Term
| The Number of Spinal Nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of Intervertabral Foramen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consistant structures of a spinal nerve |
|
Definition
Anterior (ventral) spinal nerve roots
Posterior (dorsal) spinal nerve roots
Anterior primary rami
Posterior primary rami
Recurrent meningeal nerve |
|
|
Term
Which rami form somatic plexuses? (ventral or dorsal)
ie. cervical, brachial, lumbosacral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerves that carry autonomic fibers |
|
Definition
CN III, VII, IX, and X
and spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Nerves carrying parasympathetic fibers |
|
Definition
CN III, VII, IX, and X
S2-S4 |
|
|
Term
| Is Constrictor Pupillae controlled by Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Vessels and glands are controlled by: parasympathetic or sympathetic? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic (influencing all tissues in the body) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves contributing to the sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of the primary olfactory Neurons |
|
Definition
| the olfactory mucosa (Bowman's Membrane) |
|
|
Term
| Location of the secondary olfactory neurons |
|
Definition
| Olfactory bulb (which is the nucleus of termination) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ganglionic layer of the retina. |
|
|
Term
| Apparent origin of oculomotor nerve |
|
Definition
| the interpeduncular fossa |
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trochlear nerve apparent origin |
|
Definition
| dorsal side of the midbrain. |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apparent origins of trigeminal nerve |
|
Definition
| located on the sides of the pons |
|
|
Term
| Apperent origin for abducent nerve |
|
Definition
| the anterosuperial aspect of the Medulla Oblongata (inferior pontine sulcus) |
|
|
Term
| Apparent origin of facial nerve |
|
Definition
| In the sulcus between the olive and the restiform body (lateral bundle of inferior cerebellar peduncle) |
|
|
Term
| Apparent origin of the vestibularcochlear nerve |
|
Definition
| immediately lateral to the facial nerve between the olive and the resiform body |
|
|
Term
| Glosopharyngeal nerve apparent origin |
|
Definition
| Immediately caudal to the vestibulocochlear nerve between the olive and restiform body. |
|
|
Term
| Apperent origin of the hypoglossal nerve |
|
Definition
| anterolateral sulcus of the MO between the pyramids and the olive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerves with parasympathetic nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The location of the cell bodies of upper motor neurons |
|
Definition
the precentral gyrus (broadman area #4)
forms motor homunculus |
|
|
Term
| Path of upper motor neurons |
|
Definition
From precentral gyrus they:
1. Pass through the corona radiata and the Genu of the internal capsule
2. Decussate in the brain stem
3. Synapse with the lower motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Lower motor neurons cell body locations |
|
Definition
CN: brain stem
SN: anterior gray column of spinal cord (ventral horn, these are the nuclei of origin) |
|
|
Term
Upper Motor Lesions
Clinical Manifestations |
|
Definition
Spastic paralysis
Hyper reflexia
hyper tonicity
clonus
Positive Babinski sign |
|
|
Term
Lower Motor Neuron Lesion
Clinical Manifestations |
|
Definition
Flaccid paralysis
hypo-reflexia
hypo-tonicity
atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Primary somaesthetic neurons |
|
Definition
1 pseudo unipolar neurons
2 in a sensory ganglion in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| Secondary sensory neurons |
|
Definition
1) In CNS
2) Decussate
3) Join the spinothalamic tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Located in the ventral thalamic nucleas
2) Send fibers through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, then to the corona radiata to the postcentral gyrus (Broadman #1,2,3) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the conscious correlation between motor and sensory pathways and memorization acheived? |
|
Definition
| In the cerebral cortex by interneurons |
|
|
Term
| What CN is often describedas an extension of the CNS? |
|
Definition
The olfactory nerve
(Optic Nerve is also considered an extension of the brain) |
|
|
Term
| Primary Olfactory Neurons |
|
Definition
Bipolar
Found in olfactory epithelium (mucosa) on superior nasal concha and ethmoidal perpendicular plate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bundles of nerve fibers (axons) of olfactory neurons. (there are 15-20 Fila Olfactoria) |
|
|
Term
| What do the fila olfactoria pass through on their way to the olfactory bulb? |
|
Definition
| Openings in the cribriform plate. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Olfactory Neurons |
|
Definition
Mainly Mitral Cells (some tufted cells)
Form the nucleus of termination in the olfactory bulb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Capsule like structures in the olfactory bulb.
