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Pleural Cavity to Brachial Plexus Exam #2
Pleura cavity, Heart, Lungs and Brachial Plexus (Origins, Insertions, Actions and Nerve Supply)- Podiatry Medical School
126
Anatomy
Professional
09/30/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Parietal Pleura
Definition

serous mesothelium (serosa)

lines the walls of the chamber

Term
Costal Pleura
Definition
surrounds ribs
Term
Diaphragmatic Pleura
Definition
lower portion containing the diaphragm
Term
Mediastinal Pleura
Definition
  • covers mediastinal chamber
  • mediastinum containes heart which has it's own fibrous pericardium sac
Term
Copula
Definition
associated with the top part of the lung just below the collar bone
Term
Visceral Pleura
Definition
  • covers the lungs
  • serous nature helps in keeping the lungs expanded due to "surface tension"
Term
Pulmonary Ligament
Definition
reflection from pleural wall to the lungs
Term
Phrenic Nerve
Definition
Arises from C-3, C-4, C-5
Term
Greater Splanchnic Nerve
Definition
synapse with pre-vertebral chain ganglia
Term
Sympathetic Trunk
Definition
gives rise to the Greater Splanchnic Nerves
Term
Recurrent Branch of Vagus Nerve
Definition
innervates intrinsic fibers of voice box
Term
Conducting Airway
Definition
  • moves air from external environment----> lungs and from lungs----> external environment
  • NO GAS exchange

Components:

Nasal Pasageway (pseudostratiefied ciliated columnar epithelium)

 

Funtions:

  1. filter
  2. warming
  3. humidy
Term

Components of Conducting Airway

(Pharynx)

Definition
throat
Term

Components of Conducting Airway

(Larynx)

Definition

primary role is to PROTECT the airway by CLOSING the airway with the 'epiglottis'

Term

Components of Conducting Airway

(Trachea)

Definition
  • Cricoid Cartilage -superior to trachea
  • Thyroid Cartilage-(Adam's apple)
  • Cricothyroid Membrane- bw thyroid and cricoid cartilage (site of cricothyotomy 'conyotomy')
  • Primary Airway
  • Splits---> left & right Bronchi
Term

Components of Conducting Airway

(Bronchi)

 

Definition

Primary (L/R)

Right has less of an angle so when we swallow something it will go down RIGHT lung

Corina- the small flap in the middle of the primary bifurcation

 

Secondary (Lobar)

1. Right Secondary- 3 lobes

2. Left Secondry- 2 lobes

 

Tertiary (Segmental)

10 segments in each lung

Term

Components of Conducting Airway

(Bronchioles)

Definition

Primary->Terminal Bronchioles-->Respiratory Bronchioles

 

Primary Bronchioles

1. Modify airflow through the lung

2. Lose cartilage

3. Gain C.T. & Smooth Muscle

Term
Respiratory Airway
Definition

GAS EXCHANGE

Respiratory Bronchioles

-NO cartilage or smooth muscle & very little C.T.

Alveolar Ducts

-branches of Respiratory Bronchioles

 

Alveoli

-functional unit of the lungs

-Type II cells

   -secrete "lipoprotein surfactant"

   -surfactant keeps alveoli from collapsing

 

 

Term
Hilus of the Lung
Definition
portal of entry or exit of the pulmonary arteries and veins and the primary bronchi
Term
Airflow
Definition

Nasal passagewayPharynxLarynxTracheaBronchiSecondary BronchiTertiary BronchiPrimary BronchiolesTerminal BronchiolesRespiratory BronchiolesAlveolar DuctsAlveoli

List

  • Nasal passageway
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Primary Bronchi
  • Secondary Bronchi
  • Tertiary Bronchi
  • Primary Bronchioles
  • Terminal Bronchioles
  • Respiratory Bronchioles
  • Alveolar Ducts
  • Alveoli
Term

Heart & Great Vessels

 

Mediastinal Region

Definition

demarcated

superiorly by sternal angel @ level of T4

inferiorly by diaphragm

Term

Heart & Great Vessels

 

