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Positioning
Chest and bony thorax HW questions
83
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/10/2017

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Cards

Term
The thoracic viscera consists of the:
1.) lungs
2.) mediastinum
3.) diaphragm
Definition
1 and 2
Term
The area between the two lungs is termed the:
Definition
mediastinum
Term
The respiratory system proper consists of the:
1.) larynx
2.) trachea and bronchi
3.) both lungs
Definition
1, 2, and 3
Term
Where does the trachea lie in relation to the esophagus?
Definition
Anterior
Term
What is the name of the hooklike process on the last tracheal cartilage?
Definition
carina
Term
After entering the hilum, each primary bronchus divides. How many primary branches are in the right lung?
Definition
3
Term
The lungs are composed of a light, spongy, elastic substance called the:
Definition
parenchyma
Term
The part of the lung that extends above the clavicle is termed the:
Definition
Apex
Term
Which of the following would not be included in the mediastinum?
1.) thymus
2.) larynx
3.) diaphragm
Definition
2 and 3
Term
Which ribs are called the false ribs?
Definition

 

8-12

Term
The 12 costovertebral joints of the ribs are:
Definition
synovial-gliding
Term
What is the recommended SID necessary to blur the posterior ribs on a PA oblique projection of the sternum?
Definition
30 inches
Term
Where is the top of the IR positioned for an AP oblique projection of the ribs?
Definition
1.5 inches inches above the upper border of the shoulder
Term
The central-ray angle for a lateral sternum is:
Definition
Perpendicular
Term
For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest level in the body?
Definition
Hypersthenic
Term
For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the lowest position in the body?
Definition
Hyposthenic
Term
How are the hands placed for a PA projection of the ribs so that the scapulae are rotated away from the rib cage?
Definition
Back of the hands against the hips
Term
How far is the top of the 14 ´ 17 inch (35 ´ 43 cm) IR or collimated field placed above the upper border of the shoulder for projections of the ribs?
Definition
1.5 inches
Term
How is the IR positioned for a lateral sternum?
Definition
Term
How is the head positioned for a PA projection of both sternoclavicular articulations?
Definition
Turn the head to face the affected side.
Term
How many ribs attach directly to the sternum?
Definition
7
Term
How much is the body rotated for an AP or PA axillary projection of the ribs?
Definition
45 degrees
Term
How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body rotation technique)?
Definition
10 to 15 degrees
Term
ow much should the body be rotated for a PA oblique projection of the sternum?
Definition
15 to 20 degrees
Term
Ribs lie in an oblique plane in the thorax. How are the anterior ends situated in comparison to the posterior ends?
Definition
3 to 5 inches lower
Term
The 10 costochondral joints of the ribs are
Definition
cartilaginous—synchondroses.
Term
The 12 costovertebral joints of the ribs are:
Definition
synovial—gliding.
Term
The approximate length of the sternum is _____ inches.
Definition
6
Term
The central ray for a PA projection of the upper ribs is:
Definition
0 degrees
Term
The central-ray angle for a lateral sternum is:
Definition
perpendicular.
Term
The central-ray angle for the PA oblique projection of the sternum is:
Definition
0 degrees
Term
The central-ray angulation for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body rotation technique) is:
Definition
perpendicular.
Term
The costal cartilages of the eighth through tenth ribs attach to:
Definition

 

Term
The easily palpable superior border of the manubrium is called the:
Definition
jugular notch.
Term
The phase of respiration for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints is:
Definition
expiration.
Term
The space between each of the ribs is called the:
Definition
intercostal spaces.
Term
To obtain a more uniform density, the respiration phase for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular joints is:
Definition
expiration
Term
What degree of x-ray tube angulation is required to demonstrate the sternum on a patient whose thorax measures 30 cm?
Definition
Term
What degree of x-ray tube angulation is required to demonstrate the sternum on a patient whose thorax measures 15 cm?
Definition
22 degrees
Term
What is the distance of movement of the diaphragm between deep inspiration and deep expiration?
Definition
1.5 inches
Term
What is the recommended SID necessary to blur the posterior ribs on a PA oblique projection of the sternum?
Definition
30 inches
Term
What is the respiration phase for a lateral projection of the sternum?
Definition
Deep inspiration
Term
What is the respiration phase for the AP projection of the ribs below the diaphragm?
Definition

 