Formed by synapses between the primary and secondary olfactory neurons |
|
|
Term
| Where do fibers from the secondary olfactory neurons go? |
|
Definition
| Pass through the olfactory tract (stalk). |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory tract eventually becomes... |
|
Definition
| The olfactory trigone(which is located on the anterior perforated substance) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the medial striae go? |
|
Definition
| Ends in relation to the subcallosal area (consisting of parolfactory area and paraterminal area) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the subcallosal area with the parahyppocampal gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Where does the lateral stria go? |
|
Definition
| Passes to the parahippocampal gyrus, amigdaloid body, uncus (Broadman 34) and piriform area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to olfactory system can cause |
|
Definition
hyposmia (diminished sense of smell)
anosmia (no sense of smell) |
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons make up the optic nerve |
|
Definition
| Multipolar neurons (in the ganglionic layer) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three walls of the eye ball? |
|
Definition
the fibrous tunic
the vascular tunic
the internal (sensory) tunic of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sclera occupies 4/5ths to maintain the shape of the eye (sclera similar to tunica albuginia)
Cornea occupies the anterior 1/5th and is transperent |
|
|
Term
| Vascular tunic (uvea) forms: |
|
Definition
1) iris in the anterior part
2) ciliary body in the anterolateral part
3) choroidea in the posterior part |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the internal (sensory) layer of the eye or retina |
|
Definition
1) internal limiting membrane
2) layer of nerve fiber
3) ganglionic layer of the retina
4) inner plexiform layer
5) inner nuclear layer
6) outer plexiform layer
7) external nuclear layer
8) external limiting membrane
9) rods and cones (jacob's membrane)
10) pigmented epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Supporting cells in retina |
|
Definition
1) Glial cells of Muller: vertical cells between internal and external limiting membranes
2) Horizontal cells: transversly in outer plexiform layer
4)Amacrine cells transversely in inner plexiform layer |
|
|
Term
| Where do the optic nerve fibers converge in the eyeball? |
|
Definition
the optic pappila (disc)
(this is the blindspot) |
|
|
Term
| Where in the heck is the optic papilla (disc) |
|
Definition
| just medial to the posterior central axis (posterior pole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very thin portion of the choroid and sclera where the nerve fibers penetrate (traveling from the optic disc) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the optic nerve enter the cranial cavity? |
|
Definition
| Through the optic canal in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| Tell me about the optic chiasma |
|
Definition
1) formed by the right and left optic nerves
2) Optic fibers from the nasal half of both eyes deccussate here. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the optic tracts run from the optic chiasma? |
|
Definition
| Run around the cerebral peduncles to the lateral geniculate bodies. |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the optic tracts> |
|
Definition
1) Optic fibers from the lateral half of the eye on the same side
2) the nasal half of the eye on the other side |
|
|
Term
| Optic nerve Nuclei of termination |
|
Definition
1) lateral geniulate body (primary)
2) Brodmann area 17 (including cuneus gyrus) as optic radiation
3) the pretectal nucleus (reflex movement for sphincter pupillae)
4) Superior Colliculus (reflex movement of head and neck) |
|
|
Term
| What is involved with the reflex movement of the neck and head associated with the occulomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
| The nuclei of the ocular muscles (and the ventral collum of the cervical cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Connnect right and left cortical centers of vision
2) form major ferceps (forceps posticus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes tunnel vision? |
|
Definition
| peripheral degeneration of the visual field. |
|
|
Term
| What are the nuclei of origin for the oculomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
1) five somatic nuclei for the five extrinsic eye muscles
2) the nucleus of Endinger-Westphal (The accessory oculomotor nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the nuclei of origin for CN III located? |
|
Definition
| on the ventral side of the cerebral aqueduct near the third ventrical in the midbrain. |
|
|
Term
| What is the path for the fibers from the oculomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
