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PNB Exam 1
Exam 1
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/23/2011

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Term
Homeostasis
Definition
A dynamic steady state; NOT an equilibrium but "within narrow limits" and fluctuates around the set point
Term
Percentages of 2 Body Fluids
Definition
Intracellular Fluid 67%
Extracellular Fluid--
Interstitial (in between cells) 26%
Plasma (fluid of blood) 7%
Term
Components of a control mechanism
Definition
-Variable
-Need set point (set by controller)
-Sensor/Receptor
-Integration center/controller
-Effector (carries out response)
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
"Response of effector removes stimulus"; Closed loop; returns to set point & keeps conditions stable
Ex. Body temperature increases, start to sweat, body temperature lowers, stimulus goes away
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
"Response reinforces stimulus"
Also closed loop but it enhances stimulus (can promote useful change OR disaster), does NOT bring it back to set point
Ex. Bleeding causes chemicals to releases more chemicals to clot (enhancing stimulus), eventually bleeding stops but doesnt go back to what it was before.
Ex. Child birth, Cardiogenic shock *bad*, hypothermia
Term
Open Loop
Definition
"Feed forward"
Stimulus -> response, but no feedback.
Ex. Hungry, Stomach growls but hunger doesn't go away
Term
What happens if you put an ionic bond into water?
Definition
It separates into ions
Term
Hydrogen bonds in Water
Definition
The attractive force between hydrogen, the electronegative atom of one molecule, and the electronegative atom of another
Makes water sticky (and belly flops hurt because of the surface tension)
Term
Water's Importance to Life (6)
Definition
1. Solvent
2.Ionization (Ionic bonds separate into ions/electrolytes which can carry electricity)
3. Reactivity (Hydrolysis-to break apart with water, or Dehydration Synthesis-bring together by losing water)
4. High heat capacity/Thermal Inertia (It's hard to change temp, so for humans its good we are made of mostly water)
5. Lubrication
6. Cushion
Term
Cell Membrane Fluid Mosiac Model contains
Definition
-Amphipathic phospholipids (polar and nonpolar regions, polar ones form hydrogen bonds with water)
-Phosphate heads (hydrophilic,polar)
-Fatty acid tails (hydrophobic,nonpolar)
Term
When mixed with water, phospholipids...
Definition
SPONTANEOUSLY (no ATP needed!) form micelles/bilayers; helpful because cells can squeeze through the membrane and the phospho's will reassemble themselves)
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Steroid lipid; helps maintain proper fluidity and stability (makes oil on water more stable) in membrane; prevents phase change
Term
Peripheral Proteins
Definition
Proteins that attach to inner or outer face of membrane
Term
Integral Proteins
Definition
Proteins that protrude across membrane; include channels and carrier proteins
Term
Protein Channel
Definition
Channels are just tunnels with a gate that carrier proteins have to change their shape to get through
Term
Protein as.. (5)
Definition
1. Channels
2. Receptors
3. Transporters
4. Anchors
5. Enzymes
Term
4 Tissue types
Definition
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
Term
Basement Membrane
Definition
Attaches epithelia to underlying tissue from basal side
Term
Intercellular Junctions (4 types)
Definition
Bind epithelial cells together
1. Tight junctions
2. Gap junctions
3. Desmosomes
4. Hemidesmosomes
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Type of intracellular junction (in epithelial); mechanical junction;
literally connects cells by hooking them together
Term
Hemidesmosomes
Definition
Type of intracellular junction (in epithelial); mechanical junction;
Connect cells to basement membrane
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
Type of intracellular junction (in epithelial)
Use desmosomes but have extra layer of protection to make cell impermeable
Ex. In stomach, they keep acid from getting out
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
Type of intracellular junction (in epithelial); communicating junction
Allows ions to move so cells can communicate electrically
Ex. Cardiac cells
Term
Fibroblasts/Cytes
Definition
In Connective Tissue Proper
Blasts: make connective tissue matrix