Superior to Sternal Angle

@level of T4

Definition

*BATTS*

  • Brachiocephalic Vein
  • Aortic Arch & its branches (deep to sternal angle)
  • Trachea
  • Thymus Gland
  • Superior Vena Cava
Term

Heart & Great Vessels

 

Inferior

(inferiorly by diaphrapm)

Definition

Anterior

  • contains CT bw pericardial sack and deep surface of the sternum
  • contains internal thoracic artery & vein

 

Middle

  • contains Heart & Associated Structures

 

Posterior *EATT*

  • Esophagus
  • Azygous System of Veins
  • Thoracic Aorta
  • Throacic Duct (primary lymphatic duct in the body)
    • drains into brachiocephalic junction superiorly and cisterna chyli inferiorly
      • Nerves
        • Intercostal
        • Autonomic
        • ****VAN****
Term
Pericardial Sack
Definition
double walled sack which holds heart within middle mediastinum
Term

Pericardial Sack

 

OUTER

Definition

Fibrous Pericardium

  • surrounds the heart and holds it in place so it can beat
  • inferiorly attached to the diaphragm

 

Term

Pericardial Sack

 

INNER

Definition

Serous Pericardium

  • Parietal
    • Against the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
  • Visceral (Epicardium)
    • covers surface of heart

 

Term

Pericardial Sack

 

Cardiac Tamponade

Definition
'fluid buildup' bw the outer and inner pericardium which puts undue pressure on the heart causing the ventricles to fill up irregularly which causes heart complications
Term

Layers around the heart from

"Superficial→to Deep"

Definition
Mediastinal Pleura→Fibrous Pericardium→Parietal Pericardium→Epicardium
Term
Transverse Sinus
Definition
  • space between the Ascending Aorta and the Pulmonary Trunk
  • More medially placed within the heart
Term
Oblique Sinus
Definition
  • cul-de-sac bw the Posterior Wall of the heart, Pulmonary Veins & Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium
  • More laterally placed
Term
Heart
Definition
  • 4 chambered muscular pump
  • circulates blood through Pulmonary circulation & systemic circulation
  • cardiac muscle cells are striated and capable of Spontaneous Depolarization
    • cells connected by Intercalated Disks
    • cells communicated with one another by Gap Junction (tight junctions)

Functional Syncytium

  • Electrically connected heart cells which function in unity

Functional Vortex

  • cardiac muscle fibers arise from dense C.T. cardiac skeleton at the base and spiral around the heart to its apex
  • facilitates Ejection of Blood

 

Term
Pectinate Muscles
Definition
muscles of the auricles forms as it meets the smooth venous walls (junction SVC & IVC)
Term
Crista Terminalis
Definition
  • intersection between rough and smooth atrial walls
  • aka "Sulcus Terminalis" on outside of the heart
Term
Right Ventricle
Definition
supplies lungs
Term
Left Ventricle
Definition
supplies systemic circulation
Term
Trabeculae Carne
Definition
muscles of the ventricles
Term
Papillary Muscles
Definition
  • attached from the ventricular walls →atrioventricular valve flaps
  • fx to hold AV valves shut during ventricular contraction
  • help prevent backflow
Term
Chordae Tendinae
Definition
fx with papillary muscles to prevent backflow
Term

Intrinsic Innervation of the Heart

 

Sino-Atrial Node (Pacemaker)

 

Definition

 most rapid rate of deplorization

 

 

Term

Sino-Atrial Node (Pacemaker) Components

 

Bachman Fibers

 

Definition
Right Atrium→Left Atrium (depolarize atrium)
Term

Sino-Atrial Node (Pacemaker) Component

 

Internodal Fibers

Definition
transmit impulse from SA node→AV node
Term

Intrinsic Innervation of the Heart

 

Atrio-Ventricular Node

Definition
higher rate of conduction
Term

Instrinsic Innervation of the Heart

 

