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Practice Questions from endocrine and reproductive system
94
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/13/2011

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Term
are produced in a gland and target cells in different tissures
Definition
all hormones
Term
primarily regulate hormone secretion by certain other endocrine glands
Definition
tropic hormones
Term
the effective plasma concentration of a hormone can be influenced by the hormones:
Definition
rate of excretion, extent of binding to plasma proteins, rate of metabolic inactivation, rate of secretion
Term
hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B inhibits hormone A
Definition
represents negative feedback
Term
too little activity of a particulat hormone can arise from:
Definition
an abnormality within the endocrine gland that produces this hormone; a deficiency of this hormone's tropic hormone; an inborn lack of target-cell receptors for this hormone; deficient target-cell receptors
Term
The ____ is the target for ACTH
Definition
adrenal gland
Term
a ____ system exists between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Definition
portal
Term
it is produced in the hypothalamus, it increases kidney reabsorption of water, it is a potent anteriolar vasoconstrictor, it is released when the osmolarity of the plasma increases
Definition
vasopressin
Term
hormones produced in the _____ are made in distinct populations of cells, may be tropic or nontropic, are secreted into the blood, are released in response to certain hormones
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
which pituitary hormones have roles inthe reproductive physiology
Definition
FSH, LH, oxytocin, prolactin
Term
which hormone exerts its effects on bones via somatomedin release
Definition
Growth Hormone
Term
deep sleep, exercise, stress, low blood glucose level ______ growth hormone secretion
Definition
increase
Term
masculinizing homones produced from the adrenal gland
Definition
androgens
Term
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
Definition
catecholamines
Term
calcium ions serve a messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein __
Definition
calmodulin
Term
hormones can operate on the ___ level of organization
Definition
cellular, tissue, organ, organismic
Term
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the __ system in many ways
Definition
endocrine
Term
hormonal actions of cells include those that affect
Definition
quantities, activities, and synthesis of enzymes; gating of ion channels
Term
if adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate the release of glucose
Definition
glucagon
Term
destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamuc woud result in the loss of _____
Definition
ADH secretion
Term
changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
Definition
ADH
Term
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by
Definition
secreting releasing and inhibiting facors into a tiny portal system
Term
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
Definition
gigantism
Term
which hormone may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates
Definition
growth hormone
Term
which hormone promotes bone growth and muscle growth; is glucose sparing, promotes amino acit uptake by cells
Definition
growth hormone
Term
excess production of urine
Definition
diabetes insipidus
Term
melanocyte-stimulating hormone is secreted by the human pars intermedia in
Definition
pregnany women, very young children, fetal development, some disease processes
Term
mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of
Definition
Hypothyroidism
Term
this hormone stimulates osteoclast activity, inhibits osteoblast activity, stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys, enhances the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
the zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces
Definition
androgens
Term
The suprarenal medulla produces
Definition
catecholamines
Term
The ___ gland is a component of the epithalamus; secretes melatonin, containes pinealocytes, responds to light and darkness
Definition
pineal
Term
the exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
Definition
digestive enzymes
Term
the corpus luteum secretes
Definition
progesterone
Term
the hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is
Definition
epinephrine
Term
Lipid reserves are mobilized during the ______ phase of the general adaptation syndrome
Definition
resistance
Term
what happens to most of the secreted T4
Definition
It is converted to T3 after being peripherally stripped of one of its iodine atoms
Term
what are the plasma proteins to which thyroid hormone is bound in circulation
Definition
albumin and thyroxine-binding globulin
Term
this hormone increases the overall metabolic rate, it exerts a calorigenic effect, enhances glycogenolysis and lipolysis, causes a proliferation of specific catecholamine target-cell receptors
Definition
thyroid hormone
Term
too much TRH and TSH, too much T4 or T3, and thyroid stimulating immunoglobin can all contribute to
Definition
hyperthyroidism
Term
occurs secondarily to anterior pituitary failure, occurs due to inadepquate dietary supply of iodine, due to failure of thyroid gland istelf, occurs due to inadequate dietary supply of iodine and be due to failure of the thyroid gland itself
Definition
hypothyroidism
Term
decreases the calcium concentration in the blood
Definition
calcitonin
Term
hormone that enhances the ability of the kidneys to eliminate excess K+
Definition
aldosterone
Term
an increase in plasma levels of ACTH leads to increased plasma ___ levels
Definition
cortisol
Term
this hormone has an anti-inflammatory chemical and it results in potassium excretion
Definition
cortisol
Term
A student experienceing psychological and emotional stress will secrete CRH, ACTH and Cortisol at ___ levels; may experience a greater risk of infections due to immune system suppression
Definition
higher
Term
this hormone exhibits a marked diurnal variation in secretion
Definition
cortisol
Term
___ occurs with glucocorticoidsand is related to the sleep-awake cycle
Definition
diurnal variation in secretion
Term
andrenocorticotropic hormone is controlled in part by
Definition
CRH from the hypothalamus
Term
carbohydrate conservation, protein degradtion, mobilization of fats for energy, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects at pharmacological levels are caused by
Definition
glucocorticoids
Term