1)They pass through the tegmentum, red nucleus, and medial part of the substantia nigra to emmerge in the oculomotor sulcus (just medial to the cerebral peduncle)
2) Passes forward through CSF of interpeduncular sistern
3)Passes through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and through the superior orbital fissure. |
|
|
Term
| Splitting of the oculomotor nerve |
|
Definition
splits into
1) Superior ramus (which divides into the nerve for the levator palpebrae superioris and the nerve to the superior orbital rectus)
2) Inferior ramus (divides into the nerves to medial orbital rectus, inferior rectus, inferior obliq, and a visceral branch from Edinger Westphal nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the visceral branch from the Edinger Westphal Nucleus go? |
|
Definition
1) They Synapse in the ciliary gangliion
2) The Postganglionic fibers (short ciliary nerves) innervate the ciliary body and the constrictor pupilae muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What are the communications of the occulomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
1) Ophthalmic nerve for the proprioceptive fibers from the 5 extrinsic eye muscles
2) Cavernous plexus for the vasomotor nerves
(these communications take place on the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus) |
|
|
Term
| The cortical center for the oculomotor nerve |
|
Definition
Superior frontal gyrus (BA 8)
(controls congjugate eye movement with CN IV, and VI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the superior oblique muscle |
|
|
Term
| Nucleus of origin for the trochlear nerve |
|
Definition
| Nucleus of the trochlear nerve (located in midbrain, anterior side of the cerebral aquaduct even with the inferior colliculus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the only cranial nerve to leave the brain stem at its dorsal aspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Path of the trochlear nerve |
|
Definition
1)pass posterior through the tegmentum of the mesencephalon
2) decussate with the opposite trochlear nerve in the tectum
3) leave thee midbrain at the lower margin of the inferior colliculi
4) Decends in the subarachnoid space, entering dura mater at cerebellar tentorium, continuing to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.
5) Enters orbit through the superior orbital fissure. |
|
|
Term
| What does the trochlear nerve communicate with? |
|
Definition
1) The ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal (from the Gasserian or trigeminal ganglion)(for for proprioceptive fibers of superior oblique)
2) With the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic nerve (for blood vessel of S.O. muscle) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cortical center for the trochlear nerve? |
|
Definition
The Superior frontal gyrus (BM 8)
(with CN III, and IV) |
|
|
Term
| What would a lesion affecting the trochlear nerve cause? |
|
Definition
| The eye would be unable to look down and out. |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four primary mastication muscles (and which CN is their daddy?)? |
|
Definition
| Temporalis, pterigoid internus, pterigoid externus, and masseter (trigeminal) |
|
|
Term
| Which deglutition muscles are innervated by CN V? |
|
Definition
Anterior Belly Digastric
Mylohyoid |
|
|
Term
| Name all the muscles innervated by CN V |
|
Definition
1) temporalis
2) pterigoid internus
3) Pterigoid externus
4) Anterior Belly digastric
5) Mylohyoid
6) Tensor veli palatini
7) tensor tympani |
|
|
Term
| What is the apparent origin of the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
| upper lateral border of the pons |
|
|
Term
| Where do the sensory fibers for the sensory portion of CN V origionate? |
|
Definition
the Gasserion
AKA trigeminal
AKA semilunar ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons make up the sensory portion of CN V? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Gasserian ganglion located> |
|
Definition
| the dura mater fold on the trigeminal impression of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest sensory ganglion in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the central processes (axons) from the gasserian ganglion synapse? |
|
Definition
1) Mesencephalic Nucleus (lateral to cerebral aquaduct, anterior to the colliculi)
2) The Pontine Nucleus (in the mid pons)
3) The spinal Nucleus (in the MO, continuous with substantia gelatinosa of Roland) |
|
|
Term
| Which CN's make use of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the ophthalmic (V1) nerve arise? |
|
Definition
| the anteromedial part of the trigeminal ganglion. |
|
|
Term
| Within the cavernous sinus, where is the ophthalmic nerve compared to the oculomotor and trochlear nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve, trigeminal? |
|
Definition
lacrimal n.
