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Post-Reconstruction Final
70 Terms to know short answer
70
History
Undergraduate 2
12/03/2009
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Term
Progressivism
 Definition
Progressivism is a broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.
Term
Theodore Roosevelt
 Definition
26th president of the U.S. 1901–09. He was responsible for initiating many antitrust laws, and he successfully engineered the U.S. bid to build the Panama Canal (1904–14). He also negotiated the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905.
Term
Trust Busting
 Definition
Trust busting was any government activity designed to break up trusts or monopolies.
Term
The New Nationalism vs. the New Freedom
 Definition
New Nationalism was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election. He insisted that only a powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice. The New Freedom is the policy of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
Term
Woodrow Wilson
 Definition
Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the U.S. 1913–21. A Democrat, he eventually took the U.S. into World War I in 1917 and later played a leading role in the peace negotiations and the formation of the League of Nations. The Senate, however, failed to ratify the peace treaty.
Term
City manager plan
 Definition
The City manger plan was the Progressive-inspired council–manager system of government was designed to insulate municipal administration from political corruption.
Term
Muckrakers
 Definition
Muckrakers were writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meat-packing, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the twentieth century; their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.
Term
Jane Adams and the Settlement House
 Definition
In 1889 Jane Adams founded Hull House in Chicago, Illinois, the first settlement house in the United States. It was devoted to improving the lives of the immigrant poor.
Term
Monroe Doctrine
 Definition
The Monroe Doctrine was a principle of U.S. policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the U.S.
Term
Spanish-American War
 Definition
The Spanish American war was a war between Spain and the U.S. in the Caribbean and the Philippines in 1898. American public opinion having been aroused by Spanish attack in Cuba and the destruction of the warship Maine in Santiago harbor, the U.S. declared war and successfully invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, all of which Spain gave up by the Treaty of Paris (1898).
Term
The Open Door Policy
 Definition
In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay demanded that European powers that had recently divided china into commercial spheres of influence grant equal access to American. Only trade-goods could flow, not people.
Term
Panama Canal
 Definition
The Panama Canal was a canal a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Begun in 1881, it was abandoned in 1889 and was completed by the U.S., 1904–14. Control of the canal remained with the U.S. until 1999, when it was ceded to Panama.
Term
Wilson’s 14 Points
 Definition
The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered by Woodrow Wilson on January 8, 1918 and was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.
Term
Palmer Raids
 Definition
The Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids by the United States Department of Justice and Immigration and Naturalization Service from 1919 to 1921 on suspected radical leftist citizens and immigrants in the United States, the legality of which is now in question.
Term
The New Era of Prosperity
 Definition
The decade of the 1920s, "The New Era" was marked by prosperity and new opportunity in the aftermath of World War I. After a quick post-war depression, business was a-booming and many took Ford’s assembly line approach.
Term
The stock market crash of 1929
 Definition
The Stock Market Crash of 1929, was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. The October 1929 crash came during a period of declining real estate values in the United States near the beginning of a chain of events that led to the Great Depression.
Term
Herbert Hoover
 Definition
31st president of the U.S. 1929–33. As president, he was faced with the long-term problems of the Depression. Unable to keep his campaign promise of prosperity and to improve his poor record in international affairs, he was defeated for reelection by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.
Term
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
 Definition
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, farm mortgage associations, and other businesses.
Term
The New Deal
 Definition
The New Deal consisted of the economic measures introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to counteract the effects of the Great Depression. It involved a massive public works program, complemented by the large-scale granting of loans, and succeeded in reducing unemployment by between 7 and 10 million.
Term
The National Industrial Recovery Act
 Definition
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of June 16, was an American statute which authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery.
Term
Agricultural Adjustment Act
 Definition
New Deal legislation that established in 1933 the AAA to improve agricultural prices by limiting market supplies
Term
Huey Long
 Definition
Huey Long created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934, with the motto "Every Man a King," proposing new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and crime resulting from the Great Depression.
Term
Father Coughlin
 Definition
Charles Coughlin, a “radio priest,” attracted millions of listeners while attacking Wall Street bankers and greedy capitalists, and called for government ownership of key industries as a way of combating the Depression.
Term
Francis Townsend
 Definition
Francis Townsend was an American physician who was best known for the "Townsend Plan,” which influenced the establishment of the FDR’s Social Security system during the Great Depression.