marked Na+ loss in the urine

lowered blood glucose levels

K+ retention

poor response to stress

are seen in

Definition
addisons disease
Term
hormones secreted during stress
Definition

cortisol

epinephrine

aldosterone

vasopressin

Term
hormone secretion stimulated by an increase in blood glucose
Definition
insulin
Term
plyuria, acidosis, polydipsia, and hyperglycemia characterize:
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
coma (severely depressed CNS activity) may result from untreated
Definition
hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus
Term
____ occurring in diabetes mellitus arise as a resuly of depression of the brain due to acidosis produced by excessive fate metabolism and ketone accumulation
Definition
nervous manifestations
Term
___ is secreted in response to a fall in blood glucose
Definition
glucagon
Term
___ is secreted by the C cells of the thyroid gland
Definition
calcitonin
Term
by signaling the ______, the skin is an endocrine gland and vitamin D is a hormone
Definition
small intestine
Term
production of estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, gametogenesis are functions of the
Definition
primary sex organs
Term
___ develop into a male reproductive tract under the influence of testosterone
Definition
wolffian ducts
Term
An XY combination of sex chromosomes is a genetic ___; the secretion of ___ by fetal gonads induces the development of male external genitalia and reproductive tract
Definition
male; testosterone
Term
its secretion is stimulated by LH, it stimulates spermatogenesis, it promotes closure of the epiphyseal place, it stimulates protein synthesis and promotes bone growth
Definition
testosterone
Term
sperm cells are stored for maturation in the
Definition
epididymus
Term
spermatogenesis is controlled by
Definition
testosterone and FSH
Term
Which female structure has a similar tissue composistion as the penis
Definition
clitoris
Term
providing a blood-testes barrier, phagocytizing cytoplasm extruded from sperm during their development, secreting androgen-binding protein, providing nourishment for developing sperm
Definition
sertoli cells
Term
stimulates both FSH and LH secretion, is inhibited by testosterone, has low-level activity during the prepubertal period
Definition
GnRH
Term
__ supply fructose to be utilized by the sperm for energy
Definition
seminal vesicles
Term
during oogenesis; one primary oocyte produces ___ mature ovum
Definition
one
Term
reinitiating meiosis in the oocytes of developing follicles, halting estrogen synthesis by the follicular cells, triggering ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum
Definition
LH
Term
occurs during the secretory, or progestational, phase of the mentrual cycle
Definition
implantation
Term
during the secretory phase the corpus luteum secretes high levels of
Definition
estrogen and progesterone
Term
responsible for accomplishing implantation and destined to become the fetal portion of the placenta
Definition
trophoblast
Term
secreted by the plactenta, maintains the corpus luteum, its presence in the urine is the basis of pregnancy diagnosis tests, secreted primarily during the first ten weeks of gestation
Definition
human chorionic gonadotropin
Term
exerts a strong inhibitory influence on the uterine musculature
Definition
progesterone
Term
straight tubules originate at the seminigerous tubules and form a network of passageways called the
Definition
rete testis
Term
which muscles move the testes toward the body
Definition
the cremaster ad the dartos muscles
Term
spermiogenesis produces
Definition
spermatozoa
Term
the small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a think, alkaline mucus are the
Definition
bulbo-urethral glands
Term
spermatozoa, seminal fluid, prostaglandins, spermatogonia make up
Definition
semen
Term
the paired erectile bodies in the penis are
Definition
corpora cavernosa
Term
the male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems
Definition
urinary
Term
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ductus deferens can be found inside
Definition
spermatic cord
Term
during meiosis I, maternal and paternal chromosomes fuse together during the process called ___ to form a ___
Definition
synapsis; tetrad
Term
secrete mullerian inhibiting factor, coordinate spermiogenesis, support meiosis, serve as a blood testes barrier
Definition
testicular nurse cells
Term
in mature human spermatozoa the head contains ____ chromosomes
Definition
23
Term
contraction of the ____ tightens the scrotal sac
Definition
dartos muscle
Term
the inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the
Definition
cervix
Term
serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids, recieves the penis during coitus, holds spermatozoa prio to their passage to the uterus, forms the lower portion of the birth canal
Definition
vagina
Term
the region of the uterine tube captures the ovum
Definition
infundibulum
Term
structure that extends fromthe lateral surface of the ovary, past the open end of the uterine tube, to the pelvic wall
Definition
suspensory ligament
Term
stimulates amturation fo primordial follicles in the ovary
Definition
FSH
Term
a mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in
Definition
luteinizing hormone
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