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Practical Exam
Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive systems
140
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/05/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Plasma
Definition
liquid that contains dissolved substances and other substances in solution
Term
Formed Elements
Definition
Erythrocytes, Leucocytes and Platelets
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
Red blood cells with bioconcave discs without nuclei
Term
Leucocytes
Definition

White blood cells

Granulocytes (have cytoplasmic granules and multiobed nucleus)

  1. Neutrophils: multilobed nucleus, light purple stained cytoplasm
  2. Eosinophils: biobed nucleus, red cytoplamic granules
  3. Basophils: lobed nucleus, dark blue cytoplasmic granules

Agranulocytes (no granules and large nucleus)

  1. Lymphocyets: slightly larger than RBC, nucleus almost fills the cell
  2. Monocyte: larges WBC with large indented nucleus
Term
Atrioventricular groove
Definition
encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles like a crown
Term
Aorta
Definition
largest artery
Term
Inferior vena cava
Definition
returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm
Term
Auricles
Definition
Increases atrial volume
Term
Pulmonary Truck
Definition
routes the blood to the lungs for gas exchange
Term
Pulmonary veins
Definition
transport blood from the lungs back to the heart
Term
Ligamentum arteriosum
Definition
remnant of the ductus arterious from fetal development
Term
Cardiac Veins
Definition
Joins to form the coronary sinus with empties the blood into the righ atrium
Term
Superior Vena Cava
Definition
returns blood from body areas above the diaphragm
Term
Cornary sinus
Definition
Empties blood from coronary circuit into the right atrium
Term
Endocarium
Definition
3rd layer of the heart wall of squamous epithelium on thin connective tissue lining the heart chambers
Term
Myocardium
Definition
middle layer made of mostly cardia muscle and bulk of heart and contracts
Term
Epicardium
Definition
viseral pericardium; viseral serous pericardium with fat
Term
Fibrous pericardium
Definition
strong outer layer
Term
Coronary circulation
Definition
Heart muscle (myocardium) receives blood supply through right and left coronary arteries that arise from the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve
Term
Where does the coronary sinus empty?
Definition
Right atrium
Term
Explain the conduction system of the heart
Definition
  1. S-A node (pacemaker) sends signals to start contractions of atrial musculature
  2. Impulses stimulate the A-V node which then stimulates the bundle of His
  3. Impulses pass to the Purkinje fibers then to the ventricular musculature
  4. Impulses enter papillary muscles to cause them to contract and pull the chordate tendineae
Term
Pulmonary Arteries
Definition
Supplies the lungs
Term
Acsending Aorta
Definition
supplies the entire body
Term
Brachiocephalic artery 
Definition
supplies the head, neck and right upper limb
Term
Vertebral Artery
Definition
supplies the posterior head
Term
Basilar Artery
Definition
supplies the occipital lobes and inferior parts of the temporal lobes
Term
Common carotid artery
Definition
Right and left side of head and neck
Term
External Carotid Artery
Definition
supplies most tissues of the head except for the brain and orbit
Term
Superficial temporal artery
Definition
supplies the parotid salivary glandand most of the scalp
Term
Internal carotid artery
Definition
supply the orbits and over 80% of the cerebrum
Term
Axillary artery
Definition
supplies the shoulder, chest, scapula and dorsal thorax wall; upper limbs
Term
Brachial Artery
Definition
supplies the anterior flexor muscles of the arm
Term
Radial Artery
Definition
supplies the lateral muscles of forearm, the wrist and the thumb and index finger
Term
Ulnar Artery
Definition
supplies the medial aspect of the forearm, fingers 3-5 and the medial aspect of the index finger
Term
Thoracic aorta
Definition
supplies the thoracic region
Term
Abdominal aorta
Definition
supplies the abdominal walls, organs and viscera
Term
Celiac Trunk
Definition
supplies the upper abdominal organs (liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen and duodenum and esophagus)
Term
Hepatic artery
Definition
supplies the liver
Term
Superior mesenteric artery
Definition
supplies the small intestine, most of the large intestine (appendix, cecum, ascending colon and part of the transverse colon)
Term
Inferior Mesenteric Artery 
Definition
supplies the distal part of the large intestine (midpart of transverse colon to the midrectum
Term
Renal artery
Definition
supplies the kidneys
Term
Gonadal artery
Definition
Ovarian/testicular arteries; supplies the ovaries and part of the uterine tube or the testes
Term
Common iliac Artery
Definition
supplies the pelvis and lower limb
Term
Internal iliac artery
Definition
supplies the pelvic region
Term
external iliac artery
Definition
supplies the the lower limbs and the anterior abdominal wall
Term
femoral artery
Definition
supplies the thigh muscles 
Term
popliteal artery
Definition
supplies the knee
Term
anterior tibial artery
Definition
supplies the extensor muscles of the anterior leg
Term
posterior tibial artery
Definition
supplies the flexor muscles of the posteromedial part of the leg
Term
fibular artery
Definition
supplies the lateral compartment of the leg
Term
superior vena cava
Definition
drains all areas superior to the diaphragm except the heart wall
Term
inferior vena cava
Definition
drains all areas below the diaphragm
Term
Brachiocephalic vein
Definition
drains the head and upper limb
Term
Subclavian vein
Definition
drains the head, neck and upper limb
Term
Internal jugular vein
Definition
drains the dural venous sinuses of the brain
Term
Renal vein
Definition
drains the kidneys
Term
Dural sinuses
Definition
gets blood drained from veins of the brain (superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, straight sinus, transverse sinuse, sigmoid sinuses, cavernous sinuses)
Term
vertebral veins
Definition
drains cervical spinal cord and vertebrae
Term
axillary veins
Definition
drains the axilla
Term
brachial vein
Definition
drains the forearm
Term
basilic vein
Definition
drains the posteromeidal aspect of the forearm
Term
cephalic vein
Definition
drains the lateral superficial aspect of the arm to shoulder
Term
Median cubital vein
Definition
drains the elbow
Term
internal iliac vein
Definition
drains the pelvic wall and viscera
Term
external iliac vein
Definition
drains the lower limb
Term
common iliac vein
Definition
drains the pelvic and lower limb
Term
great saphenous vein
Definition
drains the thigh
Term
anterior tibial vein
Definition
drains the lower leg
Term
posterior tibial vein
Definition
drains the lower leg
Term
hepatic portal vein
Definition
drains the digestive organs
Term
hepatic vein
Definition
drains the digestive organs
Term
Lymphatic System functions
Definition
  • Transport excess interstitial fluid (surrounding cells and tissues) through lymph nodes to the bloodstream. It recycles lymph
  • Transport absorbed fat from the small intestine to the blood
  • Aid immunological defenses against toxins and disease-causing agents
Term
Into what blood vessels does the lymph empty?
Definition
The L. or R. Internal Jugular vein (through thoractic duct if on left) to the L. or R. subclavian vein
Term
Spleen and Thymus roles
Definition

