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Power Pt 6-Auditory System
Peripheral AS and Central Asc. Aud. P'Way
101
Anatomy
Graduate
04/29/2012

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Term
Auricle-anat.of external ear
Definition
Composed of Pinna, includes lobule, helix, anti-helix, tragus, anti-tragus,concha
Term
Ceruminous Glands
Definition
ear wax, cerumen
Term
Helix
Definition
Larger curve of outer ear
Term
Anti-helix
Definition
Smaller "bump" of ear
Term
Scaphoid Fossa
Definition
A boat-shaped hollow. A longitudinal hollow on the posterior surface of the superior portion (root) of the medial pterygoid plate; it gives origin to the tensor veli palati muscle.
Term
Temporal Bone
Definition
Completely covers and protects middle and inner ear.
Term
28 mm in length
Definition
Size of Ear Canal
Term
Ear Canal Components
Definition
Lateral 2/3= cartiledgenous
Medial 1/3= bony
Term
Tympanic Membrane
Definition
"ear drum"
3 Layers
a)Epithelial
b Fibrous
c)Mucous Layer
Term
Otoscopy
Definition
Way to study tympanic membrane, Videotoscopy- seen via video images
Term
Ventilation Tubes on TM/Grommet/Pressure Equalizer Tube
Definition
Tubes to ventilate pressure of middle ear and release fluid in middle ear
Term
Walls of Middle Ear:
**Middle/*Lateral/*Floor
Definition
Medial Wall = Promontory
Lateral Wall= Eardrum (TM)
Floor = Jugular Vein
Posterior Wall= Mastoid Bone of Wall
Anterior Wall = Eustachian Tube
Term
Middle Ear --> Inner Ear Functional Concepts
Definition
-Air cells behind
-Mastoid Bone behind the ear
**Mechanical pressure moved to inner ear gor FLUID COMPRESSION**
{The goal is to conduct sound via outer inner to inner ear thru the middle ear...}
Term
Ossicles: Middle Ear
Definition
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Term
Malleus
Definition
"Hammer"
Components:
Manubrubrium, Head, Neck, Ant. Process, Lateral Process, Ligaments
Term
Incus
Definition
"anvil"
Components:
Body, Short process (crus),Long process (crus), Lenticular process
Term
Stapes
Definition
"stirrup"
**Smallest bone of body**
Components:
Head, Neck, Oval Footplate,Crura (2), Anular Ligament
Term
Malleoincudal Joint
Definition
Joint between Malleus and Incus
Term
Incudostapedial Joint
Definition
Joint between Incus and Stapes
Term
Synovial/Diarthroidal
Definition
Move in BOTH directions and have fluid.
*Incudostapedial Joint and Malleoincudal Joints are examples*
*similar to the knee joint mvment*
Term
Middle Ear Muscles
Definition
Stapedius and Tensor Tympani
Term
Stapedius
Definition
*Smallest muscle of body
*Attached to stapes bone
*Contraction of this muscle is ACOUSTIC REFLEX
**Facial Nerve (#7) innervates this muscle
Term
Tensor Tympani
Definition
*Attached to malleus
*Innervated by Trigeminal Nerve (#5)
**Activate cornea, this muscle will contract!**
Term
Acoustic Reflex
Definition
Contraction of stapedius muscle, result in loud sound, to protect ear
Term
Innervate
Definition
Provide nerves to...
