Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does postural control enable |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the goal of the postural control system |
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Definition
| to attain a stable vertical posture of the head and trunk against the force of gravity to provide a base for dynamic activities |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of postural control |
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Definition
| static, reactive, anticipatory, adaptive |
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Term
| what is static postural control |
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Definition
| ability to maintain a position |
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Term
| what is reactive postural control |
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Definition
| reacting to a change in order to maintain posture |
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Term
| what is anticipatory postural control |
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Definition
| changing posture in anticipation of something |
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Term
| what is adaptive postural control |
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Definition
| knowing from experience how to adapt our posture |
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Term
| what is the development of postural control |
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Definition
| postural reflexes followed by postural reactions ( |
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Term
| what are righting reactions |
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Definition
| keeping your head in line with the rest of your body even if you're leaning |
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Term
| what are protective reactions |
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Definition
| putting your hands out to catch yourself from a fall |
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Term
| what are equilibrium reactions |
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Definition
| whole body response/changing your COG in order to maintain balance |
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Term
| what are the components of postural control |
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Definition
| limits of stability, sensory organization, eye-head stabilization, musculoskeletal system, motor coordination, predictive central set, environmental adaptation |
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Term
| what are the 3 limits of stability |
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Definition
| base of support, center of mass, cone of stability |
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Term
| where is the center of mass at birth |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the center of mass in an adult |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the base of support |
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Definition
| whatever is in contact with the ground |
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Term
| what is the cone of stability |
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Definition
| the cone in which you can sway, circle, lean without having to pull in postural reactions |
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Term
| what are the 3 systems involved in sensory organization |
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Definition
| visual system, somatosensory system, vestibular system |
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Term
| which system dominates postural responses for the first 3 years of life |
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Definition
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Term
| which system dominates sensory organization/postural responses from age 4-6 years |
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Definition
| visual dominates, but vestibular and somatosensory information is also being processed and integrated |
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Term
| which system is the primary source for sensory organization/postural responses beginning around age 7 and continuing into adulthood? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the role of the vestibular system in sensory organization |
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Definition
| used to resolve sensory information conflicts |
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Term
| how does eye-head stabilization work? |
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Definition
| utilizes eyes and labyrinths to provide sensory input about the movement of the surroundings and the head, respectively |
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Term
| how does the musculoskeletal system affect posture |
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Definition
| offers biomechanical constraints to postural control. Changes in body size and proprtions can affect center of mass. Viscoelastic properties can affect joint's degrees of freedom |
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Term
| what is motor coordination |
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Definition
| the ability to coordinate muscle activation in a sequence that preserves posture. Uses sway strategies and muscle synergies in postural reactions. |
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Term
| what is the predictive central set |
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Definition
| postural readiness: the ability to anticipate the need for a change in posture. Keeps postural disturbances to a minimum and prepares for movement. |
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Term
| what are environmental adaptations |
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Definition
| adaptations in postural responses due to the environment, such as to climb stairs or walk in icy sidewalk |
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Term
| what do postural response strategies do |
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Definition
| strategies to help maintain upright position |
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Term
| what are the 3 postural response strategies |
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Definition
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Term
| would you use the ankle strategy for large or small balance perturbations |
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Definition
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Term
| would you use the hip strategy for large or small balance perturbations |
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Definition
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Term
| when would you use the stepping strategy |
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Definition
| when the perturbation of balance is large enough |
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Term
| what determins which postural response a person uses |
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Definition
| degree of perturbation, developmental stage |
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Term
| what do we see in young children's postural response strategies |
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Definition
| they don't utilize the best strategy; they overreact |
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Term
| by what age is the ankle strategy a consistent response to a small perturbation (rather than overreacting) |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the progression of activated muscles in the ankle strategy |
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Definition
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Term
| if you have a loss of balance forward and you use ankle strategy to recover, which muscles are activated |
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Definition
| gastrocs, hamstrings, paraspinals - posterior muscles |
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Term
| if you have a loss of balance backward and you use the ankle strategy, which muscles do you activate |
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Definition
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Term
| if you have a loss of balance forward and you use hip strategy, which muscles do you activate |
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Definition
| hip flexors and abs - anterior muscles |
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Term
| if you have a loss of balance backward and you use hip strategy, which muscles do you use |
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Definition
| hamstrings and paraspinals |
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Term
| why should you think of postural strategies if someone is falling a lot |
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Definition
| they may have weakness in muscles activated in postural response strategies; they may not be using effective postural response strategies |
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Term
| what variables contribute to motor skill acquisition |
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Definition
| family involvement, access to toys, safety of environment, ability to explore, siblings, culture, cognition, muscle growth, motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of moving from place to place; a lifelong activity that changes as the individual, environmental, and task constraints change |
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Term
| does the timing of walking, with 50% phasing between the legs, change much over the lifespan |
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Definition
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Term
| what changes pace/placement |
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Definition
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Term
| at what age is independent standing and walking achieved |
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Definition
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Term
| at what age is the pattern of walking mature |
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Definition
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Term
| what does early walking look like |
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Definition
| short steps with little hip extension. Flat feet with toes pointing outwards. Wide base of support. No trunk rotation. Arms in high guard, followed by middle and low guard. |
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Term
| what individual factors must be present to support necessary components of walking |
