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| Period in North America before the arrival of Christopher Columbus |
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| How did Native Americans initally come to North America? |
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| Across the frozen Bering Strait, through Alaska and modern Canada, the US, and Mexico |
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| When did the initial migration of people who would become Native Americans occur? |
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| 20,000 - 40,000 years ago |
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| How many Native Americans were living in North America at the arrive of Christopher Columbus? |
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| When did the Norse arrive in modern Canada? |
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| During what time period was Spain the major colonial power in the Americas? |
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| For about a century after Christopher Columbus landed in 1492 |
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| What year did Sir Walter Raleigh sponser the settlement on Roanoke Island? |
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| What is known as The Lost Colony? |
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| The colony at Roanoke which was colonized in 1587 and had disappeared by 1590. |
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| What company founded Jamestown? |
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Definition
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| When was Jamestown founded? |
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| A group of investors who boght the right to establish New World plantations from the English king. |
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| English explorer, led Jamestown through the "starving time" of 1609-1610 by imposing martial law |
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| A group of local tribes that taught the settlers at Jamestown what crops to plant. Settlers would have died but for their help. English destroyed them in 1644. |
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| married Pocahontas which helped ease tension between Powhatan Confederacy and Jamestown settlers. Key to introducing cash crop of tobacco to England. |
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| Settlements that sprang up around Jamestown - today comprised of areas in Virgina and Maryland. |
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| In return for free passage would work for 7 years before receiving freedom - sometimes also received land with their freedom which enabled them to vote. |
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| enacted by Virginia Company as a means of attracting new settlers - men already settled got two headrights (about 100 acres), new settlers got one headright, investors could purchase headrights for each indentured servant they sponsered. Infringed on the rights of the Native Americans and became the basis for aristocracy. |
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| created in 1619 by The Virginia Company in which any white property-holding male could vote. All decisions had to be approved by the Company. |
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| What year did slavery officially begin in the colonies? |
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| Protestant movement in England which arose out of a desire to purify the Anglican Church of Roman Catholic practices. Puritans were heavily persecuted. |
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| Puritan group that left England, lived in Holland, and eventually sailed for the New World in 1620. |
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| Ship of Puritan Separatists, sailed for New World in 1620. |
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| settlement of Puritan Separatists in modern Massachusetts. |
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| an agreement signed by Puritan Separatists that created a basic legal system for their colony. Significant because it asserted that the government's power derives from the consent of the governed. |
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| English speaking Native American that served at Pilgrims interpreter with other Natives and taught them how to plant. |
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| established by Congregationalists in 1629 |
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| Migration of Puritans from England to New World and lasted from 1629-1642 |
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| Puritans that wanted to reform the Anglican church from within. |
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| Led Congregationalists and established Massachusets Bay Colony which was developed along Puritan ideals |
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| Teacher in the Salem Bay settlement that taught that church and state should be seperate. He was banished and founded a new colony in modern-day Rhode Island which allowed for religious freedom. |
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| Teachings challenged Puritan beliefs and the authority of the clergy. She was banished from Massachuetts Bay colony for the promotion of antinomianism. |
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| Belief that faith and God's grace are enough to "earn" one a place among God's elect. |
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| What is the significance of Oliver Cromwell and the English Civil War in regards to the migration of Puritans to the New World? |
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| Cromwell was a Puritan and led the Puritans in the English Civil War against the Anglican monarchy and won. Cromwell became the Lord Protector of England and during his reign Puritans had little motive to leave England. |
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| "Between kings" Time in England while Cromwell ruled and Puritans had little motivation to leave England. |
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| Differences between the Chesapeake and Massachusetts Bay |
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Definition
| Entire families migrated to New England, mostly males in Chesapeake; Climate in New England led to longer life and larger families; New Englanders settled in larger towns that were near to one another and Chesapeake residents lived in smaller and more spread out farming communities; New Englanders were more religious |
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| Native Americans in the Connecticut valley that resisted English settlers. |
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| Started because Pequots attacked English settlement killing 9 people, so Massaschusetts Bay Colony killed 400 people in a Pequot village |
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| colony that was owned by one person, that usually received the land as a gift from the king. Eventually most were converted into royal colonies. |
