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a federal agency. Established in 1934 Communication Act. A five member body. Five commissioners they are appointed by the president and have five year terms. By custom three of the commission is of the president’s party the others are the opposing party. The president appoints the commissioners but cannot remove them. The airways belong to the people. And because of that the federal government has the legal authority to exercise some control over the content unlike newspapers. It does not repeal the first amendment so there is a big gray area. Especially in the communication act there was a phrase they were charged to regulate the airways in publics interest, convenience, and necessity
--8 yr license and leverage |
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| "Public interest convenience and necessity" |
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Phrase in the 1934 Telecommunications Act that requires that the FCC regulate TV, Cable, and Internet in the public best interest and convenience
--First Amendment conflicts |
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| Constitutional right of Congress to spend money. The FCC is not directly controlled by Congress, but if the FCC doesn't regulate enough or too much to appease them their funds can be cut. |
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| (Tele)Communications and Innovation Subcommittees |
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A house of Representatives sub-committee that watches the information transmitted by broadcasters. It also monitors the FCC and if it does something that isn't well liked by the subcommittee their funds can be cut.
--has legal authority over the appropriations to the FCC
--Illustrates power congress has over the FCC
--Bart Gorden and Al Gore are Chairs currently |
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Unclear; cannot predict whether or not it will be more or less regulatory. Both parties have internal splits that make the future unclear.
---Makes the presidency less of a factor in how regulatory the agency will become
--Rep.: Economic Cons. vs. Soc. Cons.
--Dem.: Social cons. vs. Pro-Hollywood Liberals |
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1995 federal court ruling, which upheld the FCC law forbidding indecent programming between 6AM and 10PM.
---Pornography vs. Indecency
--Howard Stern law |
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Clinton Appointed Chairman of the FCC in 1994. Believed in the FCC regulating more!
---Children Act Enforcer: 3hrs of edu. and info./week, 7% roll back in prices of cable, and 1/2 hour dedicated to each presidential candidate during prime time (1996) |
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Chairman of the FCC in 2001 appointed by Bush. Extremely anti-regulation; believed that the FCC main goal was business-like and needed to focus on making most money possible
--hand was forced due to two events Superbowl 2004 and Bono FUCK word |
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Very High Frequency/ Ultra High Frequency; wavelengths upon which tv is broadcasted, broadcasters apply for licensing over certain wavelengths to play.
---In the beginning they only used VHF and gave it to the major broadcasters, created an artificial scarcity while decreasing the level of competition for broadcasters; Broadcasters lobbied against giving out UHF
-(an example of how initially the FCC was captured by broadcasters)
---1962 UHF began to be allocated to everyone else and new tvs had to be sold to show those channels |
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Television in Jackson Missippii in the 60's they showed nothing about the civil rights movement and employed no black people. In 1966 they came up for renewal and they were protested by the United Church of Christ
--UCC not allowed in due to rule that only pwople with financial interest allowed in} went to court and they allowed it
---Allowed into proceeding to testify and FCC still renewed the license'
---Went back to court, and the courts said that was not right and notin the public best interest to ignore such a large portion of the stations viewing audience & the FCC must take into account the broadcasters hiring practices
---Displeased industry called it Communism
-- First station to not be renewed due to racial employment practices |
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Television invented by the Japanese and Europeans that allowed for higher def tv by adding the amount of lines that can be viewed when watching tv; makes a clearer picture
--- In 1988 FCC passed a regulation law that all technology had to be compatible with modern tech.(fear of the Europeans and Japanese taking over tv market)
---This shows how the FCC will regulate the industry to protect American interests (they kept foreign competition out until the US market was ready, and are now using their power to mandate a changeover to HDTV) |
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Janet JAckson wardrobe malfunction; over 1 million complaints received; Even though the Chairman was anti-regulation it cause him to change his stance and fine CBS for the fault
--- Shows how public pressure can influence the FCC to regulate
---Bono and the Fuck word 2004 |
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National Association of Broadcasters; Trade association of people that own TV and radio stations, Extremely active in Washington, in 2003 168 mil spent on lobbying
--- in 2004 spent 1.8 on Bush and 1.1 on Kerry |
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Motion Picture Association of America; Trade association of Movie Producers and dominated by studios; two HQs one HW and Washington
--- VEryu effective lobbyimng organization
--- sneak peek at movies
--- movie phone in white house
--- Rep. bias |
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founded in 1989 by mostly actors
--2 goals; Educate artists about public policy, and supplies actors/actresses to testify before Congress
--Pres. Tim Daly and Goldwin
---Lobby in Washington, but more effective when Dem control the Congress |
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Plugg into tv and can record stuff
---1980s MPAA tried to lobby Congress to outlaw them or force them to pay a blanket residual fee
--Due to public pressure the Congress denied them |
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An exclusive right grand by law for a number of years that allows for control of its reproduction.
---Huck Finn
--- 1976 Copyright Law
--Fair Use |
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The use of emotional appeals to influence the opinion or belief of the audience to create public support during political controversies
--- victims & villians
-Save the Children |
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started in 196; in late 80's got Congress to pass a law of no more than 10 1/2 minutes of commercials/30 min
--- Also made the FCC look at a broadcaster use amount of children programming as a criteria for license renewal
---Regan Vetoed then approved by Bush
-- More effective in 88 than in 63 due to organized |
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1999 shooting at a high school in which a child went on a killing spree
---Dem though the villains were the gun corporation
---Rep thought the villians were Hollywood and its violent programming |
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Digital Media Consumer-Rights Act; made it illegal to traffic (buy or sell) any service designed to circumvent digital encryption systems
---Fair Use Loophole- if it is used for personal viewing it is ok only wrong to buy or sell it
--Real DVD |
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| People for the American Way |
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Founded by Norman Lear (Jewish), he was the creator of All in the Family and God Times, in 1981
---Recruited all religions, Catholic, Protestant, etc.
---Created ads for religious rights done by Hollywood artists for Union Scale |
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Supreme Court Justice Nominated by President Reagan. Lear used the Org People for the American way to run ads against the justice due to his conservative paper trail
---Teamed up with feminist orgs, civil rights people, etc.
--- Bork was not appointed
--Research showed that the People for the American Way didn't cause it he wouldn't have won anyway, but they got the credit |
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founded in 1990 by Lear and other actorsEnvironmental Media Association; A branch of the People for the American Way;
--- tried to include helping the environment in scripting and held weekly symposiums on the topic
--- Intended to use families as engines of change in helping the environment |
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19997 sitcom stariing Ellen; her character was a heterosexual woman trying to come out of the closet
---formula; 1 strong central character that is emotionally vulnerable 2. work in story structure (in Ellen humor)
--- Entire point of the show was to emphasize with Ellen and her Homosexuality
--Successful in getting the message out to tv producers that ore gayness needs to be on tv
---show flopped and canceled later due to it focusing on gayness more than entertaining its audience |
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