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Definition
| adequate motor control and system maturation; adequate ROM; adequate strength; appropriate bone structure and body composition; intact sensation |
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Term
| aside from individual factors, what else can restrict early walking |
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Definition
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Term
| what are developmental changes that occur in walking from 13 months - 5 years, in the order that they are achieved |
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Definition
| pelvic rotation, narrower base of support, synchronous arm swing, heel to forefoot strike, single leg support time increases, speed increases, advanced walking is achieved, rhythm and coordination improves |
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Term
| what are characteristics of proficient walking |
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Definition
| increased stride length, heel to forefoot pattern, narrower base of support and reduced out-toeing, pelvis rotation, improved balance and less forward trunk lean, oppositional arm swing with leg movements |
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Term
| what is the phasing relationship between the legs in running |
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Definition
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Term
| when do children start running |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some characteristics of early running |
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Definition
| similar to characteristics of early walking - arms held high, short steps, leaning forward, limited leg ROM |
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Term
| what does arm swing look like in early running |
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Definition
| accompanies trunk rotation rather than going in opposition to legs |
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Term
| what are rate controllers in early running |
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Definition
| task constraint, individual constraint, environmental constraint |
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Term
| what is a task constraint in early running |
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Definition
| a necessary change in speed between walking and running |
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Term
| what are individual constraints in early running |
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Definition
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Term
| what individual changes contribute to developmental changes in running |
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Definition
| growth, strength, and improved coordination |
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Term
| do adults always exhibit efficient running patterns |
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Definition
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Term
| what are characteristics of proficient running |
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Definition
| stride length increases as greater force is used. Elimination of lateral leg movements. Heel foot strike followed by forefoot strike. Elimination of out-toeing and narrower base of support. Support leg knee flexion as body weight shifts over leg. Trunk rotation increases with slight forward lean. arm swing forward and back in opposition to legs. |
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Term
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Definition
| off the ground with one or both feet, then land on both feet |
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Term
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Definition
| off the ground with one foot, then land on same foot |
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Term
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Definition
| off the ground with one foot, then land on other foot |
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Term
| when is basic jumping first achieved |
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Definition
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Term
| are initial jumps vertical or horizontal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crouch is slight and legs are not fully extended at liftoff. Beginning jumpers don't use 2 footed take off or landing |
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Term
| by what age can most forms of jumps be performed |
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Definition
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Term
| at what age does proficient hopping, including more than 3 jumps, begin to emere |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the progression of skills of jumping and hopping |
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Definition
| jumping forward, jumping up, jumping down, jumping hurdles, hopping, turning jump, hopping forward, jumping sideways, hopping for speed |
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Term
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Definition
| moving forward with a step while leading with the same leg |
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Term
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Definition
| moving forward with a step and a hop on the same foot, then alternate feet |
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Term
| describe early skill patterns of galloping, skipping |
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Definition
| arrhythmic with stiff, short strides, little trunk rotation, and flat foot landing |
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Term
| describe proficient skill patterns of galloping, skipping |
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Definition
| rhythmic, opposition of arms and legs, heel to forefoot landing, knee give, trunk rotation |
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Term
| when does galloping develop |
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Definition
| after running and before hopping. 2-4 years |
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Term
| what is the first asymmetrical locomotor pattern |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which leg is mastered first in galloping |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when does skipping develop |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the last locomotor pattern to emerge |
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Definition
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Term
| why does skipping begin with an asymmetrical pattern |
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Definition
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Term
| what are rate controllers for galloping |
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Definition
| galloping requires variance from the 50% phasing used in walking and running; galloping requires the lower extremities to do differetn tasks with different forces |
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Term
| what are the rate controllers for skipping |
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Definition
| skipping is the most complex fundamental locomotor pattern; neuromuscular system maturation required to coordinate 2 legs as they alternately perform asymmetrical tasks |
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Term
| describe early ball throwing skills |
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Definition
| limited to arm action alone via elbow extension; no step into the throw; limited trunk rotation, greater trunk flexion |
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Term
| what is the progression of throwing skills |
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Definition
| flinging ball, throwing ball overhand and underhand, hitting a target |
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Term
| what can be assessed to determine skill progression of throwing |
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Definition
| distance, accuracy, and quality |
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Term
| describe early ball kicking skills |
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Definition
| perceptual abilities and eye-foot coordination to make contact with the ball. Completed in a single action. No step forward with non-kicking leg. Kicking leg pushes forward at ball. Kicking leg may be bent at contact and immediately retract. Lack of trunk rotation. arms stationary at sides. |
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Term
| what is the progression of kicking skills |
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Definition
| contact with stationary ball, kicking stationary balll, kicking stationary ball in air |
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Term
| what can be assessed to determine skill progression of kicking |
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Definition
| distance, accuracy, and quality |
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Term
| what are the 4 stages of kicking development |
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Definition
| 1. knee extended and hip flexed. 2. knee flexed somewhat, hip starts in extension with arm opposition. 3. greater ROM. 4. mature kick |
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Term
| how do ballistic skills mature |
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Definition
| mechanical principles to maximize force and speed should be applied. Progression in patterns is not automatic. Many adults continue to use sub-optimal patterns |
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Term
| what are some comprehensive development assessments of functional motor sklls |
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Definition
| Denver II, Bayley II, Gesell revised developmental schedules |
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Term
| what are some motor and balance assessments |
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Definition
| test of infant motor performance; alberta infant motor scale, peabody, pediatric balance scale, pediatric reach test, timed up and go, movement assessment battery for children, BOT |
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Term
| what are some gross motor assessments for children with disabilities |
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Definition
| Gross Motor Function Measure. Pediatric Evaluatoin of Disability Inventory. Funcitonal Independence Measure for Children |
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