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| Proprietorship colony chartered in 1635 |
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| proprietorship granted to Lord Baltimore and declared to be a haven for all Christians - first major Catholic enclave |
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| Formerly New Amsterdam but made into an English colony after the king defeated the Dutch in 1664 |
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| Proprietorship colony given by the king to friends that sold it to investors, mostly Quakers |
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| Proprietorship granted to friend of the king, William Penn, a Quaker who tried to treat Native Americans more fairly |
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| Proprietary colony which would split in two |
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| proprietary colony settled by Virginians |
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| Settled by people that had settled Barbados and really introduced slavery to the colonies |
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| Describe Slave trade in early colonies |
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| Brought when settlers from Caribbean settled Carolinas. African slaves were the best and easily identifiable. Most slaves went to the Carribbean but by 1790 700,000 black people were slaves in the US. |
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| Shipping route that brought slaves to the Americas |
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| Shipping rought between Africa, Americas, and Europe. Middle Passage brought slaves to Americas. |
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| Time period before French and Indian War where England allowed colonies to govern their own affairs. |
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| economic power is rooted in a favorable balance of trade - exporting more than you import - and the control of specie (hard currency like coins) |
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| placed by the British on imports that might compete with British goods - done in order to maintain a favorable balance of trade |
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| protective tariffs passed between 1651 and 1673 which required colonists to buy only goods imported from England, to sell certain products only to England, to import non-English goods only through English ports and pay a duty, prohibited them from manufactoring a number of products that England already produced. |
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| set up to strenghthen the Navigation Acts - military-style courts to try violations of the acts - prevented colonial juries from siding with the colonits |
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| Set up by England to regulate colonial commerce |
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| King-appointed governor dependant upon colonial legislatures for money, |
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| most colonies had this - modeled after British parliament with a lower and upper house |
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| The New England Confederation |
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| Colony's attempt at centralized gov't. Mostly just offered advice to northeastern colonies and created opportunity to meet and discuss problems |
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| Rebels, led by Nathaniel Bacon in Virginia's western frontier attacked Native tribes and marched on Jamestown to attack governor. Indentured servants and freed blacks allied across class lines which frightened many southerners. |
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| Metacomet led attacks on English settlementss in Massachusetts - many died but the alliance fell apart when they ran out of food and ammunition. Colonists sold many natives as slaves. |
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| First slave uprising. 1739 in Charleston, SC, rebel slaves stole guns and killed people and set other slaves free. Were caught and eventually executed. |
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| 1692 - Salem Massachusetts - many witches accused at once - many executed, many more jailed for months |
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Plan developed by Ben Franklin which provided for intercolonial gov't and a system for collecting taxes for defense
In 1754 colony reps met in Albany, NY to discuss the plan but it was rejected because colonies did not want to unite and give up the right to tax themselves.
Franklin also used the meeting to try and create a treaty with the Iroquois. |
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Term
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Definition
AKA the French and Indian War by the colonists because they were fighting them
Caused by British trying to expand into French territory
Indians aligned themselves with the French because that is who they thought would win
lasted from 1754-1763 (not 7 years) |
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Term
| George Washington's role in French and Indian War |
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Definition
Attacked a French outpost and lost
Surrendured and returned to Virginia. |
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| Cause of anti-British Sentiment during French and Indian War |
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Definition
| Colonists had more contact with British soldiers than ever before and the British did not make a good impression |
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Term
| Effect of French and Indian war on Native Americans |
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Definition
English expansionsim more disruptive
After FIW the British upped the price of goods sold to Indians
British did not pay rent on their forts
Pontiac's Rebellion |
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Definition
Ottawa chief named Pontiac rallied tribes in Ohio Valley to attack British colonial outposts
British used smallpox infected blankets to help them defeat the Ottawa |
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Term
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Definition
Forbid settlement of west of rivers running through Appalachians
Colonists very annoyed by this - many had already moved accross the rivers
marked the end of Salutary Neglect by British of the American colonies - turning point in American and British relations |
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Term
| Taxes as a result of Seven Years' War |
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Definition
| George III and George Grenville (PM) wanted colonists to help pay for 7YW so they adopted several taxes: Sugar Act, Currency Act, and Stamp Act |
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1764 - imposed new duties and aimed at stopping molasses smugglers by lowering the duty on molasses