Term
John L. Lewis
 Definition
John L. Lewis found of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s.
Term
CIO
 Definition
Congress of Industrial Organizations, a federation of North American trade unions, organized largely by industry rather than craft. In 1955 it merged with the American Federation of Labor to form the AFL-CIO.
Term
The Wagner Act
 Definition
The Wagner Act is a 1935 law that limits the means with which employers may react to workers in the private sector that create labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
Term
The WPA
 Definition
The WPA of 1935 was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and also art, drama, media and literacy projects.
Term
Fascism
 Definition
Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach. The term Fascism was first used of the totalitarian right-wing nationalist regime of Mussolini in Italy, and the regimes of the Nazis in Germany and Franco in Spain were also fascist.
Term
Neutrality Laws
 Definition
The Neutrality Acts were laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism.
Term
Lend-Lease Act
 Definition
On 11th March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, and lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers.
Term
Nisei, Issei
 Definition
Nisei is a term to specify the children born to Japanese people in the new country. Issei is a term to specify the Japanese people first to immigrate.
Term
Japanese internment
 Definition
Japanese internment was the forcible relocation and internment by the United States government in 1942 of Japanese Americans and Japanese residing in the United States to camps called "War Relocation Camps," after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Term
A. Philip Randolph
 Definition
A. Philip Randolph was a twentieth-century African-American civil rights leader and the founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, amazing accomplishments for labor organization.
Term
Fair Employment Practices Committee
 Definition
Created in 1941 by executive order, the FEPC sought to eliminate racial discrimination in jobs; it possessed little power but represented a step toward civil rights for African-Americans.
Term
Rosie the Riveter
 Definition
Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in war factories during World War II, many of whom worked in the manufacturing plants. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who were in the military.
Term
Double V Campaign
 Definition
In a 1942 letter to the Pittsburgh Courier, James G. Thompson called for a Double V Campaign to achieve two victories: "Victory over our enemies at home and victory over our enemies on the battlefields abroad."
Term
The Four Freedoms
 Definition
In an address also known as the Four Freedoms speech, FDR proposed four points as fundamental freedoms humans "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy:
1. Freedom of speech and expression
2. Freedom of religion
3. Freedom from want
4. Freedom from fear
Term
Marshal Plan
 Definition
Named after Secretary of State George Marshall, the Marshal Plan was the primary program in 1948 for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe and repelling the threat of internal communism after World War II
Term
Yalta Conference
 Definition
The Yalta conference was a meeting between the Allied leaders Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin in February 1945 at Yalta, a Crimean port on the Black Sea. The leaders planned the final stages of World War II and agreed on the subsequent territorial division of Europe.
Term
Truman Doctrine
 Definition
The Truman Doctrine held the principle that the U.S. should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by U.S. President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.
Term
The Policy of Containment
 Definition
General US strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by US diplomat George F. Kennan.
Term
HUAC
 Definition
House Un-American Activities Committee, a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives established in 1938 to investigate subversives. It became notorious for its zealous investigations of alleged communists, particularly in the late 1940s, although it was originally intended to pursue Fascists also.
Term
Religious anti-Communism
 Definition
In an era of McCarthyism, ideological differences may have been un-American, but group pluralism reigned supreme, with the free exercise of religion yet another way of differentiating the American way of life from life under communism.
Term
McCarthyism
 Definition
McCarthyism a campaign against alleged communists in the U.S. government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950–54. Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party.
Term
Dien Bien Phu
 Definition
Dien Bien Phu was a village in northwestern Vietnam. It was the site of a French military post that was captured by the Vietminh after a 55-day siege in 1954.
Term
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
 Definition
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was a joint resolution of the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in response to two minor naval skirmishes off the coast of North Vietnam between U.S. destroyers and Vietnamese torpedo ships. It gave President Johnson authorization, without declaration of war by Congress, use of military force in Southeast Asia.
Term
Tet Offensive
 Definition
The Tet Offensive was an offensive launched in January–February 1968 by the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese army. Timed to coincide with the first day of the Tet (Vietnamese New Year), it was a surprise attack on South Vietnamese cities, notably Saigon. Although repulsed after initial successes, the attack shook U.S. confidence and hastened the withdrawal of its forces.
