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PNS Physiology
Anatomy - PNS Physiology
98
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/13/2009

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Cards

Term
1. What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Definition
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Term
2. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Term
3. Where are somatic receptors located?
Definition
skin, muscles, and joints
Term
4. What are two types of somatic receptors?
Definition
exteroceptors and proprioceptors
Term
5. What type of receptors detect changes at the body surface and muscles?
Definition
exteroceptors
Term
6. What type of receptors detect changes in muscles, tendons, and body position?
Definition
proprioceptors
Term
7. Give 3 examples of exteroceptors.
Definition
touch receptor, pressure receptor, and pain receptor
Term
8. Give 2 examples of proprioceptors.
Definition
golgi tendon organs, stretch receptor
Term
9. What is the name for the autonomic receptors and where are they located?
Definition
visceroceptors/located in the viscera
Term
10. Give three examples of visceroceptors.
Definition
baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and pain receptor
Term
11. What are some changes in the viscera that a visceroceptor might detect?
Definition
blood pressure, oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, pain
Term
12. What are 3 functions of all receptors?
Definition
1. absorb energy from a stimulus 2. transduce energy of stimulus into electrical energy 3. produce a receptor potential
Term
13. A receptor potential is proportional to what _________?
Definition
the intensity of the stimulus
Term
14. If the receptor potential is great enough to reach threshold, what happens?
Definition
an action potential is produced
Term
15. The frequency of action potentials produced from receptor potentials is proportional to what?
Definition
the intensity of the stimulus
Term
16. When a doctor taps on your knee to check your reflexes, what receptor is detecting the stimulus?
Definition
proprioceptor (somatic receptor)
Term
17. What happens to an action potential produced from a receptor?
Definition
it travels to the CNS to be interpreted
Term
18. What would happen to a receptor if it was receiving a constant stimulus?
Definition
sensory adaptation
Term
19. What happens to action potentials produced by receptors undergoing sensory adaptation?
Definition
they slow down or stop over time
Term
20. What is the name for the receptors that cannot adapt to a constant stimulus very well?
Definition
tonic receptors
Term
21. What is the name for the receptors that can adapt to a constant stimulus?
Definition
phasic receptors
Term
22. What type of receptors can be phasic receptors?
Definition
temperature and pressure receptors
Term
23. Are the efferent motor neurons that arise from anterior horn myelinated?
Definition
yes
Term
24. What type of neurotransmitter is released from somatic motor neurons?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
25. The acetylcholine released from somatic motor neurons binds to what on what?
Definition
binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle
Term
26. Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Definition
voluntary
Term
27. Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Definition
involuntary
Term
28. What are the effectors in the somatic nervous system?
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
29. What are the effectors in the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Term
30. In the somatic nervous system, how many efferent neurons are there from the CNS to the effector?
Definition
1
Term
31. In the autonomic nervous system, how many efferent neurons are there from the CNS to the effector?
Definition
2
Term
32. In the autonomic nervous system, what type of neurons arise from the CNS?
Definition
preganglionic neurons
Term
33. In the autonomic nervous system, what type of neurons synapse with preganglionic neurons?
Definition
postganglionic neurons
Term
34. Are preganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?
Definition
myelinated
Term
35. Are postganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?
Definition
unmyelinated
Term
36. Neurons forming part of the sympathetic nervous system come from what spinal levels?
Definition
thoracic and lumbar regions (T1 - L2)
Term
37. Cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located where?
Definition
lateral horn of the spinal chord
Term
38. In the sympathetic division, are the preganglionic neurons short or long?
Definition
short
Term
39. In the sympathetic division, cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons are located where?
Definition
in ganglia
Term
40. What is the name for the series of ganglia located along the length of the vertebral column?
Definition
paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain
Term
41. What is the name for the ganglia located in the abdomen that is part of the sympathetic division?
Definition
collateral ganglia
Term
42. What is the one structure that is innervated directly by the preganglionic neuron?
Definition
adrenal gland
Term
43. In the sympathetic division, what is the neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic neuron?
Definition
acetylcholine (called a cholinergic neuron)
Term
44. In the sympathetic division, what is the neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neuron?
Definition
norepinephrine/noradrenaline (called an adrenergic neuron)
Term
45. In the sympathetic division, the acetylcholine binds to what type of recptors on the postganglionic neuron?
Definition
nicotinic receptors
Term
46. In the sympathetic division, the norepinephrine/noradrenaline binds to what type of receptors on the effector?
Definition
alph receptors and beta receptors
Term
47. In the sympathetic division there is an exception: what structure has muscarinic receptors that bind to acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron?
