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PNS 1
Hong PNS, overview and Cranial Nerves, StacheNotes
144
Anatomy
Graduate
07/18/2011

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Term
The Number of Spinal Nerves
Definition
31 pairs
Term
Number of Intervertabral Foramen
Definition
25 pairs
Term
Consistant structures of a spinal nerve
Definition
Anterior (ventral) spinal nerve roots
Posterior (dorsal) spinal nerve roots
Anterior primary rami
Posterior primary rami
Recurrent meningeal nerve
Term
Which rami form somatic plexuses? (ventral or dorsal)
ie. cervical, brachial, lumbosacral
Definition
Ventral Primary rami
Term
Nerves that carry autonomic fibers
Definition
CN III, VII, IX, and X
and spinal nerves
Term
Nerves carrying parasympathetic fibers
Definition
CN III, VII, IX, and X
S2-S4
Term
Is Constrictor Pupillae controlled by Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
Blood Vessels and glands are controlled by: parasympathetic or sympathetic?
Definition
Sympathetic (influencing all tissues in the body)
Term
Nerves contributing to the sympathetic nervous system
Definition
T1-L2(L3)
Term
Location of the primary olfactory Neurons
Definition
the olfactory mucosa (Bowman's Membrane)
Term
Location of the secondary olfactory neurons
Definition
Olfactory bulb (which is the nucleus of termination)
Term
Optic Nerve arises from
Definition
the ganglionic layer of the retina.
Term
Apparent origin of oculomotor nerve
Definition
the interpeduncular fossa
Term
What is the smallest cranial nerve?
Definition
Trochlear N.
Term
Trochlear nerve apparent origin
Definition
dorsal side of the midbrain.
Term
What is the largest cranial nerve?
Definition
Trigeminal Nerve
Term
Apparent origins of trigeminal nerve
Definition
located on the sides of the pons
Term
Apperent origin for abducent nerve
Definition
the anterosuperial aspect of the Medulla Oblongata (inferior pontine sulcus)
Term
Apparent origin of facial nerve
Definition
In the sulcus between the olive and the restiform body (lateral bundle of inferior cerebellar peduncle)
Term
Apparent origin of the vestibularcochlear nerve
Definition
immediately lateral to the facial nerve between the olive and the resiform body
Term
Glosopharyngeal nerve apparent origin
Definition
Immediately caudal to the vestibulocochlear nerve between the olive and restiform body.
Term
Apperent origin of the hypoglossal nerve
Definition
anterolateral sulcus of the MO between the pyramids and the olive.
Term
Motor Cranial Nerves
Definition
III, IV, VI, XI, and XII
Term
Sensory Cranial Nerves
Definition
I, II, and VIII
Term
Mixed Cranial Nerves
Definition
V, VII, and IX, X
Term
Cranial Nerves with parasympathetic nerves.
Definition
III, VII, IX, X
Term
The location of the cell bodies of upper motor neurons
Definition
the precentral gyrus (broadman area #4)
forms motor homunculus
Term
Path of upper motor neurons
Definition
From precentral gyrus they:
1. Pass through the corona radiata and the Genu of the internal capsule
2. Decussate in the brain stem
3. Synapse with the lower motor neurons
Term
Lower motor neurons cell body locations
Definition
CN: brain stem
SN: anterior gray column of spinal cord (ventral horn, these are the nuclei of origin)
Term
Upper Motor Lesions
Clinical Manifestations
Definition
Spastic paralysis
Hyper reflexia
hyper tonicity
clonus
Positive Babinski sign
Term
Lower Motor Neuron Lesion
Clinical Manifestations
Definition
Flaccid paralysis
hypo-reflexia
hypo-tonicity
atrophy
Term
Primary somaesthetic neurons
Definition
1 pseudo unipolar neurons
2 in a sensory ganglion in the PNS
Term
Secondary sensory neurons
Definition
1) In CNS
2) Decussate
3) Join the spinothalamic tracts
Term
Tertiary sensory neurons
Definition
1) Located in the ventral thalamic nucleas
2) Send fibers through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, then to the corona radiata to the postcentral gyrus (Broadman #1,2,3)
Term
Where is the conscious correlation between motor and sensory pathways and memorization acheived?
Definition
In the cerebral cortex by interneurons
Term
What CN is often describedas an extension of the CNS?