The duties were now strictly enforced however, and it made smuggling very difficult |
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| Forbid colonists' use of paper money after the 7YW - served to annoy colonists who had been left pretty much alone before this |
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1765
-Specifically aimed at raising revenue
-Threatened colonists tradition of self-taxation
-Broad-based tax, covered all legal documents and licenses - particularly effected lawyers
-tax on goods produced in colonies |
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Organization of protest
Virginia - Patrick Henry drafted Virginia Stamp Act Resolves
Boston - mobs burned effigy, tore down customs house, nearly destroyed governor's mansion
"Sons of Liberty" - what protest groups called themselves |
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| Self-given title of various groups protesting the Stamp Act |
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| 1766 - George replaces Grenville with Rockingham who oversaw repeal |
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| Linked to the repeal of the Stamp Act - asserted that the British had the right to tax and legislate where they saw fit in the colonies |
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passed by Charles Townshend
-taxed goods imported from GB
-set aside some of the taxes to pay tax collectors (kept colonists from withholding wages to get their way)
-created more gov't offices in the colonies
-suspended NY legislature when they refused to comply with a law requiring the supply of British troops
-instituted writs of assistance (gave British power to search any place they thought might have smuggled goods) |
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| Response to Townshend Acts |
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Definition
-Organized: Massachusetts Assembly sent out a letter asking to protest new measure in unison
-When governors dissolved legislatures that did discuss the Massachusetts letter colonists got ticked
-Colonists led rallies and began seeking support of the commoners which led to large and intimidating force
-British were also annoyed because it affected them as well - colonists weren't buying their products |
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-Repealed all duties BUT the tax on tea
-Did not repeal other statutes
-Did not take out British troops who were stationed in colonies b/c of acts |
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March 5, 1770
-in response to heightened tensions b/c there were so many British troops in the colonies
-mob threw rock-filled snowballs at troops and troops fired into crowd, killing five people
-Followed by a rather misleading propaganda campaign saying soldiers had fired on innocent bystanders |
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Term
| Committees of Correspondence |
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Definition
-set up by colonists in 1772 when British began implementing a part of the Townshend Acts that allowed colonial administrators to be paid from customs revenues
-Committees worked to convince citizens to take an interest in the conflict - did so cautiously |
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Dec. 16, 1773
-In response to GB granting a monopoly on tea trade to East India Tea Company as well as new taxes on tea sales going to EITC
-Sons of Liberty dressed up as Mohawks and dumped 10,000 pounds worth of tea into harbor |
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Term
| Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) |
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Definition
British response to Boston Tea Party
-closed Boston Harbor to all but food and firewood
-tightened English control over Massachusetts legislatures
-required civilians to house British soldiers |
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Definition
Passed at same time as Coercive Acts
-granted greater liberties to Catholics whom Protestant majority distrusted
-impeded westward expansion by extending boundaries of Quebec Territory |
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| First Continental Congress |
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Definition
Response to Coercive Acts and everything in general
-All colonies but Georgia sent delegates
-Convened in late 1774
-Many different views present from conservatives to radicals
-came up with list of laws they wanted repealed
-created committees of observation in towns to enforce the boycott of British goods
-formulated a set of parameters in which they thought Parlimentary interference was justified - but all other areas must be left to colonies |
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Term
| committees of observation |
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Definition
created by First Continental Congress to enforce boycott
-expanded power through end of 1774 and beginning of 1775
-began supplanting British-sanctioned assemblies
-led acts of insubordiantion: disrupted courts, organized militias, stockpiled weapons |
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Term
| Battles of Lexington and Concord |
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Definition
April 1775
-British sent troops to confiscate weapons in Concord MA
-met by minutemen in Lexington where fire was exchanged - 18 militia casualties
-British troops met more minutemen in Concord where minutemen forced them to retreat
-"shot heard round the world"
-only fought one more time in the next year: regrouping |
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Definition
Those loyal to the British
-government officials
-devout Anglicans
-merchants dependent on trade with England
-relgious and ethnic minorities afraid of the rebels
-many slaves |
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Definition
| mostly white Protestant property owners, gentry, urban artisans |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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Definition
convened weeks after Battles of Lexington and Concord
-established Continental Army to be led by George Washington |
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Definition
published Common Sense
-propaganda piece published in Jan. 1776
-argued for republicanism over monarchy
-helped rebels gain much support |
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Term
| Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
commissioned by Second Continental Congress
-written by Thomas Jefferson
-enumerated grievances against Crown
-articulated responsibilities of gov't
-with its signing on July 4, 1776 the Revolutionary War became a war specifically for independence |
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negotiated by Ben Franklin in 1778
-brought French in to aid Americans |
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| opponent outlasted and eventually forced to abandon an unpopular war on foreign soil |
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