Bundle of His

Definition
  • only cardiac muscle which interconnects the Atrium to the Ventricles
  • pass from atrium into septum of ventricles
  • divides into left and right bundle branches
  • carries the interventricular septum
Term

Intrinsic Innervation of Heart

 

Left and Right Bundle Branches

Definition
carries impulses directly into cells
Term

Instrinsic Innervation of the Heart

 

Purkinje Fibers

Definition
projects into walls of ventricles
Term
Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart
Definition
  • HR and ejection volumes are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

 

  • Parasympathetic and Sympathetic components from Cardiac Plexus
Term

Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart

 

Parasympathetic

Definition
  • N: vagus nerve
  • innervates @ SA node
  • slows HR and reduces cardiac output
  • (-) Negative Chronotropism
  • (+) Positive Iontropism
Term

Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart

 

Sympathetic

Definition
  • N: superior, middle, and inferior chain ganglia
  • terminate near the SA and AV nodes
  • speeds HR
  • Increase cardiac output
  • positive chronotropism
  • negative iontropism
  • positive dromotropism
Term
Chronotropism
Definition
slows or speeds up HR (rate of depolarization)
Term
Iontropism
Definition
muscle contracts with greater or lesser force
Term
Dromotropism
Definition

moving impulse faster or slower (rate of conduction)

Sympathetic N.S.

Term

Coronary Circulation

 

Arteries

*LAC*  *RPM*

Definition
  • Left coronary artery (1st direct branch off the aorta)
  • Anterior interventricular
  • Circumflex

 

  • Right coronary artery (1st direct branch off the Aorta)
  • Posterior Interventricular
  • Marginal
Term

Coronary Circulation

 

Veins

Definition
  • Interventricular veins
  • Great Cardiac (anterior)
  • Middle Cardiac (posterior)
  • Small Cardiac (runs with Circumflex)
  • Thebesian
    • run superficial→deep
    • small veins which drain like lymphatics into all cardiac chambers
    • helps prevent fluid from building up bw chambers of the heart

 

Term

Coronary Circulation

 

Coronary Sinus

 

Definition
  • site where all coronary veins coalesce and drain into right atrium
  • located in close proximity to the IVC
Term
Adult Circulation
Definition
  • RA (Right Atrium)
  • RV (Right Ventricles)
  • PT→4 PA (Pulmonary Trunk)
  • PA (Pulmonary Arteries)
  • Lungs
  • PV (Pulmonary Veins)
  • LA (Left Atrium)
  • LV (Left Ventricles)
  • Aorta
  • Into Systemic Circulation
Term

Fetal Circulation

 

Primary Flow

Definition

Umbilical Vein -attached to placenta (filter){Ligamentum Teres in Adult}

Ductus Venosus (bypass the liver) {Ligamentum Venosum in Adult}

IVC

Right Atrium

Foramen Ovale {Fossa Ovalis in Adults}

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Aorta

Into Systemic Circulation

 

Term

Fetal Circulation

 

Secondary Flow

Definition
  • Umbilical Vein
  • Ductus Venosis
  • IVC
  • Right Atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Pulmonary Trunk
  • Ductus Arteriosis {Ligamentum Arteriosum in Adults}
  • Aorta
  • Into Systemic Circulation
Term
Summary of Blood Flow through the Heart
Definition

IVC & SVCRATricuspid Valve→RV→Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve→PTPA→Lungs→PV→LA→Bicuspid (Mitral) Valves→LV→Aortic Semi-lunar Valve→Aortic Arch→Aorta→Systemic Circulation

Term

Back Muscles

 

Extrinsic Muscles

Definition
  • attach upper extremity to the vertebral column
  • involved in respiration or moving the arms
  • do not move spine
Term

Back Muscles

 

Intrinsic Muscles

Definition
  • maintain posture
  • move vertebral column and spine
Term
Triangle of Auscultation
Definition
  • gap in musculature of the back
  • is used to listen to the posterior segments of lungs
  • Borders
    • Lateral
      • Vertebral border of Scapula
    • Inferior
      • Latissimus dorsi muscle
    • Superior
      • Trapezius Muscle
Term
6 Muscles that Attach to the Posterior Side of Scapula
Definition