Spleen: assist in producing lymphocytes, filtering blood and destroying old RBC; in an infant it is a site for the production of erythrocytes

 

Thymus: role in immune system to produce T lymphocytes

Term
Nasopharynx
Definition

air passageway

 

Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube: for pressue equalizations

Term
Oropharynx
Definition
air and food passageway
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
passage for food and air
Term
larynx
Definition
produces sound with help of cartilages, vocal cords and muscles
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
elastic c.t. cartilage in the larynx that keeps food out of respiratory passageways
Term
Thyroid
Definition
Hyaline cartilage in the larynx
Term
Cricoid
Definition
Hyaline cartilage in the larynx
Term
Arytenoids
Definition
Paired cartilage in larynx that anchors vocal cords
Term
What is the laryngeal prominence?
Definition
The adam's apple
Term
Which cartilage structure in the larynx completely encircles the respiratory passageway?
Definition
Cricoid
Term
How is sound produced?
Definition
Vocal folds vibrate as gir rushes up from lungs
Term
What are vestibular folds?
Definition
Help closes the glottis when we shallow
Term
What is the function of the tracheal cartilage structures?
Definition
Prevents trachea from collapsing and keep airway patent
Term
What are the tracheal cartilage c-shaped rather than being completely circular?
Definition
The opening allows for food to pass through the esophagus
Term
What is a tracheotomy?
Definition
A surgically made hole through front of neck to trachea to help breathe
Term
What does the mediastinum encompass?
Definition
It extends from the sternum to vertebral column and contains the heart, and portions of the aorta, esophagus and bronchi
Term
What kind of tissue is in the lungs?
Definition
Highly elastic tissue to allow recoil
Term
What are the roles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during "quiet" breathing versus forced inspiration and expiration?
Definition

Quiet breathing: diagphragm produces volume changes

Forced breathing: muscles like scalenes and sternocleidomastiod increase thoracic volume

