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PNB 2265 exam #2 set 1
na
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/17/2011

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Term
non specific immunity
Definition
– no specific recognition of identity of foreign cell/matter
• Same response regarless of stimuli
• Prevention first
Term
lymph
Definition
- liquid mixture of intersitial fluid, solutes, sometimes foreign material that is in the lymph vessels
Term
lymphatic vessels and capillaries
Definition
• Contain 3 layers to it and have valves
• Smaller than vessels are capillaries which are blind ended*- they just end without conncection to anything
• Anchoring filaments hold their endothelial cells in place
Term
lymphatic nodules
Definition
• Lymphocytes packed in connective tissue
• No capsule
• Fount in CT under epithelium of respoiratory, digestive, urinary tracts
• Eg. Tonsils, Peyer’s patches
• GALT or MALT- mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
o Group of these- tonsiles
Term
thymus
Definition
• Bi lobed
• A site for T cell maturation
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
• Located along the pathways of lymph vessels
• Function is to filter antigens from lymph and initiate and immune response when needed
• Fibrous capsuke; partitions
o Trabeculae separate sections internallu
• Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels
• Macrophages
• 99% antigens removed, processed
• dendritic cells- found in the lymphatic nodule and internalize antigens from lyph and present to other lymphatic cells
Term
spleen
Definition
• Removes RBCs- phagocytes
• Stores Iron
• May initiate immune responses
• Largest lymph organ in the body
• Red pulp- RBC, platelt, macrophages, some plasma cells
• White pul- clusters of t cells, b cells, and macrophages
Term
functions lymph system
Definition
• Body fluid homeostasis- returns interstitial fluid and solutes to blood stream
• Immune system
Term
neutrophils
Definition
• Inflammation
• Phagocytosis
Term
basophils
Definition
• Histamine
• Heparin (both for inflmmation)
Term
eosinophils
Definition
• Defend against parasitic worms
Term
monocytes
Definition
• Become macrophages
Term
lymphocytes (types
Definition
• Specific immunity (all except NK cells)
• B eclls- specific immunity
• T cells
NK cells
Term
T cell types
Definition
• Cytotoxic
• Helper
• Suppressor
Term
NK cells
Definition
immune surveillance
• Can kill a wide variety of infected cells
• Bind directly and non specifically to virus infected cells and cancer cells to kill them
Term
plasma cells
Definition
antibody factories”
Term
macrophages
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
mast cells
Definition
histamine
Term
first line of defense (list)
Definition
skin and mucous membranes, ciliated mucosa of respiraotry system, friendly microorganisms, macrophages
Term
skin and mucous membranes as 1st line of defense
Definition
physical barrier
• Variety of protective chemicals
• Acidity of skin
• Gastric HCl, proteolytic enzymes
• Lysozyme of salivia
• Sticky mucous
Term
inflammation may be set off by
Definition
o May be set off by-
• Physical trauma
• Intense heat
• Irritating chemicals
• Infection by pathogens
Term
steps of inflammation
Definition
o 1. Entry of bacteria into issue or injury releases chemicals
o 2.vasodilation of microcirulation in infected area, increased blood flow
o 3. large increase in protein permeability of capillaries- resulting in filtration of this and fluid into intetsitial fluid
o 4. chemotaxis- movement of leulocytes from venules into intersitial fluid to infected area
o 5. Destruction bacteria
o 6. tissue repair
Term
phagocytes mobalized by
Definition
• Neutrophils enter bloodstream
• Margination (“pavementing”)- leukocytes cling to capillary walls
• Diapedesis- leukocytes pass thry capillary walls
• Chemotaxis- movement of leukocytes from the venules into the intersitial fluid of the infected area
Term
margination
Definition
(“pavementing”)- leukocytes cling to capillary walls
Term
diapedesis
Definition
- leukocytes pass thry capillary walls
Term
chemotaxis
Definition
movement of leukocytes from the venules into the intersitial fluid of the infected area
Term
histmaines
Definition
• Released by mast cells
• Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
Term
kinins (bradykinin)
Definition
• Vasodilation, capillary permeability, also t=chemotaxis, stimulate neutorphils, induce pain
Term
prostaglandins (eicosanoids)
Definition
• Senstitize blood vessels to effects of other mediators, pain
Term
chemical factors that mediate inflammation (list
