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posture and locomotion
posture and locomotion notes
95
Anatomy
Graduate
04/18/2012

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Term
define posture
Definition
body position
Term
what does postural control enable
Definition
balance
Term
what is the goal of the postural control system
Definition
to attain a stable vertical posture of the head and trunk against the force of gravity to provide a base for dynamic activities
Term
what are the 4 types of postural control
Definition
static, reactive, anticipatory, adaptive
Term
what is static postural control
Definition
ability to maintain a position
Term
what is reactive postural control
Definition
reacting to a change in order to maintain posture
Term
what is anticipatory postural control
Definition
changing posture in anticipation of something
Term
what is adaptive postural control
Definition
knowing from experience how to adapt our posture
Term
what is the development of postural control
Definition
postural reflexes followed by postural reactions (
Term
what are righting reactions
Definition
keeping your head in line with the rest of your body even if you're leaning
Term
what are protective reactions
Definition
putting your hands out to catch yourself from a fall
Term
what are equilibrium reactions
Definition
whole body response/changing your COG in order to maintain balance
Term
what are the components of postural control
Definition
limits of stability, sensory organization, eye-head stabilization, musculoskeletal system, motor coordination, predictive central set, environmental adaptation
Term
what are the 3 limits of stability
Definition
base of support, center of mass, cone of stability
Term
where is the center of mass at birth
Definition
xiphoid process
Term
where is the center of mass in an adult
Definition
S2
Term
what is the base of support
Definition
whatever is in contact with the ground
Term
what is the cone of stability
Definition
the cone in which you can sway, circle, lean without having to pull in postural reactions
Term
what are the 3 systems involved in sensory organization
Definition
visual system, somatosensory system, vestibular system
Term
which system dominates postural responses for the first 3 years of life
Definition
visual
Term
which system dominates sensory organization/postural responses from age 4-6 years
Definition
visual dominates, but vestibular and somatosensory information is also being processed and integrated
Term
which system is the primary source for sensory organization/postural responses beginning around age 7 and continuing into adulthood?
Definition
somatosensory system
Term
what is the role of the vestibular system in sensory organization
Definition
used to resolve sensory information conflicts
Term
how does eye-head stabilization work?
Definition
utilizes eyes and labyrinths to provide sensory input about the movement of the surroundings and the head, respectively
Term
how does the musculoskeletal system affect posture
Definition
offers biomechanical constraints to postural control. Changes in body size and proprtions can affect center of mass. Viscoelastic properties can affect joint's degrees of freedom
Term
what is motor coordination
Definition
the ability to coordinate muscle activation in a sequence that preserves posture. Uses sway strategies and muscle synergies in postural reactions.
Term
what is the predictive central set
Definition
postural readiness: the ability to anticipate the need for a change in posture. Keeps postural disturbances to a minimum and prepares for movement.
Term
what are environmental adaptations
Definition
adaptations in postural responses due to the environment, such as to climb stairs or walk in icy sidewalk
Term
what do postural response strategies do
Definition
strategies to help maintain upright position
Term
what are the 3 postural response strategies
Definition
ankle, hip, stepping
Term
would you use the ankle strategy for large or small balance perturbations
Definition
small
Term
would you use the hip strategy for large or small balance perturbations
Definition
large
Term
when would you use the stepping strategy
Definition
when the perturbation of balance is large enough
Term
what determins which postural response a person uses
Definition
degree of perturbation, developmental stage
Term
what do we see in young children's postural response strategies
Definition
they don't utilize the best strategy; they overreact
Term
by what age is the ankle strategy a consistent response to a small perturbation (rather than overreacting)
Definition
7-10 years
Term
what is the progression of activated muscles in the ankle strategy
Definition
distal to proximal
Term
if you have a loss of balance forward and you use ankle strategy to recover, which muscles are activated
Definition
gastrocs, hamstrings, paraspinals - posterior muscles
Term
if you have a loss of balance backward and you use the ankle strategy, which muscles do you activate
Definition
TA, quads, abdominals
Term
if you have a loss of balance forward and you use hip strategy, which muscles do you activate
Definition
hip flexors and abs - anterior muscles
Term
if you have a loss of balance backward and you use hip strategy, which muscles do you use
Definition
hamstrings and paraspinals
Term
why should you think of postural strategies if someone is falling a lot
Definition
they may have weakness in muscles activated in postural response strategies; they may not be using effective postural response strategies
Term
what variables contribute to motor skill acquisition
Definition
family involvement, access to toys, safety of environment, ability to explore, siblings, culture, cognition, muscle growth, motivation
Term
what is locomotion
Definition
the act of moving from place to place; a lifelong activity that changes as the individual, environmental, and task constraints change
Term
does the timing of walking, with 50% phasing between the legs, change much over the lifespan
Definition
no
Term
what changes pace/placement
Definition
individual, environment
Term
at what age is independent standing and walking achieved
Definition
9-17 months
Term
at what age is the pattern of walking mature
Definition
3.5-4 years
Term
what does early walking look like
Definition
short steps with little hip extension. Flat feet with toes pointing outwards. Wide base of support. No trunk rotation. Arms in high guard, followed by middle and low guard.