Term
Alimentray canal
Definition
Extends from mouth to anus
Term
Oral Cavity
Definition
Contains the tongue, teeth and major and minor salivary glands. Tongue manipulates food to aid chweing and mixing with salivary juices. It forms the food bolus and aids with swallowing
Term
Incisors
Definition
For cutting/ripping off pieces of food
Term
Canines
Definition
For tear and pierce
Term
Premolars (bicuspids)
Definition
For grinding/crushing
Term
Molars
Definition
For grinding/crushing
Term
How many teeth are in the adult
Definition
32
Term
Hard palate
Definition
rigid surface against which the tongue forces food during chewing
Term
Soft palate
Definition
rises to close off the nasopharynx when we swallow
Term
Superior and inferior labial frenulums
Definition
Joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum
Term
What are gingivae
Definition
Gums
Term
Parotid glands
Definition
empty into the vestibule next to the second upper molar
Term
Submandibular gland
Definition
Empty into base of the lingual frenulum
Term
Sublingual glands
Definition
Empty into the floor of mouth
Term
How is food kept out of the trachea during deglutition (swallowing)
Definition
The epiglottis closes
Term
How is food kept out of the nasal cavities?
Definition
The soft palate and uvula rises to close of nasopharynx
Term
Esophagus
Definition
From laryngopharynx to stomach, it is the narrowest part of the alimentray tract and a passageway for food
Term
Stomach
Definition
Begins at end of esophagus and ends at the begining of the small intestine
Term
Gastroesophageal sphincter
Definition
Muscular diaphragm keeps this closed when food is not being swallowed
Term
Small intestine
Definition
Major actions of digestion and absorption of foods occur in the small intestine; three parts: duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Term
How can you tell the difference between them externally?
Definition
Duodenum is retroperitoneal and the jejunum and ileum and intraperitoneal
Term
Which accessory organs excrete into the duodenum?
Definition
Liver and pancreas
Term
Large intestine (colon)
Definition
Major funcion of absobing most of the water remaining in the food residue
Term
What does the gall bladder store?
Definition
Bile the body doesn't immediately need
Term
What does the bile duct merge with?
Definition
The main pancreatic duct
Term
What do the islets of langerhans excrete?
Definition
Endocrine hormones like insulin and glucagon
Term
Spleen
Definition
A large lymphoid organ that filters blood and breaks down RBCs
Term
What does retroperitoneal mean?
Definition
outside the peritoneal cavity
Term
How does the trigone of the male bladder differ from the rest of the interior surface?
Definition
It is smooth while the rest of the surface has rugae
Term
Which spincters in the bladder is smooth or skeletal?
Definition
Internal is smooth and external is skeletal
Term
Where are the inguinal canal?
Definition
Where the leg connects to the body and wherre the spermatic cord passes
Term
How do the inguinal canals relate to the testes and hernias?
Definition
If the testes do not descend fully, the inguinal canal will not close fully which will cause a hernia
Term
What is a vasectomy?
Definition
Tying off the ductus deferens
Term
What is the spermatic cord?
Definition
Layered tissue and bundled fibers which pass through the abdomen and into the testes in males
Term
What structures are found in the spermatic cord?
Definition
Pampiniform plexus of veins, testicular artery, cremasters, dartos and ductus deferens
Term
Where are the seminal vesicles?
Definition
On the bladder
Term
What are the seminal vesicles' function?
Definition
Secrete mucosa that enhances sperm motility or fertilizing ability
Term
What is the relationship of the prostate to the urethra and the bladder?
Definition
The urethra comes from the bladder and then throught the prostate
Term
What is the function of the prostrate?
Definition
Protatic secretion that activates sperm
Term
What is circumcision?
Definition
The removal of foreskin/prepuce
Term
What is erectile tissue?
Definition
The corpa cavernosa and spongiosum
Term
What nerve dividion is responsible for erection? For ejaculation?
Definition
Parasympathetic and then sympathetic
Term
Where is the dorsum of the penis
Definition
On the front
Term
What is the function of the broad ligament?
Definition
Peritoneum that connects uterus to pelvic floor (perineum) and it is mesentery for the uterus, ovaries and uterin tubes that maintain the uterus in its position
Term
What four major bones comprise the perineum?
Definition
The pubic arch, coccys and right and left ischial tuberosities
Term
Where is the central tendon and it's function?
Definition
Posterior to the labia major and it is where most muscles supporting the pelvic floor insert
Term
What is an episiotomy?
Definition
A surgically planned incision on the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during sencond stage of labor
Term
Why does breast size have no relationship to the development of lactation during pregnacncy and nursing of a baby?
Definition
Lactiferous ducts are largely undeveloped and so breast size is mostly due to fat
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