frontal n.
nasociliary
(it also supplies a recurrent meningial branch adhering to the trochlear nerve to tentorium cerebelli) |
|
|
Term
| What does the lacrimal nerve, ophthalmic, trigeminal do? |
|
Definition
enters orbit through superior orbital fissure
innervates the lacrimal gland and conjunctiva
(recieves a branch ofthe zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary nerve as secretomotor fibers) |
|
|
Term
| Size order of the branches of ophthalmic division trigeminal |
|
Definition
Frontal (largest)
Nasociliary
lacrimal (smallest) |
|
|
Term
| How does the frontal N, ophthalmic D, Trigeminal enter the orbit? |
|
Definition
| SOPHIA! (above levator palpebrae superioris) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the frontal nerve, ophthalmic division, trigeminal |
|
Definition
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supratrochlear nerve, frontal nerve, opthalmic division, trigeminal
1) above trochlea and superior oblique
2) gives off branch to infratrochlear nerve of nasociliary nerve
3) emerges on the forehead
4) Supplies conjuctiva and skin of upper eyelid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supraorbital nerve, frontal nerve, opthalmic division, trigeminal.
1) emerges on forhead through SOPHIA
2) ascends and divides to supply skin of scalp up to lamdoid suture and frontal sinus mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasociliary nerve, frontal nerve, opthalmic division, trigeminal
1) enters orbit through the medial part of the superior orbital fissure within the common tendinous ring.
2) Gives off the anterior ethmoidal branch
3) Communicates with ciliary ganglion and gives off long ciliary nerves
4) Gives off infratrochlear nerve
5) fives off posterior ethmoidal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Anterior ethmoidal branch, nasociliary nerve, frontal nerve, ophthalmic division, trigeminal |
|
Definition
Supplies two internal nasal branches
Supplies skin of the ala, apex, and nasal vestibule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Distribute to the ciliary body, iris, and cornea
2) Contain sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Branch of nasociliary nerve
escaped orbit to suply skin of eyelids and side of nose, conjunctiva, lacrimal sac, and lacrimal caruncle |
|
|
Term
| Posterior ethmoidal nerve |
|
Definition
branch of nasociliary nerve
leaves orbit through posterior ethmoidal foramen
supplies ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses. |
|
|
Term
| What is the intermediate nerve of the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
| The maxillary is the intermediate division in size and position. |
|
|
Term
| How does the Maxillary nerve leave the skull? |
|
Definition
| Foramen Rotundum (it enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the maxillary nerve in the cranium |
|
Definition
| 1) Meningeal (middle meningeal) nerve |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the Maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa |
|
Definition
ganglionic nerve
zygomatic nerve
posterior superior alveolar nerve |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the Maxillary nerve in the infraorbital canal |
|
Definition
middle superior alveolar nerve
anterior superior alveolar nerve |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the Maxillary nerve in the face |
|
Definition
palpebral branch
nasal branch
superior labial branch |
|
|
Term
| Where is the meningial nerve given off? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What communications does the meningeal nerve receive? |
|
Definition
| from the internal carotid sympathetic plexus |
|
|
Term
| What does the meningeal nerve supply? |
|
Definition
| the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ganglionic N, Maxillary D, Trigeminal N
1) Secretomotor fibers for the lacrimal gland
2) Sensory from orbital periosteum and mucous membrain of nose, palate, and pharynx. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divides into the zygomaticotemporal nerve and the zygomaticofacial nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Parasympathetic nerve to the lacrimal gland
Supplies skin of the temple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supplies skin on the prominence of the cheek |
|
|
Term
| What holes do the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerve pass through? |
|
Definition
| The zygomaticofacial foramen and the zygomaticotemporal foramen of the zygomatic bone. |
|
|
Term
| Middle superior alveolar nerve |
|
Definition
Supplies the upper premolar teeth
(through the superior dental plexus) |
|
|
Term