Definition
The olfactory nerve
(Optic Nerve is also considered an extension of the brain)
Term
Primary Olfactory Neurons
Definition
Bipolar
Found in olfactory epithelium (mucosa) on superior nasal concha and ethmoidal perpendicular plate.
Term
Fila Olfactoria
Definition
Bundles of nerve fibers (axons) of olfactory neurons. (there are 15-20 Fila Olfactoria)
Term
What do the fila olfactoria pass through on their way to the olfactory bulb?
Definition
Openings in the cribriform plate.
Term
Secondary Olfactory Neurons
Definition
Mainly Mitral Cells (some tufted cells)
Form the nucleus of termination in the olfactory bulb
Term
Olfactory Glomeruli
Definition
Capsule like structures in the olfactory bulb.
Formed by synapses between the primary and secondary olfactory neurons
Term
Where do fibers from the secondary olfactory neurons go?
Definition
Pass through the olfactory tract (stalk).
Term
Olfactory tract eventually becomes...
Definition
The olfactory trigone(which is located on the anterior perforated substance)
Term
Where does the medial striae go?
Definition
Ends in relation to the subcallosal area (consisting of parolfactory area and paraterminal area)
Term
Cingular gyrus
Definition
connects the subcallosal area with the parahyppocampal gyrus
Term
Where does the lateral stria go?
Definition
Passes to the parahippocampal gyrus, amigdaloid body, uncus (Broadman 34) and piriform area
Term
Olfactory fibers lack...
Definition
any covering!
Term
Damage to olfactory system can cause
Definition
hyposmia (diminished sense of smell)
anosmia (no sense of smell)
Term
What type of neurons make up the optic nerve
Definition
Multipolar neurons (in the ganglionic layer)
Term
What are the three walls of the eye ball?
Definition
the fibrous tunic
the vascular tunic
the internal (sensory) tunic of the eye
Term
Fibrous tunic of the eye
Definition
Sclera occupies 4/5ths to maintain the shape of the eye (sclera similar to tunica albuginia)
Cornea occupies the anterior 1/5th and is transperent
Term
Vascular tunic (uvea) forms:
Definition
1) iris in the anterior part
2) ciliary body in the anterolateral part
3) choroidea in the posterior part
Term
Layers of the internal (sensory) layer of the eye or retina
Definition
1) internal limiting membrane
2) layer of nerve fiber
3) ganglionic layer of the retina
4) inner plexiform layer
5) inner nuclear layer
6) outer plexiform layer
7) external nuclear layer
8) external limiting membrane
9) rods and cones (jacob's membrane)
10) pigmented epithelium
Term
Supporting cells in retina
Definition
1) Glial cells of Muller: vertical cells between internal and external limiting membranes
2) Horizontal cells: transversly in outer plexiform layer
4)Amacrine cells transversely in inner plexiform layer
Term
Where do the optic nerve fibers converge in the eyeball?
Definition
the optic pappila (disc)
(this is the blindspot)
Term
Where in the heck is the optic papilla (disc)
Definition
just medial to the posterior central axis (posterior pole)
Term
Lamina cribrosa
Definition
very thin portion of the choroid and sclera where the nerve fibers penetrate (traveling from the optic disc)
Term
Where does the optic nerve enter the cranial cavity?
Definition
Through the optic canal in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
Term
Tell me about the optic chiasma
Definition
1) formed by the right and left optic nerves
2) Optic fibers from the nasal half of both eyes deccussate here.
Term
Where do the optic tracts run from the optic chiasma?
Definition
Run around the cerebral peduncles to the lateral geniculate bodies.
Term
What makes up the optic tracts>
Definition
1) Optic fibers from the lateral half of the eye on the same side
2) the nasal half of the eye on the other side
Term
Optic nerve Nuclei of termination
Definition
1) lateral geniulate body (primary)
2) Brodmann area 17 (including cuneus gyrus) as optic radiation
3) the pretectal nucleus (reflex movement for sphincter pupillae)
4) Superior Colliculus (reflex movement of head and neck)
Term
What is involved with the reflex movement of the neck and head associated with the occulomotor nerve?
Definition
The nuclei of the ocular muscles (and the ventral collum of the cervical cord)
Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
1)Connnect right and left cortical centers of vision
2) form major ferceps (forceps posticus)
Term
What causes hemianopia?