Cytes: maintain CT matrix (still alive, just mature)
Term
Chondroblasts/cytes
Definition
In connective tissue specifically CARTILAGE
Blasts: make matrix
Cytes: maintain matrix
Term
Osteoblasts/cytes/clasts
Definition
In connective tissue specifically BONE
Blasts: make matrix, mainly collagen (NO MITOTIC POTENTIAL)
Cytes: maintain matrix, found in compact bone (NO MITOTIC POTENTIAL)
Clasts: breakdown bone using acids it secretes & enzymes break down collagen fibers, found in outer layer right below periosteum,
Term
Hemocytoblasts
Definition
In connective tissue specifically BLOOD; forms into various blood cells
Term
Matrix
Definition
Non living part of connective tissue; determines function;
Consists of protein fibers & polysaccharide ground substance
Term
3 Types of Fiber
Definition
1. Collagenous
2. Elastic
3. Reticular
Term
Scurvy
Definition
Defective collagen synthesis leads to lack in Vitamin C (causes loss of tensile strength)
Term
Hydroxyproline
Definition
Amino acid that strengthens the triple helix in collagen (rarely found in other proteins)
Term
Symptoms due to fragile collagen
Definition
-purpura (leakage of blood in small vessels)
-pinpoint bleeding (around nails,etc)
-Osteoid (matrix of bone) formation is defective which causes aching limbs
Term
3 Types of Collagen & where they are found
Definition
Type 1-Bone
Type 2-Cartilage
Type 3- Reticular (looks like immature collagen)
Term
Collagenous Fibers
Definition
Protein: Collagen
Stable, cross linked, triple helix; high tensile strength (resists stretch)
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition
Protein: Elastin
Random coil comformation; Extensibility (can stretch then will recoil)
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
Protein: Reticular
Delicate net network supports individual cells in organ (ex. spleen, liver); Made from Type 3
Term
Ground substance
Definition
Contains:
-Interstitial fluid (can be fluid ->jello)
-Adhesion proteins (anchorin, fibronectin,laminin)
-Proteoglycans (GAGs)
Term
Glycosaminoglycans
Definition
A.k.a GAG's (large charged polysaccharide with protein attached)
Term
Categories of Connective Tissue Proper (5)
Definition
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Loose Connective Tissue
3. Dense Connective Tissue
4. Fibrocartilage
5. Cartilage
Term
Areolar connective tissue
Definition
Loose connective; "filler" loose meshwork containing all 3 fibers (elastic, reticular, collagenous); made by fibroblasts
Term
Loose connective tissue
Definition
Contains macrophages to get rid of anything foreign and mast cells for inflammatory response
Includes
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular (found in spleen)
Term
Dense Regular connective tissue
Definition
Type of dense connective tissue;
Makes up ligaments and tendons; lots of collagen fibers set up parellel
Term
Dense Irregular
Definition
Type of dense connective tissue;
Makes up dermis; randomly arranged
Term
Cartilage consists of...
Definition
-Chrondroblasts/cytes
-Mature cartilage cells in lacunae
-Matrix
-Chondrotin sulfates (turns interstitial fluid to gel)
*Cartilage is avascular, so when you damage it, it can't rebuild
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
Type of Dense connective; strong, SMOOTH; reduces friction in joints!
Consists of:
Matrix-full of dense, fine collagen
Perichondrium-dense CT membrane surrounding the hylane cartilage
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
Type of dense connective tissue; resists compression in spine/knee (water allows it)
Consists of collagen matrix with some elastic fibers
Ex. intervertebral disks
Term
Parts of Skin
Definition
1. Epidermis (epithelial tissue)
2. Dermis "deeper" (connective tissue)

Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)- not technically part of skin
Term
Epidermis Structure
Definition
-Stratified squamos keratinizing epithelium
-Avascular (all epithelium is)
-Five layers of skin
Term
5 layers of epidermis
Definition
Top to Bottom
Corneum- cornified, dead, waterproof because of keratin
Lucidium-clear cells now, no more mitosis
Granulosum- granules of keratin
Spinosum- also makes keratin thru mitosis
Basal- regenerative layer, make keratin thru mitosis
Term
Two layers of Dermis
Definition
1.Outer Papillary (Areolar CT) includes blood vessels, sweat glands
2.Inner Reticular (Dense irregular CT)
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