Full expiration

Term
What is the respiration phase for the PA projection of the upper ribs?
Definition
Full inspiration
Term
When performing the PA oblique projection (body rotation technique) of the sternoclavicular articulations, which of the joints would be demonstrated?
Definition
The joint closest to the IR
Term
Where is the IR centered for a PA oblique sternum?
Definition
T7
Term

 

Where is the bottom of the IR positioned for an AP projection of the ribs (below the diaphragm)?
Definition
At the iliac crest
Term
Where is the center of the IR positioned for a PA projection of sternoclavicular joints?
Definition
T3
Term
here is the top of the IR positioned for an AP oblique projection of the ribs?
Definition
1.5 inches above the upper border of the shoulder
Term
Where should the patient's hands be positioned for an upright lateral sternum?
Definition
Locked behind the back
Term
Which SID is recommended for the lateral projection of the sternum for management of magnification?
Definition
72 inches
Term
Which breathing techniques can be used when performing an oblique projection of the sternum?
1.   Inspiration
2.   Expiration
3.   Slow, shallow breathing
Definition
2 and 3
Term
Which of the following IR size and position is for the AP projection of the lower ribs?
Definition
Term
Which of the following body positions will project the left ribs clear of the heart?
1.   Lateral
2.   LAO
3.   RPO
Definition
2 and 3
Term
Which of the following form the bony thorax?
1.   Sternum
2.   12 pairs of ribs
3.   12 thoracic vertebrae
Definition
1, 2,  and 3
Term
Which of the following is the essential projection and body position for demonstration of the sternum?
Definition
PA oblique, RAO
Term
Which of the following is the recommended position for optimal demonstration of the upper anterior ribs?
1.   Recumbent
2.   Standing
3.   Seated upright
Definition
2 and 3
Term
Which of the following projections would be used to demonstrate the sternum on a trauma patient who must remain relatively supine?
Definition
AP projection, LPO
Term
Which projection and body position will demonstrate the sternum through the heart?
Definition
PA oblique, RAO
Term
Which ribs are attached to the vertebrae only?
Definition
11 and 12
Term
Which ribs are demonstrated on an AP oblique projection?
Definition
side closest to the IR
Term
Fracture
Definition
Disruption of the continuity of bone
Term
Metastasis
Definition
Transfer of a cancerous lesion from one area to another
Term
Osteomyelitis
Definition
Inflammation of bone due to a pyogenic infection
Term
Osteopetrosis
Definition
Increased density of atypically soft bone
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
Loss of bone density
Term
Paget disease
Definition
Thick, soft bone marked by bowing and factures
Term
Tumor
Definition
New tissue growth where cell proliferation is uncontrolled
Term
Chondrosarcoma
Definition
Malignant tumor arising from cartilage cells
Term
Multiple myeloma
Definition
Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells involving the bone marrow and causing the destruction of bone.
Term
Portion of rib that articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
Definition
Tubercle
Term
What is the purpose of the bony thorax?
Definition
To protect the heart and the lungs.
Term
The jugular notch is found anterior to which precise location of the thoracic vertebral column?
Definition
The disk space between T2 and T3
Term
To which location of the thoracic column does the sternal angle correspond?
Definition
The disk space between T4 and T5
Term
To which location of the thoracic column does the xiphoid process correspond?
Definition
T10
Term
Why should the patient be rotated into an oblique position instead of AP or PA
Definition
To prevent superimposition of the sternum with the vertebral column
Term
Why is the RAO position preferred for the oblique sternum over the LAO
Definition
To use the background density of the heart for visualization of the sternum.
Term
What are 2 breathing techniques preferred for oblique sternum?
Definition
Slow/shallow or expiration
Term
If a short exposure time is preferred, what breathing instructions should be given to the patient?
Definition
Suspend respiration after expiration.
Term
When the image made with the patient in the RAO position is properly viewed, where will the sternum appear with reference to the vertebral column?
Definition
Toward the viewer's right and on the left side of the patient's thorax without vertebral superimposition.
Term
What is the recommended SID for a lateral projection of sternum and why?
Definition
72 inches to reduce magnification of the sternum
Term
What are the breathing instructions for the lateral sternum and why?
Definition
Stop breathing after deep inspiration to obtain more contrast between the posterior surface of the sternum and adjacent structures
Term
Which ribs (affected or unaffected side) should be placed closer to the IR for the best imaging with AP oblique projections?
Definition
The affected side
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