Definition
Optic tract lesion
Term
What causes hemianopsia?
Definition
Optic tract lesion.
Term
What causes tunnel vision?
Definition
peripheral degeneration of the visual field.
Term
What are the nuclei of origin for the oculomotor nerve?
Definition
1) five somatic nuclei for the five extrinsic eye muscles
2) the nucleus of Endinger-Westphal (The accessory oculomotor nucleus)
Term
Where are the nuclei of origin for CN III located?
Definition
on the ventral side of the cerebral aqueduct near the third ventrical in the midbrain.
Term
What is the path for the fibers from the oculomotor nerve?
Definition
1)They pass through the tegmentum, red nucleus, and medial part of the substantia nigra to emmerge in the oculomotor sulcus (just medial to the cerebral peduncle)
2) Passes forward through CSF of interpeduncular sistern
3)Passes through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and through the superior orbital fissure.
Term
Splitting of the oculomotor nerve
Definition
splits into
1) Superior ramus (which divides into the nerve for the levator palpebrae superioris and the nerve to the superior orbital rectus)
2) Inferior ramus (divides into the nerves to medial orbital rectus, inferior rectus, inferior obliq, and a visceral branch from Edinger Westphal nucleus)
Term
Where does the visceral branch from the Edinger Westphal Nucleus go?
Definition
1) They Synapse in the ciliary gangliion
2) The Postganglionic fibers (short ciliary nerves) innervate the ciliary body and the constrictor pupilae muscle.
Term
What are the communications of the occulomotor nerve?
Definition
1) Ophthalmic nerve for the proprioceptive fibers from the 5 extrinsic eye muscles
2) Cavernous plexus for the vasomotor nerves
(these communications take place on the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus)
Term
The cortical center for the oculomotor nerve
Definition
Superior frontal gyrus (BA 8)
(controls congjugate eye movement with CN IV, and VI)
Term
Smallest cranial nerve
Definition
Trochlear nerve!
Term
CN V innervates
Definition
the superior oblique muscle
Term
Nucleus of origin for the trochlear nerve
Definition
Nucleus of the trochlear nerve (located in midbrain, anterior side of the cerebral aquaduct even with the inferior colliculus)
Term
What is the only cranial nerve to leave the brain stem at its dorsal aspect?
Definition
The Trochlear Nerve
Term
Path of the trochlear nerve
Definition
1)pass posterior through the tegmentum of the mesencephalon
2) decussate with the opposite trochlear nerve in the tectum
3) leave thee midbrain at the lower margin of the inferior colliculi
4) Decends in the subarachnoid space, entering dura mater at cerebellar tentorium, continuing to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.
5) Enters orbit through the superior orbital fissure.
Term
What does the trochlear nerve communicate with?
Definition
1) The ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal (from the Gasserian or trigeminal ganglion)(for for proprioceptive fibers of superior oblique)
2) With the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic nerve (for blood vessel of S.O. muscle)
Term
What is the cortical center for the trochlear nerve?
Definition
The Superior frontal gyrus (BM 8)
(with CN III, and IV)
Term
What would a lesion affecting the trochlear nerve cause?
Definition
The eye would be unable to look down and out.
Term
What is the largest cranial nerve?
Definition
Trigeminal
Term
What are the four primary mastication muscles (and which CN is their daddy?)?
Definition
Temporalis, pterigoid internus, pterigoid externus, and masseter (trigeminal)
Term
Which deglutition muscles are innervated by CN V?
Definition
Anterior Belly Digastric
Mylohyoid
Term
Name all the muscles innervated by CN V
Definition
1) temporalis
2) pterigoid internus
3) Pterigoid externus
4) Anterior Belly digastric
5) Mylohyoid
6) Tensor veli palatini
7) tensor tympani
Term
What is the apparent origin of the trigeminal nerve?
Definition
upper lateral border of the pons
Term
Where do the sensory fibers for the sensory portion of CN V origionate?
Definition
the Gasserion
AKA trigeminal
AKA semilunar ganglion
Term
What type of neurons make up the sensory portion of CN V?
Definition
Pseudounipolar
Term
Where is the Gasserian ganglion located>
Definition
the dura mater fold on the trigeminal impression of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone
Term
What is the largest sensory ganglion in the body?
