |
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Term
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Definition
| American citizenship redefined for all citizens guaranteed equal legal protection by all states |
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Term
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Definition
| no citizen in the US can be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or status as a slave |
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Term
| Three phases of Reconstruction |
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Definition
1. Presidential Reconstruction: lenient on South and cont discrimination ag. blacks.
2. Congressional Reconstruction: Radical repub control of south govt, and more rights for blacks
3. Redemption: Confed states gradually readmitted to the Union and Democrats took over govt of the south. Troops depart in 1877. |
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Term
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Definition
| southern whites who aligned with Freemen to take over local governments |
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Term
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Definition
| northerners who traveled to the south to: provide assistance, make money, or get political power |
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Term
| Transcontinental railroad |
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Definition
1869 Union Pacific Railroad completed first section and went from Omaha to California. Products easy to transport.
Damage to farmers: paying high shipping costs, while companies got discounts
Chinese: workers in dangerous conditions for low pay |
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Term
| Naturalization Act (1870) |
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Definition
| Limits on immigration: allowing full citizenship to whites and those of African descent |
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Term
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 |
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Definition
| limits on Chinese immigration |
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Term
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Definition
taxed immigrants, charging fifty cents to pay for admin costs on regulating immigration
Ellis Island opened in 1892 |
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Term
Emergency Quota Act
(Johnson Quota Act) |
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Definition
| limited # of immigrants allowed into the country |
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Term
| Changes in Agriculture in 1880s |
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Definition
1. irrigation techniques improved
2. fertilizer
3. crop rotation
4. Great American Desert plowed
5. gasoline powered tractors 1892
6. wire fences, combines, silos, water wells, cream separator |
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Term
| 4 govt actions to improve agriculture in the 19th century |
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Definition
1. Department of Agriculture created
2. Morrill Land Grant Acts
3. Hatch Act 1887: new farming techniques discovered with experimental stations
4. Smith Lever Act: co-op programs to education people on food and econ and agriculture, increase crop production for nation |
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Term
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Definition
Bell: Telephone
Wright Bros: airplane
Gatling: machine gun
Hunt, Howe, Singer: sewing machine
Tesla: alternating current
Eastman: camera
Edison: lightbulb, motion pictures, phonograph
Morse: telegraph
Goodyear: vulcanized rubber
McCormick: reaper
Westinghouse: transformer, air brake |
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Term
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Definition
1865-1918
Second Industrial Revolution
US changing from agri based to industry
spreading west
banks, stores, trusts, cities, immigrants, urbanization |
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Term
| Why were the Famers Alliance formed? |
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Definition
| recession struck the US in 1890s with crop prices falling and drought gave farmers a lot of debt |
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Term
| Populist Party (7 points) |
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Definition
National currency
Income Tax
Government ownership of railroads
Secret voting ballot
Immigration restriction
Term limits for president and vice president
decreasing relitism and for the voice of the common people |
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Term
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Definition
| 1892 strike after the Amalgamated Assoc of Iron and Steel Works struck agains the Carnegie Steel Co. |
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Term
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Definition
after wages cut by 28%
led by Eugene Debs
called in troops to break up strike bc it interfered with mail delivery |
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Term
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Definition
lead by Mother Jones, against child labor and protest at home of Pres Roosevelt
helped found the Industrial Workers of the World |
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Term
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Definition
econ crisis
Cleveland repealed Sherman Silver Purchase Act as it had caused an econ downturn.
Panic caused bankruptcies of railroads and factories. Unemployment: 25% Republican party gained more power |
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Term
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Definition
1890-1918
favor of worker's rights, safety, measures against waste and corruption
Government should provide solutions to social problems
Progressives attempted to improve society |
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Term
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Definition
| established graduated income tax |
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Term
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Definition
| direct election of Senators |
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Term
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Definition
| prohibited sale, production, and importation of alcohol. repealed by twenty first amendment |
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Term
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Definition
| gave women the right to vote |
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Term
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Definition
term of aggressive journalists who brought scandals and corruption to light.
Examples:
Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, Lincoln Steffens, Upton Sinclair (urban jungle)
new policies came from muckrackers |
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Term
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Definition
| corporations that worked to monopolize areas of commerce and so control prices and distribution |
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Term
| Sherman Act and Clayton Antitrust Act |
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Definition
| set guidelines for competition among corporations to eliminate trusts |
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Term
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Definition
| to enforce antitrust measures and ensure companies did not create monopolies |
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Term
| Government dealings with Native Americans |
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Definition
westward expansion led to conflict
Dawes Act ordered assimilation rather than relocation
Children sent to Indian Boarding Schools: not allowed to speak own language and had to be Christians, many were abused and indoctrinated to abandon their identity |
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Term
| What led to Native Americans preserving their culture than fighting for their lands? |
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Definition
| 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee and Geronimo's surrender |
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Term
| Native Americans in Wartime |
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Definition
Spanish American War: served with Teddy R. in the Rough Ridders
17,000 for World War I |
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Term
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Definition
| 1924, gave citizenship to Native Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| live in poverty and on reservations |
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Term
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Definition
US had interest in Cuba
Cuban Revolt
McKinley does not recognize the rebellion
The Maine: US battleship blown up in Havana harbor
US declared war two months later, which ended four months later with a US victory |
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Term
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Definition
1880 work began
reduce the time to sail from Atlantic to Pacific
-Before built, had to sail around south America to reach west US coast
-French made the Suez Canal: connects Mediterranean to Red Sea
-constructed as lock and lake canal
-US assisted Panama in independence from Colombia |
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Term
| Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy |
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Definition
speak softly, carry a big stick
-used this saying to justify involvement in foreign affairs
-US navy got larger and the US got more involved
-Roosevelt: if any country was left vulnerable to European control, US had the right and obligation to intervene
-involved in Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Dominican Republic |
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Term
| William Howard Taft's Dollar Diplomacy |
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Definition
American efforts to influence Latin American East Asia through economic means instead of military
Peaceful economic goals
protected the Panama canal
BUT some interventions were violent like Nicaragua
-Dollar diplomacy continued until Wilson's presidency in 1913. |
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Term
| Wilson's Approach to International Diplomacy |
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Definition
moral diplomacy
representative govts and democracy would led to stability
US and Great Britain role models and champions of world peace and self govt |
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Term
| Wilson's 3 points of International Diplomacy |
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Definition
1. strong military
2. Promoting democracy in the world
3. Expanding International Trade |
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