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PostMidterm Information
final study
178
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/14/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Digestive System
Definition
Term
Palate
Definition
roof of mouth (ridges to help manipulate food.
Term
Salivary Gland
Mandibular
Definition
along mandible
Term
Salivary Gland
Sub-lingual
Definition
under tounge
Term
Salivary Gland
Parotid
Definition
along jaw
Term
Salivary Gland
Buccal
Definition
under upper lip
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
Contraction of smooth muscle in a wave- like formation to help move food down the esophagus
Term
Segmental Contractions
Definition
Contractions of smooth muscle in segments at the same time to mix content together in the Gastrointestinal tract.
Term
What passes through the three holes in the diaphragm?
Definition
aorta, vena cava, esophogus
Term
Four main parts of the stomach:
Definition
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus
Term
Rugal Folds
Definition
stretch out when stomach expands and fold when stomach is empty
Term
Foue parts of the small intestine:
Definition
Duodenuam, Jejunum, Illeum, Mesentary
Term
Duodenum
Definition
stomach empties into, small/straight beginning of the small intestine
Term
Jejunum
Definition
Bulk of small intestine
Term
Ileum
Definition
End part that connect to the large intestine
Term
Mesentary
Definition
Thin sheet of fat connective tissue which hold the intestines together and keep it from tangling.
Term
Three parts of the large intestine:
Definition
Cecum, Colon, Rectum
Term
Cecum
Definition
pouch attached to colon and ileum
Term
Colon
Definition
Bulk of Large Intestine (ascending colon, transverse colon, and colon
Term
Rectum
Definition
connects the large intestine to the anus
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
thin membrane lining abdominal cavity (lines every organ)
Term
Omentum
Definition
Big fatty flap of peroteneum
Term
Internal Sphincter
Definition
Uncontentious always closed
Term
External Sphincter
Definition
Conscious (defecate when choose to)
Term
Four parts of the tooth:
Definition
Pulp cavity - deepest layer of the tooth
Dentin - surrounds pulp cavity
Cementum - surrounds root of tooth
Enamel - covers crown of tooth (hard)
Term
Four types of teeth:
Definition
Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar
Term
Five nutrients the Small Intestine absorbs:
Definition
Protein, Fats, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Minerals
Term
Two things absorbed in the Large Intestine:
Definition
water, electrolytes
Term
What are the Villi in the large intestine?
Definition
long extensions off of call membrane, increases surface ares for absorption.
Term
Parietal cells in the stomach:
Definition
primary source of hydrochloric acid to break down proteins
Term
Mucous cell in the stomach:
Definition
produces mucous so acid wont burn stomach
Term
G-cells in the stomach:
Definition
release gastrin to stimulate chief cells to release pepsinogen and parietal cells to release HCL
Term
Three Pancreatic Enzymes:
Definition
Amylase(carbohydrates), Lipase(fats), Peptides(proteins)
Term
Three functions of the liver:
Definition
- bile production
- metabolism of nutrients
- filter blood from GI tract
Term
Portal System
Definition
Portal Vein -> hepatic lobules -> sinusoids -> Central veins -> Hepatic vein
Term
Biliary System
Definition
Bile duct -> gall bladder -> common bile duct -> duodenum
Term
Exocrine Pancreas
Definition
digestive enzymes secreted in to duodenum
Term
Endocrine Pancreas
Definition
releases insulin, glucagon, and gastrin into the blood stream
Term
Ruminant Digestion
Regurgitate and chew cud to:
Definition
mix ingesta, regulate ingesta, burp (CO2 methane), bacterial fermentation, digestion of cellulpose(plant materials)
Term
Ruminant Digestion
Four parts of the ruminant stomach:
Definition
Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
Term
Equine Digestion
What does the horse use instead of a rumen?
Definition
Cecum
Term
Equine Digestion
Collic
Definition
Stomach Pain
Term
Urinary System
Definition
Term
Functions of the Kidney
Definition
waste excretion, homeostasis: water, electrolytes, blood pressure at the right level, and hormone production
Term
External Anatomy of the Kidney:
Definition
Hilus, renal vein, renal artery, and ureter
Term
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney:
Definition
Cortex, medulla
Term
Nephron
Definition
functional unit of the Kidney
Term
Blood pressure forces plasma from _______ to ______.
Definition
glomerulus, Bowman's space
Term
Resorption
Definition
potassium, sodium and chloride, sodium and water, sodium and amino acids, and glucose
Term
Ureters
Definition
connect kidney to bladder
Term
Special lining of the bladder whose cells can stretch
Definition
Transitional epithelium
Term
Male Urethra
Definition
long, narrow, curved.
through prostate.
carries urine and semen
Term
Female Urethra
Definition
Short and wide. empties into vestibule
Term
Male Reproduction
Definition
Term
Spermatic Cord
Definition
enclosed by vaginal tunics, contains ductus defferens, testicular artery and vein
Term
Pampiniform Plexus
Definition
complicated vein network to cool the testicle while the testicular artery warm them.