Trapezius

Rhomboid Major

Rhomboid Minor

Latissimus Dorsi

Pectorales Major

Serratus Anterior

Levator Scapulae

Term

Muscles used for

 

Elevation

Definition
  • Upper Trapezius
  • Rhomboid Major & Minor
  • Levator Scapulae
Term

Muscles used for

 

Depression

Definition
  • Lower Trapezius
  • Lower Serratus Anterior
Term

Muscles used for

 

Upward Rotation

 

Definition
  • Serratus Anterior
  • Upper Trapezius
  • Lower Trapezius
Term

Muscles used for

 

Downward Rotation

Definition
  • Rhomboids
  • Levator Scapulae
Term

Muscles used for

 

Abduction (away from body)

Definition
  • Serratus Anterior
Term

Muscles used for

 

Adduction (close to body)

Definition
  • Trapezius
  • Rhomboids
Term

Trapezius

(Origin)

Definition
  • Superior Nuchal line
  • Ex. Occipital protuberance
  • Spinous processes of C7-T12
Term

Trapezius

(Insertion)

Definition
  • lateral 1/3 of clavicle
  • acromion
  • spine of scapula
Term

Trapezius

(Action)

Definition
  • upper 1/3 elevates scapula
  • middle 1/3 retracts scapula
  • lower 1/3 depress scapula
Term

Trapezius

(Nerve Supply)

Definition

Spinal Root

C3- C4 of Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Term

Latissimus Dorsi

 

{Origin}

Definition
  • Spinous Process of T7-T12
  • Iliac Crest
  • Thoracolumbar Fascia
Term

Latissimus Dorsi

{Insertion}

Definition
Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
Term

Latissimus Dorsi

Action

Definition
  • extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
  • raises body toward arms during climbing
Term

Latissimus Dorsi

Nerve Supply

Definition

Thoracodorsal nerve C6, C7, C8

(Middle Subscapular Nerve)

Term

Rhomboid Minor

Origin

Definition
Spinous process of C7-T1
Term

Rhomboid Minor

Insertion

Definition
Medial border of scapula
Term

Rhomboid Minor

Action

Definition
  • retract scapula
  • tilts glenoid inferiorly
  • fixes scapula to thoracic wall
Term

Rhomboid Minor

Nerve Supply

Definition
Dorsal Scapular Nerve C5 (C4)
Term

Rhomboid Major

Origin

Definition
Spinous process of T2-T5
Term

Rhomboid Major

Insertion

Definition
medial border of scapula from spine to inferior angle
Term

Rhomboid Major

Action

Definition
  • retract scapula
  • tilts glenoid inferiorly
  • fixes scapula to thoracic wall
Term

Rhomboid Major

NS

Definition
Dorsal Scapular Nerve C5 (C4)
Term

Levator Scapulae

 

Origin

Definition
transverse process of C1-C4
Term

Levator Scapulae

 

Insertion

Definition
medial border of scapula from root of spine to superior angle
Term

Levator Scapulae

 

Action

Definition
  • elevates scapula
  • tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly
Term

Levator Scapulae

 

NS

Definition
Dorsal Scapular Nerve C3-C5
Term

Serratus Posterior Superios

 

Origin

Definition
Spinous Process of C7-T3
Term

Serratus Posterior Superior

 

Insertion

Definition
Ribs 2-5
Term

Serratus Posterior Superior

 

Action

Definition
  • elevates ribs
  • increases diameter of thorax
  • aid in inspiration
Term

Serratus Posterior Superior

 

NS

Definition
Intercostal Nerves of Ribs 2-5
Term

Serratus Posterior Inferior

 

Origin

Definition
Sp of T11-L2
Term

Serratus Posterior Inferior

 

Insertion

Definition
Ribs 10-12
Term

Serratus Posterior Inferior

 