Definition
The Gasserian ganglion
Term
Where do the central processes (axons) from the gasserian ganglion synapse?
Definition
1) Mesencephalic Nucleus (lateral to cerebral aquaduct, anterior to the colliculi)
2) The Pontine Nucleus (in the mid pons)
3) The spinal Nucleus (in the MO, continuous with substantia gelatinosa of Roland)
Term
Which CN's make use of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve?
Definition
V, VII, IX, X
Term
Where does the ophthalmic (V1) nerve arise?
Definition
the anteromedial part of the trigeminal ganglion.
Term
Within the cavernous sinus, where is the ophthalmic nerve compared to the oculomotor and trochlear nerves?
Definition
Inferior!
Term
What are the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve, trigeminal?
Definition
lacrimal n.
frontal n.
nasociliary
(it also supplies a recurrent meningial branch adhering to the trochlear nerve to tentorium cerebelli)
Term
What does the lacrimal nerve, ophthalmic, trigeminal do?
Definition
enters orbit through superior orbital fissure
innervates the lacrimal gland and conjunctiva
(recieves a branch ofthe zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary nerve as secretomotor fibers)
Term
Size order of the branches of ophthalmic division trigeminal
Definition
Frontal (largest)
Nasociliary
lacrimal (smallest)
Term
How does the frontal N, ophthalmic D, Trigeminal enter the orbit?
Definition
SOPHIA! (above levator palpebrae superioris)
Term
Branches of the frontal nerve, ophthalmic division, trigeminal
Definition
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
Term
The supratrochlear nerve
Definition
supratrochlear nerve, frontal nerve, opthalmic division, trigeminal
1) above trochlea and superior oblique
2) gives off branch to infratrochlear nerve of nasociliary nerve
3) emerges on the forehead
4) Supplies conjuctiva and skin of upper eyelid
Term
Supraorbital nerve
Definition
supraorbital nerve, frontal nerve, opthalmic division, trigeminal.
1) emerges on forhead through SOPHIA
2) ascends and divides to supply skin of scalp up to lamdoid suture and frontal sinus mucosa
Term
Nasociliary Nerve
Definition
nasociliary nerve, frontal nerve, opthalmic division, trigeminal
1) enters orbit through the medial part of the superior orbital fissure within the common tendinous ring.
2) Gives off the anterior ethmoidal branch
3) Communicates with ciliary ganglion and gives off long ciliary nerves
4) Gives off infratrochlear nerve
5) fives off posterior ethmoidal nerve
Term
Anterior ethmoidal branch, nasociliary nerve, frontal nerve, ophthalmic division, trigeminal
Definition
Supplies two internal nasal branches
Supplies skin of the ala, apex, and nasal vestibule
Term
Long ciliary nerves
Definition
1) Distribute to the ciliary body, iris, and cornea
2) Contain sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion
Term
Infratrochlear nerve
Definition
Branch of nasociliary nerve
escaped orbit to suply skin of eyelids and side of nose, conjunctiva, lacrimal sac, and lacrimal caruncle
Term
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Definition
branch of nasociliary nerve
leaves orbit through posterior ethmoidal foramen
supplies ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses.
Term
What is the intermediate nerve of the trigeminal nerve?
Definition
The maxillary is the intermediate division in size and position.
Term
How does the Maxillary nerve leave the skull?
Definition
Foramen Rotundum (it enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure)
Term
Branches of the maxillary nerve in the cranium
Definition
1) Meningeal (middle meningeal) nerve
Term
Branches of the Maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
ganglionic nerve
zygomatic nerve
posterior superior alveolar nerve
Term
Branches of the Maxillary nerve in the infraorbital canal
Definition
middle superior alveolar nerve
anterior superior alveolar nerve
Term
Branches of the Maxillary nerve in the face
Definition
palpebral branch
nasal branch
superior labial branch
Term
Where is the meningial nerve given off?
Definition
near foramen rotundum
Term
What communications does the meningeal nerve receive?
Definition
from the internal carotid sympathetic plexus
Term
What does the meningeal nerve supply?
Definition
the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa.
Term
Ganglionic nerves
Definition
Ganglionic N, Maxillary D, Trigeminal N
1) Secretomotor fibers for the lacrimal gland
2) Sensory from orbital periosteum and mucous membrain of nose, palate, and pharynx.