Definition
histmaines, kinins, prostaglandins, complement, cytokines
Term
cytokines
Definition
secreted by injured cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, lyphocytes, and several nonimmune cell types
Term
complement system is
Definition
o Major mechanism for destroying foreign substances
• Over 20 plasma proteins
• Activated via cascade
Term
2 pathways for complement activaiton
Definition
• Classical- antigen antibody complex initiates “complement fixation”
• Alternative- polysaccharides on cell surfaces of certain fungi and bacteria
Term
once complement is actiavted
Definition
• Amplify all aspects of inflammation
• Directly lyse target cells via “membrane attack complex”
• Opsonication- to enhance phagocytosis (thru chemotaxis)
Term
function of complement system
Definition
• Increase/enhance inflmmation
• Kill bacteria, other cells
• Mechanism for elimination of “tagged antigen (result of antibody mediated immune response)
Term
role of immune responses
Definition
o Defend against infection by microbes
o Immune surveillance
o Eliminate damaged cells
o “Negative” aspect- allergies, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection
Term
phagocytosis (intracellular)
Definition
o Microbe enters by endocytosis
o Phagosome formation with the microbe inside
o Lysosome comes over and forms phagolysosome
o This releases end products into or out o cell
Term
interferons
Definition
o antimicrobial protein
Protein family with antiviral effects
o Host (not virus) specific
o Interfere with viral replication, stimulate NK cells, stimulate macrophages
Term
fever
Definition
o Resetting of hypothalamic thermostat- pyrogens
• Pyrogens- chemical released to induce fever- releases PGE2 which acts of hypothalamus
Term
adaptive value of fever
Definition
• Interferes with bacterial replication
• Increased MR speeds up defensive reactions and repair
Term
3 steps common to antibody and cell mediated immunity
Definition
o 1) antigen encounter and recognition by lymphocyte ( to activate need activated of special helpter T cells)
o 2) lymphocyte activation and clonal expansion
o 3) attack
Term
innate immunity
Definition
o genetic, born with
• Also used to refer to nonspecific defenses
• Born immunocompetent (lyphocytes matured)
Term
acquired immunity (2)
Definition
• Active- get disease, or get vaccie- your immune system activated
• Passive- get antibodies from someone else
• Ex) mom gives baby or shot to give antibodies
Term
cytotoxic T cells
Definition
o effectors for cell mediated immunity
o Attack infected/transformed cells
o CD8 receptors
Term
helper T cells
Definition
needed for both kinds of immunity
o regulatory function in both cell mediated and antibody mediated
o CD4 receptors
Term
surpressor
Definition
o Inhibit B and T cells
o CD8
Term
B lymphocytes
Definition
• Mature (acquire receptors) in bone marrow
• Give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells
• Carry out antibody mediated immunity
Term
t cell receoptrs
Definition
• Two chained proteins which cannot bind (see) antigen unless Ag in complexed to MHC “self” proteins
• Cytotoxic t cells – CD8
• Helper T cells – CD4
Term
b cell receptors
Definition
• Immunoglobulin (Ig) attached to B cell
• Ig is a copy of antibody that cell can produce
Term
immunocompetence (maturation)
Definition
• Lymphocytes acquire ability ot recognize Ag when they acquire recepotrs specific to Ag
• This process is genetically determined!
• Confers specicity + versatility to specific immnune system
Term
antigen
Definition
• Any foreign molecule that ca trigger specific immune reponse
• Antigen determinants (epitopes)- antigenic sites- ca be multiple on one “bug” – need mutiple types of antobodies
Term
antibody
Definition
• Specific defense protein secreted by specific B lymphocytes
• Y chaped
• Variable regions bind Ag- V of the Y- receptors here
• Constant region involved in effector mechanism- stem of the Y
• Finishes the job by activating complement system
Term
cytokines
Definition
• Cell chemicals that mediate immune respnse
• Table 18.2V
• Interferons, leukotries, CSFs
• Interleukings
Term
interleukin types (4)
Definition
• IL-1, IL-2 and more
• TNF
• Lymphotoxins
• perforins
Term
classes of antiboeis
Definition
IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA
Term
IgG
Definition
typical Ab (80%), can cros placenta
Term
IgE
Definition
allergic responses
Term
igD
Definition
fuction unclear
Term
igM
Definition
first to appear after antigen
Term
IgA
Definition
colostrum, breast milk
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