| Anterior superior alveolar nerve |
|
Definition
Supplies the incisor and canine teeth
(through the superior dental plexus)
(Also gives off another branch, the nasal branch supplying mucous membrane of the anterior part of the lateral wall and floor of the nasal cavity) |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the skin of the lower eyelid? |
|
Definition
| The palpebral nerves, infraorbital nerve, Maxillary division trigeminal |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the skin of the side of the nose and the front part of the nasal septum? |
|
Definition
| The nasal nerves, Infraorbital nerve, Maxillary division, trigeminal. |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the skin of the anterior part of the cheek, the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and the labial glands? |
|
Definition
| The superior labial nerve, infraornital nerve, ophthalmic division, trigeminal |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest peripheral ganglion of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| The Pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Placed in the pterygopalatine fossa close to the sphenopalatine foramen and in front of the pterygoid canal. |
|
|
Term
| The three roots of the pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
Definition
Sympathetic visceral root (from the superior cervical ganglion)
Parasympathetic root (from facial nerve)
Somatic sensory root (from pterygopalatine nerves of the maxillary nerve) |
|
|
Term
| The roots of the mandibular nerve |
|
Definition
Large sensory root (from trigeminal ganglion)
Small motor root (passes through trigeminal ganglion, unites with sensory root) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the mandibular nerve trigeminal |
|
Definition
1)meningeal branch (nervus spinosis)
2) Nerve to medial pterygoid
3) The Buccal nerve
4) The masseteric nerve
5) The deep temporal nerve
6) the nerve to the lateral pterygoid
7) the auriculotemporal nerve
8) the lingual nerve
9) the inferior alveolar nerve |
|
|
Term
| What does the meningeal nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa (enters skull through foramen spinosum) |
|
|
Term
| What, besides the medial pterygoid muscle, does the nerve to the medial pterygoid innervate? |
|
Definition
| tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the skin over the anterior part of the buccinator and mucous membrane on the inner surface and posterior part of the buccal surface of the gum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the masseteric nerve do? |
|
Definition
1) It crosses the posterior part of the mandibular incisure with the masseteric artery
2) gives a filament to the temporomandibular joint. |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the auriculotemporal nerve |
|
Definition
1) anterior auricular nerve (supply skin of the tragus)
2) Branches to the skin of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane
3) Articular branches (temporomandibular joint)
4) Parotid branches (secretomotor to parotid gland from glossopharyngeal nerve)
5) superficial temporal nerves (skin of temporal region) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the inferior alveolar nerve |
|
Definition
Mylohyoid nerve (supplies mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscle)
2) branches to molar and premolar teeth (form inferior dental plexus)
3) Incisive nerve supplies canine and incisor teeth
4) mental nerve (emerges from mental foramen, supplies skin of the chin and skin & mucous membrane of lower lip) |
|
|
Term
| What is sensory to the mucous membrane of the pre-sulcal part of the tongue and to the floor of the mouth and the mandibular gums? |
|
Definition
| The mental nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mandibular division, trigeminal |
|
|
Term
| Cortical centers of trigeminal nerve |
|
Definition
1) Sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus BMA 1,2,3)
2) Motor cortex (lower lateral precentral gyrus BMA 4) |
|
|
Term
| Pain in ear can be cause by a... |
|
Definition
| carious tooth in the mandible |
|
|
Term
| Pain from an ulcer or cancer of the tongue radiates to the... |
|
Definition
| ear and temporal fossa over the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve. |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the lateral rectus muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the fibers fo CN VI arise? |
|
Definition
| The nucleus of the abducens nerve (floor of the rhomboid fossa beneath the colliculis facialis) |
|
|
Term
| Result of damage to abducens nerve |
|
Definition
| medial or convergent squint (converging strabismus) |
|
|