Term
Zygomatic Nerve divides?
Definition
Divides into the zygomaticotemporal nerve and the zygomaticofacial nerves
Term
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Definition
Parasympathetic nerve to the lacrimal gland
Supplies skin of the temple
Term
Zygomaticofacial nerve
Definition
Supplies skin on the prominence of the cheek
Term
What holes do the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerve pass through?
Definition
The zygomaticofacial foramen and the zygomaticotemporal foramen of the zygomatic bone.
Term
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Definition
Supplies the upper premolar teeth
(through the superior dental plexus)
Term
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
Definition
Supplies the incisor and canine teeth
(through the superior dental plexus)
(Also gives off another branch, the nasal branch supplying mucous membrane of the anterior part of the lateral wall and floor of the nasal cavity)
Term
What supplies the skin of the lower eyelid?
Definition
The palpebral nerves, infraorbital nerve, Maxillary division trigeminal
Term
What supplies the skin of the side of the nose and the front part of the nasal septum?
Definition
The nasal nerves, Infraorbital nerve, Maxillary division, trigeminal.
Term
What supplies the skin of the anterior part of the cheek, the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and the labial glands?
Definition
The superior labial nerve, infraornital nerve, ophthalmic division, trigeminal
Term
What is the largest peripheral ganglion of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Definition
The Pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion.
Term
Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Definition
Placed in the pterygopalatine fossa close to the sphenopalatine foramen and in front of the pterygoid canal.
Term
The three roots of the pterygopalatine ganglion
Definition
Sympathetic visceral root (from the superior cervical ganglion)
Parasympathetic root (from facial nerve)
Somatic sensory root (from pterygopalatine nerves of the maxillary nerve)
Term
The roots of the mandibular nerve
Definition
Large sensory root (from trigeminal ganglion)
Small motor root (passes through trigeminal ganglion, unites with sensory root)
Term
Branches of the mandibular nerve trigeminal
Definition
1)meningeal branch (nervus spinosis)
2) Nerve to medial pterygoid
3) The Buccal nerve
4) The masseteric nerve
5) The deep temporal nerve
6) the nerve to the lateral pterygoid
7) the auriculotemporal nerve
8) the lingual nerve
9) the inferior alveolar nerve
Term
What does the meningeal nerve innervate?
Definition
the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa (enters skull through foramen spinosum)
Term
What, besides the medial pterygoid muscle, does the nerve to the medial pterygoid innervate?
Definition
tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
Term
What supplies the skin over the anterior part of the buccinator and mucous membrane on the inner surface and posterior part of the buccal surface of the gum?
Definition
The buccal nerve
Term
What does the masseteric nerve do?
Definition
1) It crosses the posterior part of the mandibular incisure with the masseteric artery
2) gives a filament to the temporomandibular joint.
Term
Branches of the auriculotemporal nerve
Definition
1) anterior auricular nerve (supply skin of the tragus)
2) Branches to the skin of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane
3) Articular branches (temporomandibular joint)
4) Parotid branches (secretomotor to parotid gland from glossopharyngeal nerve)
5) superficial temporal nerves (skin of temporal region)
Term
Branches of the inferior alveolar nerve
Definition
Mylohyoid nerve (supplies mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscle)
2) branches to molar and premolar teeth (form inferior dental plexus)
3) Incisive nerve supplies canine and incisor teeth
4) mental nerve (emerges from mental foramen, supplies skin of the chin and skin & mucous membrane of lower lip)
Term
What is sensory to the mucous membrane of the pre-sulcal part of the tongue and to the floor of the mouth and the mandibular gums?
Definition
The mental nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mandibular division, trigeminal
Term
Cortical centers of trigeminal nerve
Definition
1) Sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus BMA 1,2,3)
2) Motor cortex (lower lateral precentral gyrus BMA 4)
Term
Pain in ear can be cause by a...
Definition
carious tooth in the mandible
Term
Pain from an ulcer or cancer of the tongue radiates to the...
Definition
ear and temporal fossa over the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve.
Term
What supplies the lateral rectus muscle?
Definition
Abducens nerve
Term
Where do the fibers fo CN VI arise?
Definition
The nucleus of the abducens nerve (floor of the rhomboid fossa beneath the colliculis facialis)
Term
Result of damage to abducens nerve
Definition
medial or convergent squint (converging strabismus)
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