Term
what individual factors must be present to support necessary components of walking
Definition
adequate motor control and system maturation; adequate ROM; adequate strength; appropriate bone structure and body composition; intact sensation
Term
aside from individual factors, what else can restrict early walking
Definition
environmental factors
Term
what are developmental changes that occur in walking from 13 months - 5 years, in the order that they are achieved
Definition
pelvic rotation, narrower base of support, synchronous arm swing, heel to forefoot strike, single leg support time increases, speed increases, advanced walking is achieved, rhythm and coordination improves
Term
what are characteristics of proficient walking
Definition
increased stride length, heel to forefoot pattern, narrower base of support and reduced out-toeing, pelvis rotation, improved balance and less forward trunk lean, oppositional arm swing with leg movements
Term
what is the phasing relationship between the legs in running
Definition
half and half - equal
Term
when do children start running
Definition
6-7 months after walking
Term
what are some characteristics of early running
Definition
similar to characteristics of early walking - arms held high, short steps, leaning forward, limited leg ROM
Term
what does arm swing look like in early running
Definition
accompanies trunk rotation rather than going in opposition to legs
Term
what are rate controllers in early running
Definition
task constraint, individual constraint, environmental constraint
Term
what is a task constraint in early running
Definition
a necessary change in speed between walking and running
Term
what are individual constraints in early running
Definition
strength, balanc
Term
what individual changes contribute to developmental changes in running
Definition
growth, strength, and improved coordination
Term
do adults always exhibit efficient running patterns
Definition
no
Term
what are characteristics of proficient running
Definition
stride length increases as greater force is used. Elimination of lateral leg movements. Heel foot strike followed by forefoot strike. Elimination of out-toeing and narrower base of support. Support leg knee flexion as body weight shifts over leg. Trunk rotation increases with slight forward lean. arm swing forward and back in opposition to legs.
Term
what is jumping
Definition
off the ground with one or both feet, then land on both feet
Term
what is hopping
Definition
off the ground with one foot, then land on same foot
Term
what is leaping
Definition
off the ground with one foot, then land on other foot
Term
when is basic jumping first achieved
Definition
before 2 years
Term
are initial jumps vertical or horizontal
Definition
vertical
Term
describe early jumping
Definition
crouch is slight and legs are not fully extended at liftoff. Beginning jumpers don't use 2 footed take off or landing
Term
by what age can most forms of jumps be performed
Definition
school age
Term
at what age does proficient hopping, including more than 3 jumps, begin to emere
Definition
preschool age
Term
what is the progression of skills of jumping and hopping
Definition
jumping forward, jumping up, jumping down, jumping hurdles, hopping, turning jump, hopping forward, jumping sideways, hopping for speed
Term
what is galloping
Definition
moving forward with a step while leading with the same leg
Term
what is skipping
Definition
moving forward with a step and a hop on the same foot, then alternate feet
Term
describe early skill patterns of galloping, skipping
Definition
arrhythmic with stiff, short strides, little trunk rotation, and flat foot landing
Term
describe proficient skill patterns of galloping, skipping
Definition
rhythmic, opposition of arms and legs, heel to forefoot landing, knee give, trunk rotation
Term
when does galloping develop
Definition
after running and before hopping. 2-4 years
Term
what is the first asymmetrical locomotor pattern
Definition
galloping
Term
which leg is mastered first in galloping
Definition
dominant leg
Term
when does skipping develop
Definition
ages 4-7
Term
what is the last locomotor pattern to emerge
Definition
skipping
Term
why does skipping begin with an asymmetrical pattern
Definition
leg dominance
Term
what are rate controllers for galloping
Definition
galloping requires variance from the 50% phasing used in walking and running; galloping requires the lower extremities to do differetn tasks with different forces
Term
what are the rate controllers for skipping
Definition
skipping is the most complex fundamental locomotor pattern; neuromuscular system maturation required to coordinate 2 legs as they alternately perform asymmetrical tasks
Term
describe early ball throwing skills
Definition
limited to arm action alone via elbow extension; no step into the throw; limited trunk rotation, greater trunk flexion
Term
what is the progression of throwing skills
Definition
flinging ball, throwing ball overhand and underhand, hitting a target
Term
what can be assessed to determine skill progression of throwing
Definition
distance, accuracy, and quality
Term
describe early ball kicking skills
Definition
perceptual abilities and eye-foot coordination to make contact with the ball. Completed in a single action. No step forward with non-kicking leg. Kicking leg pushes forward at ball. Kicking leg may be bent at contact and immediately retract. Lack of trunk rotation. arms stationary at sides.
Term
what is the progression of kicking skills
Definition
contact with stationary ball, kicking stationary balll, kicking stationary ball in air
Term
what can be assessed to determine skill progression of kicking
Definition
distance, accuracy, and quality
Term
what are the 4 stages of kicking development
Definition
1. knee extended and hip flexed. 2. knee flexed somewhat, hip starts in extension with arm opposition. 3. greater ROM. 4. mature kick
Term
how do ballistic skills mature
Definition
mechanical principles to maximize force and speed should be applied. Progression in patterns is not automatic. Many adults continue to use sub-optimal patterns
Term
what are some comprehensive development assessments of functional motor sklls
Definition
Denver II, Bayley II, Gesell revised developmental schedules
Term
what are some motor and balance assessments
Definition
test of infant motor performance; alberta infant motor scale, peabody, pediatric balance scale, pediatric reach test, timed up and go, movement assessment battery for children, BOT
Term
what are some gross motor assessments for children with disabilities
Definition
Gross Motor Function Measure. Pediatric Evaluatoin of Disability Inventory. Funcitonal Independence Measure for Children
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