Term
Ductus Defferens
Definition
splits from spermatic cord, enters urethra caudal to bladder
Term
Accessory Glands:
Amulla
Definition
found in dog, horse, and ox
Term
Accessory Glands:
Seminal Vesicale
Definition
found in horse and ox.
Connect gland to urethra
Term
Accessory Glands:
Prostate
Definition
found in all animal.
surround urethre and ducts defference goes through gland to enter urethra
Term
Accessory Glands:
Bulbourethral gland
Definition
Found in Horse, cat, and ox
Term
Four Parts of the Penis:
Definition
Root- starts at the back end of the pelvis
Body - the bulk
Gland - the tip
Prepuce - fold of skin penis is inside for protection
Term
Erectile tissue
Definition
Spongy connective tissue with sinuses
Term
Bull Penis
Definition
Sigmoid flexture: muscle used to retract penis to "S" shape
Term
Dog Penis
Definition
Bulb enlarges once in vagina, ("tied")
Term
Cat Penis
Definition
Quick mating, female screams
Term
Sheep/Goat Penis
Definition
Urethral Process - extension of urethra
Term
Female Reproduction
Definition
Term
Functions of the female Reproduction system:
Definition
produce ova and hormones, house/ support fetus until birth, nurse newborns
Term
Ovaries
Definition
produce hormones estrogen and progestrone
Term
Oviducts
Definition
where fertilization occurs
Term
Uterus
Definition
houses fetus
Term
Cervix
Definition
muscular valve that opens only during estrus and birth
Term
Vestibule
Definition
Urethra open on ventral surface
Term
Vagina
Definition
Receives penis, birth canal
Term
Meiosis
Definition
1 egg, 3 polar bodies
Term
Proestrus
Definition
Follicle development
Term
Estrus
Definition
Ovulation, mature follice, etsrogen rises and behavior changes
Term
Metestrus
Definition
Follicle develops a corpus luteum
Term
Diestrus
Definition
Corpus Luteum is active, progestron rises
Term
Anestrus
Definition
"quiet" uterus
Term
Ovulation:
Uniperous
Definition
one ovum per estrous cycle (horse cow)
Term
Ovulation:
Moltiparous
Definition
more then one ovum per estrous cycle (cat, dog)
Term
Ovulation:
induced ovulation
Definition
ovulate when penetrated (cats, rabbits)
Term
Pregnancy
Definition
Term
Mating(Copulation)
Definition
intro mission
thrusting
ejaculation of semen
Term
Sperm Transplant
Definition
1. swim to oviducts
2. uterus and oviducts contract to push them along
3. cilia on the lining of the oviduct help them too
4. Fertilization in the oviduct
Term
Fertilization (capacitation)
Definition
Acrosomes release lysosomes to change the ovum membrane after one sperm enters to ensure no others can
Term
Zygote
Definition
Fertilized ovum
Term
Cleavage
Definition
cell divides several times
Term
Implantation
Definition
Embryo attaches to wall of uterus and a placenta develops around the embryo
Term
Placenta
Definition
nutrient supply and waste removal
Term
Umbilical Cord(Urachus)
Definition
Links fetus to placenta containing the umbilical artery and vein
Term
Uterus Classification:
Diffuse
Definition
attaches to uterus all around (horse)
Term
Uterus Classification:
Catyledonary
Definition
Spots attached to the uterus (ruminant)
Term
Uterus Classification:
Zonary
Definition
Attaches by one band (dog and cat)
Term
Uterus Classifications by the number of cells between the mother and fetus:
cow pig horse
Definition
epitheliochorial
Term
Uterus Classifications by the number of cells between the mother and fetus:
dog cat
Definition
endotheliochorial
Term
Uterus Classifications by the number of cells between the mother and fetus:
human rodent
Definition
hemochorial
Term
Pregnancy
Definition
Embryo, Fetus development, fetal growth
Term
Pregnancy Hormones:
Progestrone
Definition
Prevents uterus from contracting
Term
Pregnancy Hormones:
Estrogen
Definition
increases uterine contractions, mammary development
Term
Pregnancy Hormones:
Oxytocin
Definition
uterine contractions, milk letdown
Term
Parturition
Definition
Cortisol rises in fetus once mature
corpus luteum begins to break down
progestron decreases estrogen rises
Term
Stages of Labor:
Stage 1
Definition
behavior changes
cervical dilation
Term
Stages of Labor:
Stage 2
Definition
uterine contraction
amniotic sac breaks
delivery of fetus
Term
Stages of Labor:
stage 3
Definition
delivery of placenta
Term
Nursing(Lactation)
Definition
Term
Mammary Glands
Definition
specialized skin glands for nourishment of the young
Term
Colostrum
Definition
fluid produced for the first few days of lactation filled with protein, mineral, and vitamines
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
directly connected to the brain (anterior and posterior)
Term
Posterior Pituitary Hormones:
ADH
Definition
response to dehydration
increase water resorption in kidney
Term
Posterior Pituitary Hormones:
Oxytocin
Definition
milk let down
uterine contractions
Term
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Definition
makes its own hormones, released when stimulated by brain
Term
Thyroid Gland Hormones:
Calcitonin
Definition
increases calcium deposition in bone
Term
Thyroid Gland Hormones:
Thyroid Hormone
Definition
Drives metabolic rate
promotes growth
maintains body temp
stimulates heart rate
metabolism
Term
Parathyroid Gland Hormones:
Parathyroid Hormone
Definition
increases calcium in the blood
GI adsorption -> renal resorption -> release from bone
Term
Adrenal Gland:
Cortex
Definition
gland origin
Term
Adrenal Gland:
Medulla
Definition
nerve origin
Term
Adrenal Gland Hormones:
Definition
cortisol, oldostrone
Term
Adrenal Medulla
Definition
under nervous system control, releases epinephrine
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
stops your GI tract when running, sweat, heart rate goes up
Term
Endocrine Pancreas
Definition
alpha cells release glucogon
Beta cells release insulin
Term
Insulin
Definition
decrease blood glucose
Term
Growth Hormone
Definition
affects nutrient metabolism for growth
(protein synthesis, fat breakdown, blood glucose increases)
Term
Glucagon
Definition
increases blood glucose, increases synthesis
Term
Gonadotrophins Hormones: Male
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Definition
spermatogenesis (creates sperm)
Term
Gonadotrophins Hormones: Male
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Gonadotrophins Hormones: Male
Prolactin
Definition
unknown purpos
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Term
Central nervous system
Definition
Brain, spinal cord
Term
Peripheral nervous system
Definition
crainial nerve spinal nerves
Term
Direction: Sensory
Definition
impulses towards the CNS
Term
Direction: Motor
Definition
impulses away from CNS
Term
Target Organs: Somatic
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
Target Organs: Autonomic
Definition
involuntary muscles
glands
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
wrap around axon
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
excitatory or in hibitory
Term
Brain: Cerebrum
Definition
centers of higher intelligence
(learning communication, memory)
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
cell bodies mostly
Term
White matter
Definition
axons mostly
Term
Brain: Cerebellum
Definition
Center of balance and coordination and proprioception
Term
Proprioception
Definition
sense where body parts are in space and in relation to each other
Term
Autonomic Nervous System:
Sypathetic
Definition
Fight or flight
open ariways
dialate pupils
muscle use
skeletal muscle
viscera
epinephrine release
Term
Autonomic Nervous System:
Parasypathetic
Definition
Rest and restore
constrict air ways
constrict pupil
increase GI activiy
Term
Sense organs:
Definition
extensions of CNS
Term
Three Layers of the eye:
Definition
Fibrous & Vascular (light focusing), and nervous (light sensing)
Term
Sclera
Definition
thick white of the eye
Term
Cornea
Definition
clear front of the eye
Term
Limbus
Definition
where cornea meet sclera
Term
Tapetum
Definition
no pigment, aids in low light vision
Term
Ciliary body
Definition
muscle attached to lens
produces aqueous humor
Term
Nervous layer:
Photoreceptors
Definition
convert light to nerve impulse
Term
Rods
Definition
light sensitive
Term
Cones
Definition
Color sensitive
Term
Anterior Chamber(front)
Definition
fluid aqueous humor (watery)
Term
Vitreous Chamber(back)
Definition
vitreous humor (gel-like)
Term
Field of vision:
binocular
Definition
eyes in front of head (hunter)
Term
Field of vision:
Monocular
Definition
eye son side of head (prey)
Term
Conjunctiva
Definition
covers eye inside the eyelid
Term
Meibomian
Definition
produce tears
Term
Nictitatiing membrane
Definition
3rd eye lid
Tarsal gland of 3rd eye lid produce tears
Term
Ocular muscle
Definition
retract eye and pull back
Term
Lacrimal System (Tears)
Corneal
Definition
Protection, nutrition, moisture
Term
Lacrimal System (Tears)
Tear producing glands
Definition
lacrimal gland
tarsal gland
conjunctiva
Term
Special Senses
Definition
Term
Pinna
Definition
ear flap
elastic cartilage
mobile
Term
External Ear Canal
Definition
base of pinna to ear drum
"L" Shape
Term
Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)
Definition
paper thin membrane
vibrates to trasnmit sound
Term
Tympanic Bulla
Definition
middle ear, houses ossicles
Term
Ossicles
Definition
Stapes
incus
mallaus
Term
Auditory Tube
Definition
Passage from middle ear to nasal larynx
allows air out of middle ear to equalize pressure
Term
Semicircular canals
Definition
three loops at right angles to one another for balance
Term
Sound Transmision
Definition
Sound Wave -> tympanum Vibrates -> Ossicle Vibrate -> perilymph vibrates -> hair cells
Term
Inner ear
Definition
bony labryrinth filled with fluid called perilymph
Term
Smell
Definition
chemical receptors in nasal passage
Term
Vomeronasal organ
Definition
detects pheromones for communication. Flehmen response (open mouth smelling)
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