Term
Inner Ear Anatomy
Definition
Petrous Bone, Promontory,Osseous Labyrinth, Membraneous Labyrinth
Term
Petrous Bone
Definition
-Portion of Temporal Bone
-Covers the inner ear
-Hardest Bone of entire body
Term
5
Definition
# of Parts of Temporal Bone
Term
Promontory
Definition
-Supporting bony structure
-Shared area between inner ear and medial wall of inner ear
Term
Labyrinth
Osseous/Membraneous Classes
Definition
'Maze' of inner Ear
Bony/Fluid
*Osseous Labyrinth surrounds Membraneous Labyrinth!*
Term
Portions of Inner Ear
Definition
Cochlear Portion: sense of hearing
Vestibular Portion: sense of balance/equilibrium
Term
Osseous Labyrinth
Definition
-Bony part or bony carvings inside petrous bone
**Cannot be removed, yet can be molded**
Term
Membraneous Labyrinth
Definition
Adult size at almost 25 weeks (220mm fetus)
* This is why babies "hear" inside womb @ 25 weeks*
Term
Perilymph
Definition
More Na than K ions
Extracellular fluid
Found in BONY Labyrinth
In Scala Vestibuli and Tympani
Similar to CSF
Term
Endolymph
Definition
More K ions than Na
Found in Membraneous Labyrinth
In Scala Media
Intracellular fluid
Term
Scalae
Definition
Cochlea-shell-like structure
Wraps around itself 2.5 (2.75) times
Term
Helicotrema
Definition
Place where Scala vestibuli meets Scala Tympani
Term
Scala Vestibuli connected to ....window
Definition
Oval Window
Term
Scala Tympani connected to... window
Definition
Round Window
Term
Oval Window
Definition
Blocked by footplate of Stapes
Term
Round Window
Definition
*Covered by Secondary Tympanic Membrane
*Scala Tympani is blocked by this
Term
Hearing Loss
Definition
Occurs if fluid does NOT drain out
Lack of prestin
ex: Divers' round window can be ruptured
Term
Stria Vascularis
Definition
Wall of Scala Media
'Kidney of ear"
Metabolic Activity for cochlea
Recycles and provides nutrition
Term
Movement of Basilar Membrane
Definition
This stimulates the hearing nerve.
Term
Reissner's Membrane
Definition
Between Scala Vestibuli and Scala Media
Made up of 2 squamous layers
Term
Osseous Spiral Lamina
Definition
Bony shelf on Scala Vestibuli
Term
Stereocilia
Definition
-Found on Tectorial Membrane
-Extensions of hair cells
-Shorter at Base, taller at apex
1,000 per hair cell
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
Organ of Hearing
Sits atop Basilar Membrane
Components:
Pillars of Corti
Tunnel of Corti
Term
Semicircular Canals
Definition
Angular Representation of cochlea
Term
Utricle
Definition
Horizontal Representationof cochlea
Term
Saccule
Definition
Vertical representation of cochlea
Term
Outer Hair Cells
Definition
Longer, skinnier,mostly made of EFFERENT fibers
Longer at Apex
12,000 found in cochlea
3-rows
*Help us to sense SOFT sounds and stimulate IHC for hearing*
***Function exclusively as MODIFIERS of cochlear micromechanics**
Term
Inner Hair Cells
Definition
Flask-shaped,globular
Mostly made of AFFERENT fibers
3-4,000 in cochlea
1-row
NO Motility
*How we mainly hear!
Term
Tectorial Membrane
Definition
Atop Hair cells
**Movement of this opens channels of OHC which then moves inner ear fluid which causes stereocilia to fire**
***Stereocilia of OHC are attached here***
Term
Limbus
Definition
Wall of Reissner's Membrane
-Inside Inner Ear where different membranes are attached
-Attached the whole Organ of Corti to Medial Wall of Scala Tympani
*Pivot Point for Tectorial M-brane*
Term
Cortilymph
Definition
Very similar to perilymph(found in Organ of Corti)
Term
Ductus Reuniens
Definition
Connection channel with saccule
Connection between cochlea and saccule (Vestib. system)
Term
Cul de Sac
Definition
Vestibular Caecum
Vestibular System component
Term
Modiolus
Definition
Bony core of cochlea
Wraps around H.P.
Term
Habenula Perforata
Definition
'holes', so fibers of hearing nerve can pass thru
Term
Spiral Ganglia
Definition
Afferent Fibers
For Auditory Nerve
Term
DBS
Definition
Deep Brain Stimulation
In Parkinsons' pts,attached to a battery for stimulation; helps with walking
Term
Deiter's cells/Phalangeal process
Definition
Supporting cell, pulls OHC via proliferation
Holds OHC on their 'shoulders'
Maintains stereocilia structure
Term
Hansens
Claudius
Boettcher
Definition
Supporting cells
Term
HIgher frequencies in the...of Basilar Membrane
Definition
BASE
Term
LOwer frequencies in the....of Basilar Membrane
Definition
APEX
Term
Base
Definition
Shorter, thicker hair cells here
Term
Apex
Definition
Thinner hair cells here
Term
Stiffness...from base to apex
Definition
DECREASES
Term
Width...from base to apex
Definition
INCREASES
Term
Basilar Membrane Components
Definition
*Heavier at Base
*Stiffer at Base
*Wider at Apex
Term
Cuticular Plate
Definition
Plate atop hair cells, attaches to neck
Term
Hair cell regeneration
Definition
Recreate hair cells to receive hearing
Found in birds, shark, fish
Term
Tiplink
Definition
Moves when stereocilia move
Opens a door (channels), results in cell firings!