Term
Vietnamization
 Definition
Vietnamization is the term for President Richard Nixon’s policy in the early 1970s to turn the job of defending South Vietnam back to the South Vietnamese government. The policy was part of a broader plan to reduce and eventually withdraw American troops from the Vietnam War. America did pull out of the war in 1973, but South Vietnam survived on its own only until 1975.
Term
The Diggers
 Definition
The Diggers were a radical community-action group of Improv actors operating from 1966–68, based in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco. Their politics were such that they have sometimes been categorized as "left-wing." More accurately, they were "community anarchists" who blended a desire for freedom with a consciousness of the community in which they lived.
Term
The Free Speech Movement
 Definition
The Free Speech Movement (FSM) was a student protest which took place during the 1964–1965 academic year on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley. The students wanted to remove all bans of on on-campus political activities, right to free speech, and academic freedom.
Term
Students for a Democratic Society
 Definition
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations of the country's New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969, but has been an important influence on student organizing ever since.
Term
Eugene McCarthy
 Definition
In the 1968 presidential election, McCarthy was the first candidate to challenge incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson for the Democratic nomination for president of the United States, running on an anti-Vietnam War platform. The unexpected vote total he achieved in the New Hampshire primary led Johnson to withdraw from the race, and lured Robert F. Kennedy into the contest. He would unsuccessfully seek the presidency five times altogether.
Term
The Counter-Culture
 Definition
“Hippie” youth culture of the 1960s which rejected the values of the dominant culture in favor of illicit drugs, communes, free sex, and rock music.
Term
SNCC
 Definition
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a U.S. civil-rights student organization active in the 1960s.
Term
Brown vs. Board of Education
 Definition
Brown vs. Board of Education was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. The decision overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
Term
White Citizens’ Councils
 Definition
The White Citizens' Council (WCC) was an American white supremacist organization formed in 1954. With about 15,000 members, mostly in the South, the group was well known for its opposition to racial integration in the South.
Term
Montgomery Bus Boycott
 Definition
Sparked by Rosa Park’s arrest on December 1, 1955 for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a successful yearlong boycott protesting segregation on city buses; lead by MLK Jr.
Term
Greensboro, N.C.
 Definition
Greensboro, N.C. was the city in which black college students (along with some white) occupied white-reserved seats in a department store in protest. They remained their daily, all without being served.
Term
Martin Luther King Jr.
 Definition
Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964).
Term
Watergate
 Definition
Watergate was a political scandal in which an attempt to bug the national headquarters of the Democratic Party (in the Watergate building in Washington, D.C.) led to the resignation of President Nixon (1974).
Term
Iran Contra Affair
 Definition
The Iran Contra Affair was a political scandal in 1987 involving the covert sale by the U.S. of arms to Iran. The proceeds of the arms sales were used by officials to give arms to the anticommunist Contras in Nicaragua, despite congressional prohibition.
Term
Barry Goldwater
 Definition
Barry Goldwater published The Conscience of a Conservative in 1960, which called for more aggressive conduct of the Cold War. He critiqued the New Deal welfare state which he believed stifled individual initiative and independence. He lost to Johnson in the 1964 election.
Term
Moral Majority
 Definition
The Moral Majority was a political action group formed in the 1970s to further a conservative and religious agenda, including the allowance of prayer in schools and strict laws against abortion.
Term
Traditionalist conservatives
 Definition
Traditionalist conservatives emphasize the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent moral order.
Term
Economic conservatives
 Definition
Economic conservatives believe in a term used to describe government intervention on economic affairs. This term is used contrastingly to economic liberalism, which states a laissez-faire ideology.
Term
PATCO strike
 Definition
On August 3, 1981 the PATCO union declared a strike, seeking better working conditions, better pay and a 32-hour workweek. President Reagan fired and replaced them all.
Term
START
 Definition
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks, a series of arms-reduction negotiations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union begun in 1983. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was signed in 1991.
Term
Strategic Defense Initiative
 Definition
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, “Star Wars”) was the Defense Department’s plan during the Reagan administration to build a system to destroy incoming missiles in space. It violated the Outer Space Treaty of 1967.
Term
The Reagan Doctrine
 Definition
The Reagan Doctrine of 1985 was a strategy implemented by the US under the Reagan Administration to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. Under the Reagan Doctrine, the U.S. provided overt and covert aid to right-wing guerrillas and resistance movements.
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