Action

Definition
  • depresses ribs
  • increases diameter of thorax
  • aids in inspiration
Term

Serratus Posterior Inferior

 

NS

Definition
intercostal nerves of ribs 10-12
Term

Superficial

 

Splenius Capitus and Cervicis

Origin

Definition
Sp C7-T5
Term

Superficial

 

Splenius Capitus

Insertion

Definition
  1. mastoid process
  2. lateral aspect of superior nuchal line
Term

Superficial

 

Cervicis

Origin

Definition
transverse tubercles of C1-C4
Term

Superficial

 

Splenius Capitus and Cervicis

Action- ALONE

Definition
lateral bending and rotation of head
Term

Superficial

 

Splenius Capitus and Cervicis

Action- TOGETHER

Definition
extends head and neck
Term

Superficial

 

Splenius Capitus and Cervicis

Nerve Supply

Definition
dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Origin

 

(Lateral)- Iliocostalis

(Intermediate)-Longissimus

(Medial)-Spinalis

Definition
  1. broad tendon from iliac crest & sacrum
  2. inferior lumbar spinus processes
Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Insertion

 

(Lateral)- Iliocostalis

Definition
  1. ribs
  2. cervical transverse processes
Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Insertion

 

(Lateral)- Iliocostalis

 

Definition

*CHIEF EXTENSOR of vertebral column

 

Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Nerve Supply

 

(Lateral)- Iliocostalis

 

Definition
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Insertion

 

 

(Intermediate)-Longissimus

 

Definition
  1. ribs
  2. cervical & thoracic transverse processes
  3. mastoid process
Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Action-ALONE

 

 

(Intermediate)-Longissimus

 

Definition
laterally bend vertebral column
Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Nerve Supply

 

(Lateral)- Iliocostalis

(Intermediate)-Longissimus

(Medial)-Spinalis

Definition
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Action-TOGETHER

 

(Lateral)- Iliocostalis

(Intermediate)-Longissimus

(Medial)-Spinalis

Definition
extend head and vertebral column
Term

Intermediate

 

Erector Spinae (3 Columns)

Insertion

 

 

(Medial)-Spinalis

Definition
cervical and thoracic spinous processes
Term

Deep

 

Semispinalis Capitis, Cervicis, and Thoracis

Origin

Definition
transverse processes of C4-T12
Term

Deep

 

Semispinalis Capitis, Cervicis, and Thoracis

Insertion

Definition
  1. occipital bone
  2. cervical and thoracic spinous processes
Term

Deep

 

Semispinalis Capitis, Cervicis, and Thoracis

Action

Definition
extends and laterally rotates head and vertebral column
Term

Deep

 

Semispinalis Capitis, Cervicis, and Thoracis

Nerve Supply

Definition
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Term

Multifidus

 

Origin

Definition
  1. sacrum
  2. ilium
  3. cervical and thoracic transverse process
Term

Multifidus

 

Insertion

Definition
Sp of vertebrae 2-4
Term

Multifidus

 

Action

Definition
  • stablize vertebrae
  • extends and laterally bends vertebral column
Term

Multifidus

 

Nerve Supply

Definition
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Term
[image]
Definition
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Aorta
  3. Pulmonary Artery
  4. Left Atrium
  5. Right Atrium
  6. Right Ventricle
  7. Left Ventricle
  8. Right Coronary Vein
  9. Right Coronary Artery
  10. Apex
Term
[image]
Definition
  1. SA Node
  2. Left Atrium
  3. Left Ventricle
  4. Apex
  5. Perkinje Fibers
  6. L/R Bundle Branches
  7. Atrioventricular bundle
  8. Atrioventricular AV Nodes
Term
[image]
Definition
  1. Right common carotid
  2. Right internal jugular
  3. Right Subclavian A
  4. Brachiocephalic Artery
  5. Brachiocephalic Vein
  6. SVC
  7. Left Common carotid
  8. Left internal jugular
  9. Left subclavian
  10. Aortic
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