Term
Afferent Fibers
Definition
Convergence,
Several Fibers to ONE cell
Term
Efferent Fibers
Definition
Divergence,
one to MANY cells
Term
Tonotopicity
Definition
Organization of Cochlea
High freq at base, low freq at apex.
Base--> high freq
Apex--> low freq
Term
Theories of Hrg
Definition
modified Bekesy and Contemporary Active Cochlea Thry: emphasized motility of OHCs
Term
Shearing Action
Definition
Tectorial Membrane moves stereocilia, opens channel; Na ions
Movement of Bas. M-brane then sliding of the tect. m-brane--->shearing of the cilia-->flow of Na ions into cell
Term
Neurotransmitters of the Inner Ear
Definition
Glutamate-excitatory, IHCs-generates nerve impulses in the afferent fibers of aud. nerve
ACh-inhibitory,OHCs
Term
Innervation
Definition
Afferent:
Type I: myelinated/thicker IHCs, 95%
Type II:unmyelinated, thinner OHCs, 5%
Efferent:
Type I: almost 95% to OHCs
Type II:5% to IHCs, attaches to the aferent nerve fibers of the IHCs
Term
Auditory Nerve
Definition
The spatial separation achieved in the ear is preserved here and passed on to the aud. centers of the brain.
Term
Cochlear Nucleus Complex- Pons
Definition
Consists of 3 Nuclei:
AVCN-anteroventral cochlear nucleus
PVCN-postroventral cochlear nucleus
DCN-Dorsal Cochlear nucleus
Term
Principal Cells of:
AVCN
PVCN
DCN
Definition
principal cells-bushy cells: spherical/globular
principal cells:ocotpus cells
principal cells: stellate cells
-
Term
Lateral Sulcus/Sylvian Fissure
Definition
Primary Auditory Cortex
B'Man # 41/42
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Main assoc. with hearing
Assoc. with limbic system
Incl: Uncus/Parahippocampus/Wernicke's Area
Term
Cerebello Pontine Angle (CPA)
Definition
Hearing nerve fibers enter the brain stem here.
**These fibers are tonotopically organized**
Term
Acoustic Neuroma
Definition
Loss of high freq FIRST
Benign tumor of 8th cranial nerve
Most common type o tumor of CPA
Term
Internal Auditory Meatus
Definition
Hole/Canal/Formina on medial surface of petrous bone; fibers come out from here.
Term
Superior Olivary Complex-Pons
Definition
Consists of 3 Major Nuclei on each side:
MSO-medial superior olive
LSO-lateral superior olive
MNTB-medial nucleus od Trapeziod Body
**Some periolivary nuclei surround these 3 also**
Term
Cochlear Nucleus Complex
Definition
First nucleus that fibers enter on the ascending aud. p'way.
Nerve fibers of 8th CN here.
Term
AVCN-Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus
Definition
Helps us with frequency and intensity specificity-to distinguish freq/intensity of sounds.
Term
PVCN-Posteroventral Cochlear Nucleus
Definition
Sensitive to bands of sound/portions of speech
Term
DCN- Dorsal Nuclear Complex
Definition
Related to phonemic understanding
Term
Lateral Leminiscus-Pons
Definition
Largest tract of Central Auditory Pathway, 3 Nuclei: VNLL,DNLL,INLL
Term
Inferior Colliculus-Midbrain
Definition
Largest auditory structure of brainstem.Nuclei:CNIC-lgest.
Term
Medial Geniculate Body-Diencephalon
Definition
Largest nuclei of thalamus
Diencephalic nucleus of CAP'way
Term
Internal Capsule
Definition
connects diencephalon to cortex
Term
Auditory Radiations
Definition
Sublenticular portions of Internal Capsule
"Thalamocortical fibers"
AFFERENT fibers
Term
Auditory Cortices
Definition
PAC {B'Man areas 41 and 42) located on Transverse Gyri (Heschl) which lie on dorsalmedial surface of superior temporal gyrus, buried on floor of lateral (Sylvan) fissure.
Term
Auditory Evoked Response
Definition
Send sounds, look at response of brain.
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