Definition
eccrine sweat glands
Term
48. Are alpha-1 receptors excitatory, inhibitory, or both?
Definition
both
Term
49. Alpha-1 receptors are inhibitory for the digestive system, so activation of these would cause what?
Definition
relaxation of digestive tract (decrease in GI motility)
Term
50. Alpha-1 receptors are excitatory for most blood vessels, so activation of these would cause what?
Definition
vasoconstriction
Term
51. What drug is an alpha-1 agonist?
Definition
phenylephrine
Term
52. If someone had a stuffy nose, what drug would they take and what could be a side effect of that drug?
Definition
phenylephrine - can raise blood pressure bc. of vasoconstriction
Term
53. Which alpha-1 antagonist is used to treat high blood pressure?
Definition
vasomax
Term
54. Which alpha-1 antagonist is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Definition
flomax (it causes relaxation of the smooth muscle in the urethra)
Term
55. Are alpha-2 receptors mainly excitatory, inhibitory, or both?
Definition
mainly inhibitory
Term
56. What is the function of the alpha-2 receptors?
Definition
they inhibit the release of norepinephrine
Term
57. Where would you find alpha-2 receptors?
Definition
on the postganglionic neuron (negative feedback system on itself)
Term
58. Are beta-1 receptors excitatory, inhbitory, or both?
Definition
mainly excitatory
Term
59. Activtion of the beta-1 receptors would cause what?
Definition
increased heart rate and increased heart contractility
Term
60. What drug would you give someone to treat high blood pressure, arrythmias, and angina?
Definition
Lopressor
Term
61. What drugs act as beta-1 antagonists?
Definition
Lopressor and Inderal
Term
62. What drug is both a beta-1 and a beta-2 antagonist?
Definition
Inderal
Term
63. Are beta-2 receptors excitatory, inhibitory, or both?
Definition
mainly inhibitory
Term
64. Activation of the beta-2 receptors would cause what to happen in the lungs?
Definition
bronchodilation (relaxation of bronchioles)
Term
65. Activation of the beta-2 receptors would cause what to happen to the blood vessels going to the heart and brain?
Definition
vasodilation
Term
66. What drug is a beta-2 agonist?
Definition
Albuterol and Isuprel
Term
67. What drug would you give to someone with asthma?
Definition
albuterol
Term
68. What drug would you give to someone with a history of asthma that needs help with their high blood pressure?
Definition
vasomax
Term
69. Would you ever give a beta blocker to someone with asthma?
Definition
no
Term
70. In the parasympathetic division, where do the preganglionic neurons originate from?
Definition
from cranial nerves (brainstem) and sacral spinal region
Term
71. Where does 75% of all parasympathetic output come from?
Definition
the vagus nerve (CN X)
Term
72. What do the pelvic nerves from the sacral region innervate?
Definition
large intestine, urinary system, and reproductive system
Term
73. In the parasympathetic division, are preganglionic neurons short or long?
Definition
long
Term
74. In the parasympathetic division, are postganglionic neurons short or long?
Definition
short
Term
75. In the parasympathetic division, where would you find cell bodies of preganglionic neurons?
Definition
in brainstem or lateral horn of sacral spinal cord
Term
76. In the parasympathetic division, where would you find cell bodies of postganglionic neurons?
Definition
in terminal ganglia
Term
77. In the parasympathetic division, what neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic neuron?
Definition
acetylcholine (cholinergic neurons)
Term
78. In the parasympathetic division, what neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic neuron?
Definition
acetlycholine (cholinergic neurons)
Term
79. In the parasympathetic division, acetylcholine from the preganglionic neuron binds to what type of receptors on the postganglionic neuron?
Definition
nicotinic receptors
Term
80. In the parasympathetic division, acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron binds to what type of receptors on the effector?
Definition
muscarinic receptors
Term
81. Are muscarinic receptors slower or faster than nicotinic receptors?
Definition
slower
Term
82. Are muscarinic receptors excitatory, inhibitory, or both?
Definition
both (it depends on the organ they are located on)
Term
83. What two drugs are muscarinic antagonists?
Definition
Atropine and Ditropan
Term
84. What drug is a muscarinic agonist?
Definition
Pilocarpine
Term
85. What drug would you give to someone if you wanted to dilate their pupils and what side effect may you see?
Definition
Atropine and would see increased heart rate
Term
86. What drug would you give to Walter to help him with his urinary frequency and incontinence?
Definition
Ditropan
Term
87. What drug is used to treat glaucoma?
Definition
Pilocarpine
Term
88. What drug causes the urethral sphincter to contract and the bladder to relax?
Definition
Ditropan
Term
89. What drug causes drainage of the aqueous humor?
Definition
Pilocarpine
Term
90. What type of reflexes regulate the autonomic nervous system, and give an example?
Definition
autonomic reflexes / baroreceptors (effect on heart rate and contractility)
Term
91. If the baroreceptors detected an increase in blood pressure, what would be stimulated and what would be inhibited?
Definition
stimulate parasympathetics and inhibit sympathetics
Term
92. If the barorecpetors detected a low blood pressure, what would be stimulated and what would be inhibited?
Definition
stimulate sympathetics and inhibit parasympathetics
Term
93. What structures influence the preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
cerebrum, limbic system, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord
Term
94. Where are autonomic reflex centers located?
Definition
in brainstem and spinal cord
Term
95. What reflex centers are located in the brainstem?
Definition
heart rate, blood pressure, coughing, breathing
Term
96. What reflex centers are located in the sacral spinal cord?
Definition
defecation, urination, erection, and ejaculation
Term
97. What structures do not receive parasympathetics?
Definition
most vascular smooth muscle, adrenal glands, sweat glands, and arrector pilli muscles
Term
98. How do you control activity of the structures that are not innervated by parasympathetic neurons?
Definition
by increasing or decreasing sympathetic activity
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